Mirror therapy and treadmill training for a patient with chronic stroke: A case report

References

• Albright AL, Barron WB, Fasick MP, Ploinko P, Janosky J 1993 Continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion for spasticity of cerebral origin. Jama 270: 2475–2477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Thoracic Society 2002 ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 166: 111–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari NN, Naghdi S 2007 The effect of Bobath approach on the excitability of the spinal alpha motor neurones in stroke patients with muscle spasticity. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology 47: 29–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bartur G, Pratt H, Dickstein R, Frenkel-Toledo S, Geva A, Soroker N 2015 Electrophysiological manifestations of mirror visual feedback during manual movement. Brain Research 1606: 113–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beom J, Koh S, Nam HS, Kim W, Kim Y, Seo HG 2016 Robotic mirror therapy system for functional recovery of hemiplegic arms. Journal of Visualized Experiments 114: e54521.
   Google Scholar
• Blackburn M, Van Vliet P, Mockett SP 2002 Reliability of measurements obtained with the modified Ashworth scale in the lower extremities of people with stroke. Physical Therapy 82: 25–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohannon RW 1997 Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20-79 years: reference values and determinants. Age and Ageing 26: 15–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohannon RW, Smith MB 1987 Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Physical Therapy 67: 206–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohannon RW, Williams A 2011 Normal walking speed: a descriptive meta-analysis. Physiotherapy 97: 182–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg E, Kaijser L 2006 A comparison between three rating scales for perceived exertion and two different work tests. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 16: 57–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butland RJ, Pang J, Gross ER, Woodcock AA, Geddes DM 1982 Two-, six-, and 12-minute walking tests in respiratory disease. British Medical Journal 284(6329): 1607–1608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calautti C, Naccarato M, Jones PS, Sharma N, Day DD, Carpenter AT, Baron JC 2007 The relationship between motor deficit and hemisphere activation balance after stroke: a 3T fMRI study. NeuroImage 34: 322–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey LM, Abbott DF, Egan GF, O’Keefe GJ, Jackson GD, Bernhardt J, Donnan GA 2006 Evolution of brain activation with good and poor motor recovery after stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 20: 24–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho D, Teixeira S, Lucas M, Yuan TF, Chaves F, Peressutti C, Arias-Carrión O 2013 The mirror neuron system in post-stroke rehabilitation. International Archives of Medicine 6: 41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Casanova C, Celli BR, Barria P, Casas A, Cote C, De Torres JP, Jaime A 2011 The 6-min walk distance in healthy subjects: reference standards from seven countries. European Respiratory Journal 37: 150–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collen F, Wade D, Bradshaw CM 1990 Mobility after stroke: reliability of measures of impairment and disability. Disability and Rehabilitation 12: 6–9.
   Google Scholar
• Combs SA, Dugan EL, Ozimek EN, Curtis AB 2013 Bilateral coordination and gait symmetry after body-weight supported treadmill training for persons with chronic stroke. Clinical Biomechanics 28: 448–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crow JL, Harmeling-Van Der Wel BC 2008 Hierarchical properties of the motor function sections of the Fugl-Meyer assessment scale for people after stroke: a retrospective study. Physical Therapy 88: 1554–1567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias D, Laíns J, Pereira A, Nunes R, Caldas J, Amaral C, Loureiro L 2007 Can we improve gait skills in chronic hemiplegics? A randomised control trial with gait trainer. Europa Medicophysica 43: 499–504.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duncan PW, Propst M, Nelson SG 1983 Reliability of the Fugl-Meyer assessment of sensorimotor recovery following cerebrovascular accident. Physical Therapy 63: 1606–1610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eng JJ, Dawson AS, Chu C 2004 Submaximal exercise in individuals with stroke: test-retest reliability and concurrent validity with VO2max. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 85: 113–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flansbjer UB, Holmbäck AM, Downham D, Patten C, Lexell J 2005 Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 37: 75–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fugl-Meyer AR, Jääskö L, Leyman I, Olsson S 1975 The post stroke hemiplegic patient. Scandinavian Journal Rehabilitation Medicine 7: 13–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gracies JM 2005a Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. I: Paresis and Soft Tissue Changes. Muscle and Nerve 31: 535–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracies JM 2005b Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. II: Emergence of Muscle Overactivity. Muscle and Nerve 31: 552–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse S, Werner C 2003 Poststroke motor dysfunction and spasticity: novel pharmacological and physical treatment strategies. CNS Drugs 17: 1093–1107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickok G 2014 Do Mirror neurons subserve action understanding? Neuroscience Letters 540: 56–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiengkaew V, Jitaree K, Chaiyawat P 2012 Minimal detectable changes of the Berg balance scale, Fugl-Meyer assessment scale, timed “up & go” test, gait speeds, and 2-minute walk test in individuals with chronic stroke with different degrees of ankle plantarflexor tone. