Improved adherence to clinical guidelines for low back pain after implementation of the BetterBack model of care: A stepped cluster randomized controlled trial within a hybrid type 2 trial

References

• Abbott A, Schröder K, Enthoven P, Nilsen P, Öberg B 2018 Effectiveness of implementing a best practice primary healthcare model for low back pain (BetterBack) compared with current routine care in the Swedish context: An internal pilot study informed protocol for an effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 2 trial. BMJ Open 8(4): e019906. 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekkering GE, Hendriks HJ, van Tulder MW, Knol DL, Hoeijenbos M, Oostendorp RA, Bouter LM, Hendriks HJ, van Tulder MW, Knol DL, et al. 2005a Effect on the process of care of an active strategy to implement clinical guidelines on physiotherapy for low back pain: A cluster randomised controlled trial. Quality & Safety in Health Care 14(2): 107–112. 10.1136/qshc.2003.009357.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bekkering GE, van Tulder MW, Hendriks EJ, Koopmanschap MA, Knol DL, Bouter LM, Oostendorp RA 2005b Implementation of clinical guidelines on physical therapy for patients with low back pain: Randomized trial comparing patient outcomes after a standard and active implementation strategy. Physical Therapy 85(6): 544–555. 10.1093/ptj/85.6.544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhardsson S, Johansson K, Nilsen P, Oberg B, Larsson ME 2014 Determinants of guideline use in primary care physical therapy: A cross-sectional survey of attitudes, knowledge, and behavior. Physical Therapy 94(3): 343–354. 10.2522/ptj.20130147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhardsson S, Oberg B, Johansson K, Nilsen P, Larsson MEH 2015 Clinical practice in line with evidence? A survey among primary care physiotherapists in western Sweden. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 21(6): 1169–1177. 10.1111/jep.12380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berube M-È, Poitras S, Bastien M, Laliberte L, Lacharite A, Gross DP 2018 Strategies to translate knowledge related to common musculoskeletal conditions into physiotherapy practice: A systematic review. Physiotherapy 104(1): 1–8. 10.1016/j.physio.2017.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bier JD, Sandee-Geurts JJW, Ostelo R, Koes BW, Verhagen AP 2018 Can primary care for back and/or neck pain in the Netherlands benefit from stratification for risk groups according to the STarT back tool classification? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 99(1): 65–71. 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.06.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs AM, Jordan JE, Jennings M, Speerin R, Bragge P, Chua J, Woolf AD, Slater H 2017 Supporting the evaluation and implementation of musculoskeletal models of care: A globally informed framework for judging readiness and success. Arthritis Care and Research 69(4): 567–577. 10.1002/acr.22948.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs AM, Jordan JE, Jennings M, Speerin R, Chua J, Bragge P, and Slater H 2016 A framework to evaluate musculoskeletal models of care. Cornwall: Global Alliance for Musculoskeletal Health of the Bone and Joint Decade. https://www.aci.health.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/338141/Framework-to-Evaluate-Musculoskeletal-MoC.pdf Accessed 18 12 2021
   Google Scholar
• Campbell MK, Piaggio G, Elbourne DR, Altman DG 2012 Consort 2010 statement: Extension to cluster randomised trials. BMJ 345: e5661. 10.1136/bmj.e5661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Cohen P, Chen S 2010 How big is a big odds ratio? Interpreting the magnitudes of odds ratios in epidemiological studies. Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation 39(4): 860–864. 10.1080/03610911003650383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs JD, Fritz JM, Wu SS, Flynn TW, Wainner RS, Robertson EK, Kim FS, George SZ 2015 George SZ 2015 Implications of early and guideline adherent physical therapy for low back pain on utilization and costs. BMC Health Services Research 15(1): 150. 10.1186/s12913-015-0830-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chou R, Fu R, Carrino JA, Deyo RA 2009 Imaging strategies for low-back pain: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet 373(9662): 463–472. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60172-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cieza A, Stucki G, Weigl M, Disler P, Jäckel W, van der Linden S, Kostanjsek N, de Bie R 2004 ICF core sets for low back pain. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 36(Suppl 44): 69–74. 10.1080/16501960410016037.
