154
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Qualitative Research Report

Improving cultural humility in physical therapy students: What is faculty’s role?

, PT, DPT, EdD, , EdD & , PhD
Received 17 Apr 2023, Accepted 17 Aug 2023, Published online: 30 Aug 2023

References

  • American Council of Academic Physical Therapy, American Physical Therapy Association, and APTA Academy of Education. 2021. A Vision for Excellence in Physical Therapy Education: Culmination of the Work of the Education Leadership Partnership August 2021 Journal of Physical Therapy Education. 35: 1–35. 10.1097/JTE.0000000000000216.
  • American Nurses Association 2015 Nursing scope and standards of practice. 3rd, Silver Springs, Maryland: American Nurses Association.
  • American Occupational Therapy Association 2018 Cultural Competence and Ethical Practice. https://www.aota.org.
  • American Physical Therapy Association 2004 Normative model for Physical therapist professional Education version 2004. Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association.
  • American Physical Therapy Association 2009 Guidelines for clinical instructors. https://www.jscc.edu/academics/divisions/allied-health/physical-therapist-assistant/documents/apta-guidelines-for-clinical-instructors.pdf.
  • American Physical Therapy Association 2019 Physical Therapist Member Demographic Profile. https://www.apta.org/contentassets/7e055270888542cbbbfe20b1811d099b/physical-therapist-demographics-profile.pdf.
  • American Physical Therapy Association 2020a Code of Ethics for Physical Therapists. https://www.apta.org/apta-and-you/leadership-and-governance/policies/code-of-ethics-for-the-physical-therapist.
  • American Physical Therapy Association 2020b Resources for Teaching Cultural Competence in Physical Therapy Education. https://www.apta.org/patient-care/public-health-population-care/cultural-competence/teaching-cultural-competence.
  • American Physical Therapy Association 2021 Core Values for the Physical Therapist and Physical Therapist Assistant. https://www.apta.org/contentassets/1787b4f8873443df9ceae0656f359457/corevaluesptandptahodp09-21-21-09.pdf.
  • American Physical Therapy Association Committee on Cultural Competence 2008 Blueprint for Teaching Cultural Competence in Physical Therapy Education. https://healthdiversity.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/2014BlueprintForTeachingCulturalCompetence.pdf.
  • Association of American Medical College and Association of Schools of Public Health 2012 Cultural competence Education for students in Medicine and Public health: Report of an expert panel. https://thepcc.org/sites/default/files/resources/Cultural%20Competence%20Education%20for%20Students%20in%20Medicine%20%26%20Public%20Health.pdf.
  • Association of American Medical Colleges 2005 Cultural Competence Education for Medical Students. https://www.aamc.org.
  • Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care 2011 Patient centred care: Improving quality and Safety through partnership with patients and consumers. Sydney, Australia: Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care.
  • Baldwin A, Mills J, Birks M, Budden L 2014 Role modeling in undergraduate nursing education: An integrative literature review. Nurse Education Today 34: e18–e26. 10.1016/j.nedt.2013.12.007.
  • Bangs D, Hayward L, Donlan P 2022 Cultural competence and cultural humility: A dialogue on adopting a multimodel approach in physical therapist education. Journal of Physical Therapy Education 36: 128–132. 10.1097/JTE.0000000000000230.
  • Barretti MA 2007 Teachers and field instructors as student role models: A neglected dimension in social work education. Journal of Teaching in Social Work 27: 215–239. 10.1300/J067v27n03_14.
  • Beach MC, Price EG, Gary TL, Robinson KA, Gozu A, Palacio A, Smarth C, Jenckes MW, Feuerstein C, Bass EB et al. 2005 Cultural competence: A systematic review of health care provider educational interventions. Medical Care 43: 356–373. 10.1097/01.mlr.0000156861.58905.96.
  • Beatty CF, Doyle EI 2000 Multicultural curriculum evaluation of a professional preparation program. American Journal of Health Studies 16: 124–132.
