References
- Abraham KG, Helms S, Presser S 2009 How social processes distort measurement: The impact of survey nonresponse on estimates of volunteer work in the United States. American Journal of Sociology 114: 1129–1165. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/595945
- Alamam DM, Moloney N, Leaver A, Alsobayel HI, Mackey MG 2019 Pain intensity and fear avoidance explain disability related to chronic low back pain in a Saudi Arabian population. Spine 44: E889–E898. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000003002
- Alanazi F, Gleeson P, Olson S, Roddey T 2017 Translation and validation of the Arabic version of the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire in patients with low back pain. Spine 42: E411–E416. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000001802
- Alodaibi F, Alhowimel A, Alsobayel H 2018 Pain neurophysiology knowledge among physical therapy students in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education 18: 228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1329-5
- Alomran S, Alhosni A, Alzahrani K, Alamodi A, Alhazmi R 2017 The reality of the Saudi health workforce during the next ten years 2018-2027. Saudi Commission for Health Specialties 1: 17–19.
- Alrwaily M, Timko M, Schneider M, Stevans J, Bise C, Hariharan K, Delitto A 2016 Treatment-based classification system for low back pain: Revision and update. Physical Therapy 96: 1057–1066. doi:https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20150345
- Alsaleh KA, Alluhaidan AS, Alsaran YK, Alrefayi HS, Algarni NA, Chaudhry H, AlAhaideb AS 2015 Management of spinal disorders by primary care providers in Saudi Arabia: Treatment options and referral patterns. Management 4: 143–146.
- Alshami AM 2015 Prevalence of spinal disorders and their relationships with age and gender. Saudi Medical Journal 36: 725–730. doi:https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2015.6.11095
- Alshehri MA, Alalawi A, Alhasan H, Stokes E 2017 Physiotherapists’ behaviour, attitudes, awareness, knowledge and barriers in relation to evidence-based practice implementation in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Evidence-based Healthcare 15: 127–141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000106
- Amaya A, Presser S 2017 Nonresponse bias for univariate and multivariate estimates of social activities and roles. Public Opinion Quarterly 81: 1–36.
- Awaji M 2016 Epidemiology of low back pain in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6: 24173. doi:https://doi.org/10.9734/JAMPS/2016/24173
- Bishop A, Foster NE, Thomas E, Hay EM 2008 How does the self-reported clinical management of patients with low back pain relate to the attitudes and beliefs of health care practitioners? A survey of UK general practitioners and physiotherapists. Pain 135: 187–195. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.11.010
- Boissonnault W, Bryan JM, Fox KJ 2004 Joint manipulation curricula in physical therapist professional degree programs. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 34: 171–181. doi:https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2004.34.4.171
- Brox JI, Storheim K, Grotle M, Tveito TH, Indahl A, Eriksen HR 2008 Systematic review of back schools, brief education, and fear-avoidance training for chronic low back pain. Spine 8: 948–958. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2007.07.389
- Childs JD, Fritz JM, Flynn TW, Irrgang JJ, Johnson KK, Majkowski GR, Delitto A 2004 A clinical prediction rule to identify patients with low back pain most likely to benefit from spinal manipulation: A validation study. Annals of Internal Medicine 141: 920–928. doi:https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-141-12-200412210-00008
- Childs JD, Fritz JM, Wu SS, Flynn TW, Wainner RS, Robertson EK, Kim FS, George SZ 2015 Implications of early and guideline adherent physical therapy for low back pain on utilization and costs. BMC Health Services Research 15: 150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-0830-3
- de Souza FS, Ladeira CE, Costa LO 2017 Adherence to back pain clinical practice guidelines by Brazilian physical therapists. Spine 42: E1251–E1258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000002190
- Delitto A, George S, Van Dillen L, Whitman J, Sowa G, Shekelle P, Denninger T, Godges J 2012 Orthopaedic section of the American physical therapy association: Low back pain. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 42: A1–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2012.42.4.A1
- Di Mattia F, Tejani S, Hall T 2018 Bed rest for sciatica: A closer look at the evidence. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 48: 436–438. doi:https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2018.0609
- Elsabbagh L, Al-Atwi T, Aldossary D, Alshami AM, Hill JC, Abu-Ras W, Huijer HA, Brooks D 2019 Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the STarT back tool for Arabic speaking adults with low back pain in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Orthopaedic Science 24: 200–206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jos.2018.09.007
- Flynn T, Fritz J, Whitman J, Wainner R, Magel J, Rendeiro D, Butler B, Garber M, Allison S 2002 A clinical prediction rule for classifying patients with low back pain who demonstrate short-term improvement with spinal manipulation. Spine 27: 2835–2843. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200212150-00021
- Fritz JM, Childs JD, Wainner RS, Flynn TW 2012 Primary care referral of patients with low back pain to physical therapy: Impact on future health care utilization and costs. Spine 37: 2114–2121. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e31825d32f5