   Google Scholar
• Darlow B, Fullen BM, Dean S, Hurley DA, Baxter GD, Dowell A 2012 The association between health care professional attitudes and beliefs and the attitudes and beliefs, clinical management, and outcomes of patients with low back pain: A systematic review. European Journal of Pain 16(1): 3–17. 10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.06.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derghazarian T, Simmonds MJ 2011 Management of low back pain by physical therapists in Quebec: How are we doing? Physiotherapy Canada 63(4): 464–473. 10.3138/ptc.2010-04P.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downie A, Hancock M, Jenkins H, Buchbinder R, Harris I, Underwood M, Goergen S, Maher CG 2020 How common is imaging for low back pain in primary and emergency care? Systematic review and meta-analysis of over 4 million imaging requests across 21 years. British Journal of Sports Medicine 54(11): 642–651. 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enthoven P, Eddeborn F, Abbott A, Schröder K, Fors M, Öberg B 2021 Patients’ experiences of the BetterBack model of care for low back pain in primary care - A qualitative interview study. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being 16(1): 1861719. 10.1080/17482631.2020.1861719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enthoven P, Skargren E, Öberg B 2004 Clinical course in patients seeking primary care for back or neck pain: A prospective 5-year follow-up of outcome and health care consumption with subgroup analysis. Spine 29(21): 2458–2465. 10.1097/01.brs.0000143025.84471.79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans DW, Breen AC, Pincus T, Sim J, Underwood M, Vogel S, Foster N 2010 The effectiveness of a posted information package on the beliefs and behavior of musculoskeletal practitioners: The UK Chiropractors, Osteopaths, and Musculoskeletal Physiotherapists Low Back Pain ManagemENT (COMPLeMENT) randomized trial. Spine 35(8): 858–866. 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181d4e04b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB 2000 The Oswestry disability index. Spine 25(22): 2940–2952. 10.1097/00007632-200011150-00017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fixsen DL, Naoom SF, Blase KA, Friedman RM, Wallace F 2005 Implementation research: A synthesis of the literature. University of South. Florida: The Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute Department of Child and Family Studies
   Google Scholar
• Folkhälsomyndigheten 2019 Open Comparisons Public Health Sweden. Accessed 18 12 2021. https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/publicerat-material/publikationsarkiv/oe/oppna-jamforelser-folkhalsa-2019/
   Google Scholar
• Foster NE, Hill JC, O’Sullivan P, Hancock M 2013 Stratified models of care. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology 27(5): 649–661. 10.1016/j.berh.2013.10.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz JM, Cleland JA, Brennan GP 2007 Does adherence to the guideline recommendation for active treatments improve the quality of care for patients with acute low back pain delivered by physical therapists? Medical Care 45(10): 973–980. 10.1097/MLR.0b013e318070c6cd.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner T, Refshauge K, Smith L, McAuley J, Hubscher M, Goodall S 2017 Physiotherapists’ beliefs and attitudes influence clinical practice in chronic low back pain: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Journal of Physiotherapy 63(3): 132–143. 10.1016/j.jphys.2017.05.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin RW, Hendrick PA 2016 Physiotherapy as a first point of contact in general practice: A solution to a growing problem? Primary Health Care Research & Development 17(5): 489–502. 10.1017/S1463423616000189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groenendijk JJ, Swinkels IC, de Bakker D, Dekker J, van den Ende CH 2007 Physical therapy management of low back pain has changed. Health Policy 80(3): 492–499. 10.1016/j.healthpol.2006.05.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall A, Richmond H, Copsey B, Hansen Z, Williamson E, Jones G, Fordham B, Cooper Z, Lamb S 2018 Physiotherapist-delivered cognitive-behavioural interventions are effective for low back pain, but can they be replicated in clinical practice? A systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation 40(1): 1–9. 10.1080/09638288.2016.1236155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanney WJ, Masaracchio M, Liu X, Kolber MJ, Thompson Coon J 2016 The influence of physical therapy guideline adherence on healthcare utilization and costs among patients with low back pain: A systematic review of the literature. PLoS One 11(6): e0156799. 10.1371/journal.pone.0156799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, Louw Q, Ferreira ML, Genevay S, Hoy D, Karppinen J, Pransky G, Sieper J, et al. 2018 What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. The Lancet 391(10137): 2356–2367. 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30480-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemming K, Haines TP, Chilton PJ, Girling AJ, Lilford RJ 2015 The stepped wedge cluster randomised trial: Rationale, design, analysis, and reporting. BMJ 350: h391. 