  • Bedharz H, Schim S, Doorenbos A 2010 Cultural diversity in nursing education: Perils, pitfalls, and pearls. Journal of Nursing Education 49: 253–260. 10.3928/01484834-20100115-02.
  • Benbassat J 2014 Role modeling in medical education: The importance of a reflective imitation. Academic Medicine 89: 550–554. 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000189.
  • Benner P 1994 The tradition and skill of interpretive phenomenology in studying health, illness, and caring practices. In: Benner P, Ed. Interpretive phenomenology: Embodiment, caring, and ethics in health and illnesspp. 99–127. SAGE Publications, Inc: 10.4135/9781452204727.n6.
  • Betancourt JR, Green AR, Carrillo JE 2003 Defining cultural competency: A practical framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. Public Health Reports 118: 293–302. 10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50253-4.
  • Black RM, Wells SA 2007 Culture and occupation: A model of empowerment in occupational therapy. Maryland: AOTA Press.
  • Bonder BR, Martin L, Miracle AW 2004 Culture emergent in occupation. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 58: 159–168. 10.5014/ajot.58.2.159.
  • Boyer EL 1996 The scholarship of engagement. Journal of Public Outreach 1: 11–20.
  • Braun C, Clarke V 2006 Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3: 77–101. 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
  • Brennan AM, Cotter VT 2008 Student perceptions of cultural competence content in the curriculum. Journal of Professional Nursing 24: 155–160. 10.1016/j.profnurs.2008.01.003.
  • Brottman MR, Char DM, Hattori RA, Heeb R, Taff SD 2020 Toward cultural competency in health care: A scoping review of the diversity and inclusion education literature. Academic Medicine 95: 803–813. 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002995.
  • Brown J, Stevens J, Kermode S 2012 Supporting nurse professionalization: The role of the clinical teacher. Nurse Education Today 32: 606–610. 10.1016/j.nedt.2011.08.007.
  • Burniske J, Meibaum D 2012 The use of student perceptual data as a measure of teaching effectiveness. Briefing paper. Texas Comprehensive Center. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED591593.
  • Byrne MM, Weddie C, Davis E, McGinnis P 2003 The Byrne guide for inclusionary cultural content. Journal of Nursing Education 42: 277–281. 10.3928/0148-4834-20030601-11.
  • Caelli K 2000 The changing face of phenomenological research: Traditional and American phenomenology in nursing. Qualitative Health Research 10: 366–377. 10.1177/104973200129118507.
  • Cahn PS, Smoller SL 2019 Experiential learning and cultural competence: What do participants in short-term experiences in global health learn about culture? Health Professions Education 6: 230–237. 10.1016/j.hpe.2019.11.002.
  • California Endowment 2003 Principles and recommended standards for cultural competence Education of health care professionals. https://www.mghihp.edu/sites/default/files/aboutus/diversity/ principles_standards_cultural_competence.pdf
  • Campinha-Bacote J 1998 The process of cultural competence in the delivery of healthcare Services. 3rd. Transcultural C.A.R.E: Associates.
  • Campinha-Bacote J 1999 A model and instrument for addressing cultural competence in health care. Journal of Nursing Education 38: 203–209. 10.3928/0148-4834-19990501-06.
  • Campinha-Bacote J 2001 A model of practice to address cultural competence in rehabilitation nursing. Rehabilitation Nursing 26: 8–11. 10.1002/j.2048-7940.2001.tb02201.x.
  • Campinha-Bacote J 2018 Cultural competemility: A paradigm shift in the cultural competence versus cultural humility debate - Part 1. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing 24: 1. 10.3912/OJIN.Vol24No01PPT20.
  • Campinha-Bacote J, Claymore-Cuny D, Cora-Bramble D, Gilbert J, Husbands RM, Like RC, Llerena-Quinn R, Lu FG, Soto-Greene ML, Stubblefield-Tave B, et al. 2013 Transforming the face of health professions through cultural and linguistic competence education: The role of the HRSA centers of excellence. https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/assets/4932-22069/cultcompedu.pdf.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2021 Cultural Competence in Health and Human Services. https://npin.cdc.gov/pages/cultural-competence#what.