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 93: 1201–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornby TG, Campbell DD, Kahn JH, Demott T, Moore JL, Roth HR 2008 Enhanced gait-related improvements after therapist- versus robotic-assisted locomotor training in subjects with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled study. Stroke 39: 1786–1792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji SG, Cha HG, Kim MK, Lee CR 2014 The effect of mirror therapy integrating functional electrical stimulation on the gait of stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 26: 497–499.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ji SG, Kim MK 2015 The effects of mirror therapy on the gait of subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 29: 348–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katalinic OM, Harvey LA, Herbert RD 2011 Effectiveness of stretch for the treatment and prevention of contractures in people with neurological conditions: a systematic review. Physical Therapy 91: 11–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz R, Rovai G, Brait C, Rymer WZ 1992 Objective quantification of spastic hypertonia: correlation with clinical findings. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 73: 339–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MK, Ji SG, Cha HG 2016 The effect of mirror therapy on balance ability of subacute stroke patients. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal 34: 27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosak M, Smith T 2005 Comparison of the 2-, 6-, and 12-minute walk tests in patients with stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 42: 103–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam HS, Lau FW, Chan GK, Sykes K 2010 The validity and reliability of a 6-metre timed walk for the functional assessment of patients with stroke. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 26: 251–255.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langhorne P, Coupar F, Pollock A 2009 Motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review. Lancet Neurology 8: 741–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lannin NA, Novak I, Cusick A 2007 A systematic review of upper extremity casting for children and adults with central nervous system motor disorders. Clinical Rehabilitation 21: 963–976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Läppchen CH, Ringer T, Blessin J, Seidel G, Grieshammer S, Lange R, Hamzei F 2012 Optical illusion alters M1 excitability after mirror therapy: a TMS study. Journal of Neurophysiology 108: 2857–2861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin PY, Yang YR, Cheng SJ, Wang RY 2006 The relation between ankle impairments and gait velocity and symmetry in people with stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 87: 562–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malone LA, Bastian AJ 2010 Thinking about walking: effects of conscious correction versus distraction on locomotor adaptation. Journal of Neurophysiology 103: 1954–1962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao YR, Lo WL, Lin Q, Li L, Xiao X, Raghavan P, Huang DF 2015 The effect of body weight support treadmill training on gait recovery, proximal lower limb motor pattern, and balance in patients with subacute stroke. BioMed Research International 2015: 175719.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mayer NH, Esquenazi A 2003 Muscle overactivity and movement dysfunction in the upper motoneuron syndrome. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 14: 855–883.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehrholz J, Pohl M, Elsner B 2014 Treadmill training and body weight support for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1: CD002840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michielsen ME, Selles RW, Van Der Geest JN, Eckhardt M, Yavuzer G, Stam HJ, Bussmann JBJ 2011 Motor recovery and cortical reorganization after mirror therapy in chronic stroke patients: a phase II randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 25: 223–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan U, Babu SK, Kumar KV, Suresh BV, Misri ZK, Chakrapani M 2013 Effectiveness of mirror therapy on lower extremity motor recovery, balance and mobility in patients with acute stroke: a randomized sham-controlled pilot trial. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 16: 634–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murase N, Duque J, Mazzocchio R, Cohen LG 2004 Influence of interhemispheric interactions on motor function in chronic stroke. Annals of Neurology 55: 400–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C, Lopez AD 2012 Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380(9859): 2197–2223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson L, Carlsson J, Danielsson A, Fugl-Meyer A, Hellstrom K, Kristensen A, Grimby G 2001 Walking training of patients with hemiparesis at an early stage after stroke: a comparison of walking training on a treadmill with body weight support and walking training on the ground. Clinical Rehabilitation 15: 515–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nojima I, Mima T, Koganemaru S, Thabit MN, Fukuyama H, Kawamata T 2012 Human motor plasticity induced by mirror visual feedback. Journal of Neuroscience 32: 1293–1300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandian S, Arya KN, Kumar D 2016 Minimal clinically important difference of the lower-extremity Fugl-Meyer assessment in chronic-stroke. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 23: 233–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park EY, Choi YI 2014 Psychometric properties of the lower extremity subscale of the fugl-myer assessment for community-dwelling hemiplegic stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 26: 1775–1777.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pollock A, Baer G, Campbell P, Choo P, Forster A, Morris J, Langhorne P 2014 Physical rehabilitation approaches for the recovery of function and mobility following stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4: CD001920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisman DS, McLean H, Bastian AJ 2010 Split-belt treadmill training poststroke. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 34: 202–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisman DS, McLean H, Keller J, Danks KA, Bastian AJ 2013 Repeated split-belt treadmill training improves poststroke step length asymmetry. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 27: 460–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossier P, Wade DT 2001 Validity and reliability comparison of 4 mobility measures in patients presenting with neurologic impairment. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 82: 9–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salem HM, Huang X 2015 The effects of mirror therapy on clinical improvement in hemiplegic lower extremity rehabilitation in subjects with chronic stroke. International Journal of Medical, Health, Biomedical, Bioengineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering 9: 163–166.
   Google Scholar
• Savin DN, Morton SM, Jill W 2014 Generalization of improved step length symmetry from treadmill to overground walking in persons with stroke and hemiparesis. Clinical Neurophysiology 125: 1012–1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid A, Duncan PW, Studenski S, Lai SM, Richards L, Perera S, Wu SS 2007 Improvements in speed-based gait classifications are meaningful. Stroke 38: 2096–2100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw L, Rodgers H, Price C, Van Wijck F, Shackley P, Steen N, Barnes M, Ford G, Graham L 2010 BoTULS: A multicentre randomised controlled trial to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of treating upper limb spasticity due to stroke with botulinum toxin type A. Health Technology Assessment 14: 1–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheean G 2002 The pathophysiology of spasticity. European Journal of Neurology 9: 3–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skalsky AJ, McDonald CM 2012 Prevention and management of limb contractures. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 23: 675–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GV, Silver KH, Goldberg AP, Macko RF 1999 “Task-oriented” exercise improves hamstring strength and spastic reflexes in chronic stroke patients. Stroke 30: 2112–2118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sütbeyaz S, Yavuzer G, Sezer N, Koseoglu BF 2007 Mirror therapy enhances lower-extremity motor recovery and motor functioning after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 88: 555–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang A, Eng JJ, Rand DJ 2012 Relationship between perceived and measured changes in walking after stroke. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 36: 115–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibaut A, Chatelle C, Ziegler E, Bruno MA, Laureys S, Gosseries O 2013 Spasticity after stroke: physiology, assessment and treatment. Brain Injury 27: 1093–1105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thieme H, Mehrholz J, Pohl M, Behrens J, Dohle C 2012 Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3: CD008449.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tilson JK, Sullivan KJ, Cen SY, Rose DK, Koradia CH, Azen SP, Duncan PW 2010 Meaningful gait speed improvement during the first 60 days poststroke: minimal clinically important difference. Physical Therapy 90: 196–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visintin M, Barbeau H, Korner-Bitensky N, Mayo NE 1998 A new approach to retrain gait in stroke patients through body weight support and treadmill stimulation. Stroke 29: 1122–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wada Y, Kondo I, Sonoda S, Narukawa A, Kawakami K, Nonoyama S, Nagai S 2011 Mirror therapy for severely affected ankle joints of stroke patients. Japanese Journal of Comprehensive Rehabilitation Science 2: 71–76.
   Google Scholar
• Ward NS, Brown MM, Thompson AJ, Frackowiak RS 2003 Neural correlates of outcome after stroke: a cross-sectional fMRI study. Brain 126: 1430–1448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wissel J, Schelosky LD, Scott J, Christe W, Faiss JH, Mueller J 2010 Early development of spasticity following stroke: A prospective, observational trial. Journal of Neurology 257: 1067–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization 2008 The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Geneva, World Health Organization..
   Google Scholar