10.1136/bmj.h391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill JC, Dunn KM, Lewis M, Mullis R, Main CJ, Foster NE, Hay EM 2008 A primary care back pain screening tool: Identifying patient subgroups for initial treatment. Arthritis and Rheumatism 59(5): 632–641. 10.1002/art.23563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill JC, Whitehurst DG, Lewis M, Bryan S, Dunn KM, Foster NE, Konstantinou K, Main CJ, Mason E, Somerville S, et al. 2011 Comparison of stratified primary care management for low back pain with current best practice (STarT Back): A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 378(9802): 1560–1571. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60937-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodder RK, Wolfenden L, Kamper SJ, Lee H, Williams A, O’Brien KM, Williams CM 2016 Developing implementation science to improve the translation of research to address low back pain: A critical review. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology 30(6): 1050–1073. 10.1016/j.berh.2017.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D, Altman DG, Barbour V, Macdonald H, Johnston M, et al. 2014 Better reporting of interventions: Template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ 348: g1687. 10.1136/bmj.g1687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper R, Bourke L 2014 The dog-leg: An alternative to a cross-over design for pragmatic clinical trials in relatively stable populations. International Journal of Epidemiology 43(3): 930–936. 10.1093/ije/dyt281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson ML, Enthoven P 2012 Evaluation of physiotherapists as primary assessors of patients with musculoskeletal disorders seeking primary health care. Physiotherapy 98(2): 131–137. 10.1016/j.physio.2011.04.354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas MJ, van der Wees PJ, Braam C, Koetsenruijter J, Heerkens YF, van der Vleuten CP, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW 2015 An innovative peer assessment approach to enhance guideline adherence in physical therapy: Single-masked, cluster-randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 95(4): 600–612. 10.2522/ptj.20130469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesner SA, Foster NE, French SD 2016 Implementation interventions to improve the management of non-specific low back pain: A systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 17(1): 258. 10.1186/s12891-016-1110-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michie S, Johnston M 2004 Changing clinical behaviour by making guidelines specific. BMJ 328(7435): 343–345. 10.1136/bmj.328.7435.343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michie S, Johnston M, Francis J, Hardeman W, Eccles M 2008 From theory to intervention: Mapping theoretically derived behavioural determinants to behaviour change techniques. Applied Psychology 57(4): 660–680. 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00341.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R 2011 The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implementation Science 6(1): 42. 10.1186/1748-5908-6-42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore GF, Audrey S, Barker M, Bond L, Bonell C, Hardeman W, Moore L, O’Cathain A, Tinati T, Wight D, et al. 2015 Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ 350: h1258. 10.1136/bmj.h1258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Clinical Guideline Center 2016 Low Back Pain and Sciatica in over 16s: Assessment and management. 2016. United Kingdom. Accessed 18 12 2021. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/gid-cgwave0681/documents
   Google Scholar
• Nilsen P 2015 Making sense of implementation theories, models and frameworks. Implementation Science 10(1): 53. 10.1186/s13012-015-0242-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsen P, Ståhl C, Roback K, Cairney P 2013 Never the twain shall meet? - A comparison of implementation science and policy implementation research. Implementation Science 8(1): 63. 10.1186/1748-5908-8-63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien MA, Rogers S, Jamtvedt G, Oxman AD, Odgaard-Jensen J, Kristoffersen DT, Forsetlund L, Bainbridge D, Freemantle N, and Davis DA, et al. 2007 Educational outreach visits: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Revews 4 1465–1858 : CD000409.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connell NE, Cook CE, Wand BM, Ward SP 2016 Ward SP 2016 Clinical guidelines for low back pain: A critical review of consensus and inconsistencies across three major guidelines. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology 30(6): 968–980. 10.1016/j.berh.2017.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond H, Hall AM, Hansen Z, Williamson E, Davies D, Lamb SE 2018 Exploring physio-therapists’ experiences of implementing a cognitive behavioural approach for managing low back pain and identifying barriers to long-term implementation. Physiotherapy 104(1): 107–115. 10.1016/j.physio.2017.03.