  • Charles D, Clay R, Moroney B, Stewart A, Ramsey C 2022 The lack of LGBTQIA cultural competency in physical therapy education. Journal of Allied Health 51: 47–51.
  • Chevannes M 2002 Issues in educating health professionals to meet the diverse needs of patients and other service users from ethnic minority groups. Journal of Advanced Nursing 39: 290–298 3 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02276.x.
  • Cho J, Trent A 2006 Validity in qualitative research revisited. Qualitative Research 6: 319–340. 10.1177/1468794106065006.
  • Christian R, Mellies AA, Bui AG, Lee R, Kattari L, Gray C 2018 Measuring the health of an invisible population: Lessons from the Colorado transgender health survey. Journal of General Internal Medicine 33: 1654–1660. 10.1007/s11606-018-4450-6.
  • Cole B, Wesse J 2008 How clinical instructors can enhance the learning experience of physical therapy students in an introductory clinical placement. Advances in Health Science Education 13: 163–179. 10.1007/s10459-006-9030-6.
  • Collins A, Brown JS, Newman SE 1989 Cognitive apprenticeship: Teaching the crafts of reading, writing, and mathematics. In: Resnick L, Ed. Knowing, learning, and instruction: Essays in honor of Robert Glaserpp. 453–494 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: 10.4324/9781315044408-14.
  • Commission on Accreditation of Physical Therapy Education 2014 Evaluative criteria for accreditation of physical therapy programs. American Physical Therapy Association.
  • Commission on Accreditation of Physical Therapy Education 2020 Aggregate Program Data. https://www.capteonline.org/globalassets/capte-docs/aggregate-data/2019-2020-aggregate-pt-program-data.pdf.
  • Cook SH 1991 Mind the theory/practice gap in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing 16: 1462–1469. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1991.tb01594.x.
  • Cooper-Patrick L, Gallo JJ, Gonzales JJ, Vu HT, Powe NR, Nelson C, Ford DE 1999 Race, gender, and partnership in the patient-physician relationship. JAMA 282: 583–589. 10.1001/jama.282.6.583.
  • Crandell CE, Wiegand MR, Brosky JA 2013 Examining the role of service-learning on development of professionalism in doctor of physical therapy students: A case report. Journal of Allied Health 42: e25–32.
  • Cross TL, Bazron BJ, Dennis KW, Issacs MR 1989 Towards a culturally competent system of care: A monograph on effective services for minority children who are severely emotionally disturbed. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Child Development Center.
  • de Villiers C, Farooq MB, Molinari M 2022 Qualitative research interviews using online video technology - challenges and opportunities. Meditari Accountancy Research 30: 1764–1782. 10.1108/MEDAR-03-2021-1252.
  • Dogra N, Reitmanova S, Carter-Pokras O 2009 Twelve tips for teaching diversity and embedding it in the medical curriculum. Medical Teacher 31: 990–993. 10.3109/01421590902960326.
  • Dowling M 2007 From Husserl to van Manen: A review of different phenomenological approaches. International Journal of Nursing Studies 44: 131–142. 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.11.026.
  • Dutton L, Sellheim D 2014 The informal and hidden curriculum in physical therapist education. Journal of Physical Therapy Education 28: 50–63. 10.1097/00001416-201407000-00008.
  • Elzubeir MA, Rizk DE 2008 Identifying characteristics that students, interns, and residents look for in their role models. Medical Education 35: 272–277. 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2001.00870.x.
  • Farmer T, Robinson K, Elliott SJ, Eyles J 2006 Developing and implementing a triangulation protocol for qualitative health research. Qualitative Health Research 16: 377–394. 10.1177/1049732305285708.
  • Foronda C, Prather S, Baptiste DL, Luctkar-Flude M 2022 Cultural humility Toolkit. Nurse Educator 47: 267–271. 10.1097/NNE.0000000000001182.