- Fritz JM, Cleland JA, Brennan GP 2007 Does adherence to the guideline recommendation for active treatments improve the quality of care for patients with acute low back pain delivered by physical therapists? Medical Care 45: 973–980. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e318070c6cd
- Fritz JM, Cleland JA, Childs JD 2007 Subgrouping patients with low back pain: Evolution of a classification approach to physical therapy. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 37: 290–302. doi:https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2007.2498
- George SZ, Beneciuk JM, Lentz TA, Wu SS, Dai Y, Bialosky JE, Zeppieri G Jr 2018 Optimal screening for prediction of referral and outcome for musculoskeletal pain conditions: Results from the validation cohort. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 48: 460–475. doi:https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2018.7811
- Hendrick P, Mani R, Bishop A, Milosavljevic S, Schneiders AG 2013 Therapist knowledge, adherence and use of low back pain guidelines to inform clinical decisions - A national survey of manipulative and sports physiotherapists in New Zealand. Manual Therapy 18: 136–142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2012.09.002
- Henschke N, Maher CG, Ostelo RW, de Vet HC, Macaskill P, Irwig L 2013 Red flags to screen for malignancy in patients with low-back pain. Cochrane Database Systematic Review 2: CD008686.
- Hoy D, Bain C, Williams G, March L, Brooks P, Blyth F, Woolf A, Vos T, Buchbinder R 2012 A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain. Arthritis and Rheumatology 64: 2028–2037. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/art.34347
- Hughes R, Huby M 2002 The application of vignettes in social and nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing 37: 382–386. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02100.x
- Jette DU, Chandler K, Ardleigh K, McShea L 2006 Decision-making ability of physical therapists: Physical therapy intervention or medical referral. Physical Therapy 86: 1619–1629. doi:https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20050393
- Ladeira CE 2018 Physical therapy clinical specialization and management of red and yellow flags in patients with low back pain in the United States. Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy 26: 66–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10669817.2017.1390652
- Ladeira CE, Cheng MS, da Silva RA 2017 Clinical specialization and adherence to evidence-based practice guidelines for low back pain management: A survey of US physical therapists. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 47: 347–358. doi:https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2017.6561
- Ladeira CE, Cheng MS, Hill CJ 2015 Physical therapists’ treatment choices for non-specific low back pain in Florida: An electronic survey. Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy 23: 109–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1179/2042618613Y.0000000065
- Li LC, Bombardier C 2001 Physical therapy management of low back pain: An exploratory survey of therapist approaches. Physical Therapy 81: 1018–1028. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/81.4.1018
- Lin I, Wiles L, Waller R, Goucke R, Nagree Y, Gibberd M, Straker L, Maher CG, O’Sullivan PP 2019 What does best practice care for musculoskeletal pain look like? Eleven consistent recommendations from high-quality clinical practice guidelines: Systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine 54: 79–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099878
- Mokdad AH, Jaber S, Aziz MIA, AlBuhairan F, AlGhaithi A, AlHamad NM, Al-Hooti SN, Al-Jasari A, AlMazroa MA, AlQasmi AM 2014 The state of health in the Arab world, 1990–2010: An analysis of the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. Lancet 383: 309–320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62189-3
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 2016 Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: Assessment and management (NICE guideline NG59). UK, London. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng59
- Noteboom JT, Little C, Boissonnault W 2015 Thrust joint manipulation curricula in first-professional physical therapy education: 2012 update. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 45: 471–476. doi:https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2015.5273
- Pinto D, Cleland J, Palmer J, Eberhart SL 2007 Management of low back pain: A case series illustrating the pragmatic combination of treatment-and mechanism-based classification systems. Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy 15: 111–122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1179/106698107790819891
- Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA 2017 Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: A clinical practice guideline from the American college of physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine 166: 514–530. doi:https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-2367
- Strand LI, Kvale A, Råheim M, Ljunggren AE 2005 Do Norwegian manual therapists provide management for patients with acute low back pain in accordance with clinical guidelines? Manual Therapy 10: 38–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2004.07.003
- Terkawi AS, Sullivan M, Abolkhair A, Al-Zhahrani T, Terkawi RS, Alasfar EM, Khait SS, Elkabbani A, Kabbani N, Altirkawi KA 2017 Development and validation of Arabic version of the pain catastrophizing scale. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 11(Suppl 1): S63–S70. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/sja.SJA_130_17
- Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ 2016 Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet 388: 1545–1602. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6