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riis A, Jensen CE, Bro F, Maindal HT, Petersen KD, Bendtsen MD, Jensen MB 2016 A multi-faceted implementation strategy versus passive implementation of low back pain guidelines in general practice: A cluster randomised controlled trial. Implementation Science 11(1): 143. 10.1186/s13012-016-0509-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rutten GM, Degen S, Hendriks EJ, Braspenning JC, Harting J, Oostendorp RA 2010 Adherence to clinical practice guidelines for low back pain in physical therapy: Do patients benefit? Physical Therapy 90(8): 1111–1122. 10.2522/ptj.20090173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutten GM, Harting J, Bartholomew LK, Schlief A, Oostendorp RA, de Vries NK 2013 Evaluation of the theory-based Quality Improvement in Physical Therapy (QUIP) programme: A one-group, pre-test post-test pilot study. BMC Health Services Research 13(1): 194. 10.1186/1472-6963-13-194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rutten GM, Kremers S, Rutten S, Harting J 2009 A theory-based cross-sectional survey demonstrated the important role of awareness in guideline implementation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 62(2): 167–176. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.04.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholte M, van Dulmen SA, Neeleman-van der Steen CW, van der Wees PJ, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW, Braspenning J 2016 Data extraction from electronic health records (EHRs) for quality measurement of the physical therapy process: Comparison between EHR data and survey data. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 16(1): 141. 10.1186/s12911-016-0382-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schröder K, Öberg B, Enthoven P, Hedevik H, Fors M, Abbott A 2021 Effectiveness and quality of implementing a best practice model of care for low back pain (BetterBack) compared with routine care in physiotherapy: A hybrid type 2 trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine 10(6): 1230. 10.3390/jcm10061230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schröder K, Öberg B, Enthoven P, Kongsted A, Abbott A 2020 Confidence, attitudes, beliefs and determinants of implementation behaviours among physiotherapists towards clinical management of low back pain before and after implementation of the BetterBack model of care. BMC Health Services Research 20(1): 443. 10.1186/s12913-020-05197-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stander J, Grimmer K, Brink Y 2018 Training programmes to improve evidence uptake and utilisation by physiotherapists: A systematic scoping review. BMC Medical Education 18(1): 14. 10.1186/s12909-018-1121-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suman A, Dikkers MF, Schaafsma FG, van Tulder MW, Anema JR 2015 Anema JR 2016 Effectiveness of multifaceted implementation strategies for the implementation of back and neck pain guidelines in health care: A systematic review. Implementation Science 11(1): 126. 10.1186/s13012-016-0482-7.
   Google Scholar
• Sundhedsstyrelsen 2016a The National Clinical Guideline for Non-Surgical Treatment of Recently Lumbar Nervous System Impact (Lumbar Radiculopathy) provides recommendations on non-surgical treatment options. Denmark. http://sundhedsstyrelsen.dk/da/udgivelser/2016/lumbal-nerverodspaavirkning-ikke-kirurgisk-behandling
   Google Scholar
• Sundhedsstyrelsen 2016b National Clinical Guidelines for Non-Surgical Treatment of Newly Occurring Lower Back Pain. Denmark. http://sundhedsstyrelsen.dk/da/udgivelser/2016/nkr-laenderygsmerer
   Google Scholar
• Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. 2016. National guidelines - methods description. Sweden. https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/SiteCollectionDocuments/metodbeskrivning-nationella-riktlinjer.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Swinkels IC, van den Ende CH, van den Bosch W, Dekker J, Wimmers RH 2005 Physiotherapy management of low back pain: Does practice match the Dutch guidelines? Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 51(1): 35–41. 10.1016/S0004-9514(05)70051-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Synnott A, O’Keeffe M, Bunzli S, Dankaerts W, O’Sullivan P, O’Sullivan K 2015 Physiotherapists may stigmatise or feel unprepared to treat people with low back pain and psychosocial factors that influence recovery: A systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy 61(2): 68–76. 10.1016/j.jphys.2015.02.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dulmen SA, Maas M, Staal JB, Rutten G, Kiers H, Nijhuis-van der Sanden M, van der Wees P 2014 Effectiveness of peer assessment for implementing a Dutch physical therapy low back pain guideline: Cluster randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 94(10): 1396–1409. 10.2522/ptj.20130286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Norris SL, Bero L 2018 The advantages and limitations of guideline adaptation frameworks. Implementation Science 13(1): 72. 10.1186/s13012-018-0763-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Word Health Organization 2003 Adherence to long term therapies - evidence for action. Accessed 18 12 2021.https://www.who.int/chp/knowledge/publications/adherence_introduction.pdf?ua=1
   Google Scholar