  • Furze J, Black L, Peck K, Jensen GM 2011 Student perceptions of a community engagement experience: Exploration of reflections on social responsibility and professional formation. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 27: 411–421. 10.3109/09593985.2010.516479.
  • Gibbs SS, Kulig JC 2017 “We definitely are role models”: Exploring how clinical instructors’ influence nursing students’ attitudes towards older adults. Nurse Education in Practice 26: 74–81. 10.1016/j.nepr.2017.07.006.
  • Gilles J, Bishop M, McGehee W, Lulofs-MacPherson KDK, Dunleavy K 2019 Impact on clinical performance of required participation in a student-run pro bono clinic. Journal of Physical Therapy Education 33: 209–214. 10.1097/JTE.0000000000000083.
  • Ginnett M, Patrick M, St Martin C, Roberts H 2019 Physical Therapy student perceptions of a global health service-learning experience: A qualitative synthesis. University of Puget Sound. https://soundideas.pugetsound.edu/ptsymposium/52.
  • Giroux HA 1978 Developing educational programs: Overcoming the hidden curriculum. The Clearing House 52: 148–151. 10.1080/00098655.1978.10113565.
  • Grandpierre V, Milloy V, Sikora L, Fitzpatrick E, Thomas R, Potter B 2018 Barriers and facilitators to cultural competence in rehabilitation services: A scoping review. BMC Health Services Research 18: 23. 10.1186/s12913-017-2811-1.
  • Guest G, Bunce A, Johnson A 2006 How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and validity. Field Methods 18: 59–82. 10.1177/1525822X05279903.
  • Hafferty FW 1998 Beyond curriculum reform: Confronting medicine’s hidden curriculum. Academic Medicine 73: 403–407. 10.1097/00001888-199804000-00013.
  • Haidet P, Stein HF 2006 The role of the student-teacher relationship in the formation of physicians. The hidden curriculum as process Journal of General Internal Medicine. 21: S16–S20. 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00304.x.
  • Hande S, Kamath S, D’Souza J 2014 Students’ perception of effective teaching practices in a medical School. Education in Medicine Journal 6: e63–66. 10.5959/eimj.v6i3.247.
  • Hayward LM, Charrette AL 2012 Integrating cultural competence and core values: An inter-national service-learning model. Journal of Physical Therapy Education 26: 78–89. 10.1097/00001416-201210000-00013.
  • Hayward LM, Li L 2014 Promoting and assessing cultural competence, professional identity, and advocacy in Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree students within a community of practice. Journal of Physical Therapy Education 28: 23–36. 10.1097/00001416-201410000-00005.
  • Hayward LM, Li L, Venere K, Pallais A Pallais a 2015 Enhancements to an international service-learning model: Integration of program alumni and global stakeholder feedback. Journal of Physical Therapy Education 29: 43–53. 2015. 10.1097/00001416-201529020-00007.
  • Hobson R, Walmsley AD 2006 Role models in academic dentistry. British Dental Journal 200: 479. 10.1038/sj.bdj.4813619.
  • Holmes A 2020 Researcher positionality - a consideration of its influence and place in qualitative research - a new researcher guide. International Journal of Education 8: 3232. 10.34293/education.v8i4.3232.
  • Hordijk R, Hendrick K, Lanting K, MacFarlane A, Auntinga M, Suurmond J 2019 Defining a framework for medical teachers’ competencies to teach ethnic and cultural diversity: Results of a European Delphi study. Medical Teacher 41: 68–74. 10.1080/0142159X.2018.1439160.
  • Institute of Medicine Committee on Quality of Health Care in America 2001 Crossing the quality Chasm: A New health system for the 21st century. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US).
  • Jackson V 2011 Cultural competence in physical therapy education: Student perceptions on the effectiveness of cultural competence education methodology. Journal of the National Society of Allied Health 8: 31–38.
  • Jani JS, Osteen P, Shipe S 2016 Cultural competence and social work education: Moving towards assessment of practice behaviors. Journal of Social Work Education 52: 311–324. 10.1080/10437797.2016.1174634.
  • Jensen GM, Hack LM, Nordstrom T, Gwyer J, Mostrom E 2017 National study of excellence and innovation in physical therapist education: Part 2 - a call to reform. Physical Therapy 97: 875–888. 10.1093/ptj/pzx062.
  • Kripalani S, Bussey-Jones J, Katz MG, Genao I 2006 A prescription for cultural competence in medical education. Journal of General Internal Medicine 21: 1116–1120. 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00557.x.
  • Kvale S 2006 Dominance through interviews and dialogues. Qualitative Inquiry 12: 480–500. 10.1177/1077800406286235.
  • Laveist TA, Nuru-Jeter A Nuru-Jeter a 2002 is doctor-patient race concordance associated with greater satisfaction with care? Journal of Health and Social Behavior 43: 296–306. 2002. 10.2307/3090205.
  • Leininger M 2000 Founder’s focus - the third millennium and transcultural nursing. Journal of Transcultural Nursing 11: 69. 10.1177/104365960001100112.
  • Lincoln YS, Guba EG 1985 Naturalistic inquiry. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Lyons K, McLaughlin JE, Khanova J, Roth MT 2017 Cognitive apprenticeship in health sciences education: A qualitative review. Advances in Health Sciences Education 22: 723–739. 10.1007/s10459-016-9707-4.
  • Marsh HW 2007 Students’ evaluations of university teaching: Dimensionality reliability, validity, potential biases, and usefulness. In: Perry R, and Smart J, Eds. The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education: An Evidence-Based Perspective. Netherlands: Springer Link 319–383.
  • Masella RS 2006 The hidden curriculum: Value added in dental education. Journal of Dental Education 70: 279–283. 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2006.70.3.tb04083.x.
  • Meads C, Hunt R, Martin A, Varney J 2019 A systematic review of sexual minority women’s experiences of health care in the UK. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16: 3032. 10.3390/ijerph16173032.
  • Montenery SM, Jones AD, Perry N, Ross D, Zoucha R 2013 Cultural competence in nursing faculty: A journey, not a destination. Journal of Professional Nursing 29: e51–e57. 10.1016/j.profnurs.2013.09.003.
  • Morris S, Xia RP, Klaassen T, Johnson T 2021 Impact of pro bono clinic on attitudes, beliefs, and confidence towards cultural competence in first-year Doctoral Physical Therapy students. Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences & Practice 19: 12. 10.46743/1540-580X/2021.2092.
  • Mossop L, Dennick R, Hammond R, Robbe I 2013 Analysing the hidden curriculum: Use of a cultural web. Medical Education 47: 134–143. 10.1111/medu.12072.
  • Murray-García JL, García JA 2008 The institutional context of multicultural education: What is your institutional curriculum? Academic Medicine 83: 646–652. 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181782ed6.
  • National Health Service 2005 Creating a patient-led NHS: Delivering the NHS improvement plan. London, England: Department of Health. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20130104225658/http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4106506.
  • Nixon-Cave K, Meadows J 2014 Developing cultural competence in DPT students: Is there a best practice educational model to facilitate students achieving cultural competence? Journal of Physical Therapy Education 28: 37–38. 10.1097/00001416-201410000-00006.
  • Palombaro KM, Dole RL, Lattanzi KB 2011 A case report of a student-led pro bono clinic a proposed model for meeting student and community needs in a sustainable manner. Physical Therapy 91: 1627–1635. 10.2522/ptj.20100437.
  • Panzarella KJ, Matteliano MA 2008 A guide to cultural competence in Physical Therapy. New York: Center for International Rehabilitation Research Information and Exchange.
  • Paul D, Ewen SC, Jones R 2014 Cultural competence in medical education: Aligning the formal, informal, and hidden curricula. Advancement in Health Science Education 19: 751–758. 10.1007/s10459-014-9497-5.
  • Pearson A, Srivastava R, Craig D, Tucker D, Grinspun D, Bajnok I, Griffin P, Long L , Porritt, K, Han, T. and Gi, A.A 2007 Systematic review on embracing cultural diversity for developing and sustaining a healthy work environment in healthcare. International Journal of Evidence Based Healthcare 5(1), pp.54–91. 10.1111/j.1479-6988.2007.00058.x.
  • Pechak C, Thompson M 2011 Going global in physical therapist education: International service-learning in US-based programmes. Physiotherapy Research International 16: 225–236. 10.1002/pri.501.
  • Peiying N, Goddard TM, Gribble N, Pickard CP 2012 International placements increase the cultural sensitivity and competency of professional health students: A quantitative and qualitative study. Journal of Physical Therapy Education 26: 61–68. 10.1097/00001416-201210000-00011.
  • Petrovich A, Lowe M 2005 Developing cultural competence. Journal of Teaching in Social Work 25: 157–176. 10.1300/J067v25n03_10.
  • Plack MM 2008 The learning triad: Potential barriers and supports to learning in the physical therapy clinical environment. Journal of Physical Therapy Education 22: 7–18. 10.1097/00001416-200810000-00002.
  • *Purnell L 1995 A description of the Purnell model for cultural competence. Journal of Transcultural Nursing 11: 40–46 10.1177/104365960001100107.
  • Reynolds P 2005 How service-learning experiences benefit physical therapist students’ professional development: A grounded theory study. Journal of Physical Therapy Education 19: 41–54. 10.1097/00001416-200501000-00006.
  • Saarijärvi M, Bratt EL 2021 When face-to-face interviews are not possible: Tips and tricks for video, telephone, online chat, and email interviews in qualitative research. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 20: 392–396. 10.1093/eurjcn/zvab038.
  • Saldana J 2016 The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. 3. SAGE Publications Inc.
  • Smedley, BD, Stith, AY, Nelson, AR Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care 2003 Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Washington D.C.: National Acadmies Press (US).
  • Sticker L, Grapczynski C, Ritch J 2013 Student perceptions of outcomes from participation in physical therapy pro bono clinics: A qualitative study. Journal of Allied Health 42: 46–55.
  • Stronge JH, Ostrander LP 1997 Client surveys in teaching evaluation. In: Stronge J. Ed, Evaluation teaching: A guide to current thinking and best practicepp. 129–161 Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin Press.
  • Sue DW, Arredondo P, McDavis RJ 1992 Multicultural counseling competencies and standards: A call to the profession. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 20: 64–88. 10.1002/j.2161-1912.1992.tb00563.x.
  • Tervalon M, Murray-García J 1998 Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 9: 117–125. 10.1353/hpu.2010.0233.
  • Timmerberg JF, Chesbro SB, Jensen GM, Dole RL, Jette DU 2022 Competency-based education and practice in physical therapy: It’s time to act! Physical Therapy 102: zac018. 10.1093/ptj/pzac018.
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 2022 Medium Term Strategy for 2022-2029. http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=36920&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html.
  • U.S. Census Bureau 2021 Quick facts. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/davietownflorida.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2008 Personalized health care: Pioneers, partnerships, progress. Washington DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health 2018 The National CLAS Standards https://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov.
  • van der Scheer, EA, Bijlsma HJ Glass CA 2019 validity and reliability of student perceptions of teaching quality in primary education. School Effectiveness and School Improvement 30: 30–50. 10.1080/09243453.2018.1539015.
  • van Manen, M 1990 Researching lived experience: Human Science for an active sensitive pedagogy. SUNY Press.
  • Walker JL 2012 The use of saturation in qualitative research. Canadian Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 22: 37–46.
  • Weiss J, Balasuriya L, Cramer LD, Nunez-Smith M, Genaro I, Gonzalez-Colaso R, Wong AH, Samuels EA, Latimore D, Boatright D, et al. 2021 Medical students’ demographic characteristics and their perceptions of faculty role modeling of respect for diversity. JAMA Network Open 4: e2112795 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12795.
  • World Health Organization 2000 The world health report 2000 - health systems: Improving performance. Geneva, Switzerland. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42281.
  • World Physiotherapy 2019 Cultural Competence. https://world.physio/resources/glossary.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.