Recommended approaches to assessing and managing physiotherapy clients experiencing psychological distress: a systematic mapping review

References

• Alappattu MJ, Bishop MD 2011 Psychological factors in chronic pelvic pain in women: Relevance and application of the fear-avoidance model of pain. Physical Therapy 91: 1542–1550. 10.2522/ptj.20100368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexanders J, Douglas C 2016 The role of psychological skills within physiotherapy: A narrative review of the profession and training. Physical Therapy Reviews 21: 222–227. 10.1080/10833196.2016.1274352
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almond A, Zou Y, Forbes R 2021 Navigating diagnostic uncertainty in musculoskeletal practice: The perspectives and experiences of new graduate physiotherapists. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice 52: 102354. 10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez E, Garvin A, Germaine N, Guidoni L, Schnurr M 2022 Use of mental health interventions by physiotherapists to treat individuals with chronic conditions: A systematic scoping review. Physiotherapy Canada 74: 35–43. 10.3138/ptc-2020-0066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Physical Therapy Association 2023 APTA practice advisory: Screening patients for anxiety. https://www.apta.org/patient-care/interventions/patient-screenings/practice-advisory-screening-for-anxiety.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association Practice Organization Work Group 2014 Distinguishing between screening and assessment for mental and behavioral health problems. https://www.apaservices.org/practice/reimbursement/billing/assessment-screening.
   Google Scholar
• Aromataris E, Fernandez R, Godfrey CM, Holly C, Khalil H, Tungpunkom P 2015 Summarizing systematic reviews: Methodological development, conduct and reporting of an umbrella review approach. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare 13: 132–140. 10.1097/XEB.0000000000000055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Guth D, Steer RA, Ball R 1997 Beck depression Inventory for primary care (BDI-PC). APA PsycTests. 10.1037/t07153-000
   Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown G 1996 Beck depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). APA PsycTests. 10.1037/t00742-000
   Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbauch J 1961 Beck depression Inventory (BDI). APA PsycTests. 10.1037/t00742-000
   Google Scholar
• Beekman E, Verhagen A 2018 Clinimetrics: Hospital anxiety and depression scale. Journal of Physiotherapy 64: 198. 10.1016/j.jphys.2018.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beesdo K, Hoyer J, Jacobi F, Low NC, Höfler M, Wittchen HU 2009 Association between generalized anxiety levels and pain in a community sample: Evidence for diagnostic specificity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 23: 684–693. 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billek-Sawhney B, Wagner A, Braun J 2014 Depression: Implications for the acute care therapist. Journal of Acute Care Physical Therapy 5: 77–88. 10.1097/01.JAT.0000453142.16547.86
   Google Scholar
• Blevins CA, Weathers FW, Davis MT, Witte TK, Domino JL 2015 The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress 28: 489–498. 10.1002/jts.22059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunzli S, Smith A, Schütze R, Lin I, O’Sullivan P 2017 Making sense of low back pain and pain-related fear. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 47: 628–636. 10.2519/jospt.2017.7434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butera KA, George SZ, Lentz TA 2020 Psychometric evaluation of the optimal screening for prediction of referral and outcome yellow flag (OSPRO-YF) tool: Factor structure, reliability, and validity. The Journal of Pain 21: 557–569. 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cancelliere C, Mohammed RJ 2019 Brain drain: Psychosocial factors influence recovery following mild traumatic brain injury - 3 recommendations for clinicians assessing psychosocial factors. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 49: 842–844. 10.2519/jospt.2019.8849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caneiro JP, Bunzli S, O’Sullivan P 2021 Beliefs about the body and pain: The critical role in musculoskeletal pain management. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 25: 17–29. 10.1016/j.bjpt.2020.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caneiro JP, Smith A, Bunzli S, Linton S, Moseley GL, O’Sullivan P, O’Sullivan P 2022 From fear to safety: A roadmap to recovery from musculoskeletal pain. Physical Therapy 102: zab271. 10.1093/ptj/pzab271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cano A, Goubert L 2017 What’s in a name? The case of emotional disclosure of pain-related distress. The Journal of Pain 18: 881–888. 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carballo-Costa L, Quintela-Del-Río A, Vivas-Costa J, Costas R 2023 Mapping the field of physical therapy and identification of the leading active producers. A bibliometric analysis of the period 2000- 2018. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 39: 2407–2419. 10.1080/09593985.2022.2073927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chimenti RL, Frey-Law LA, Sluka KA 2018 A mechanism-based approach to physical therapist management of pain. Physical Therapy 98: 302–314. 10.1093/ptj/pzy030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleary A, Thomas N, Boyle F 2020 National mental health workforce strategy. https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2021/08/national-mental-health-workforce-strategy-a-literature-review_0.docx
   Google Scholar
• Connaughton J 2018 Working in general practice treating people with comorbid mental health problems. In: Probst M Skjaerven L (Eds) Physiotherapy in mental health and psychiatry: A scientific and clinical based approach, pp. 200–205. Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Coons MJ, Hadjistavropoulos HD, Asmundson GJ 2004 Factor structure and psychometric properties of the pain anxiety symptoms Scale-20 in a community physiotherapy clinic sample. European Journal of Pain 8: 511–516. 10.1016/j.ejpain.2003.11.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coronado RA, Brintz CE, McKernan LC, Master H, Motzny N, Silva FM, Goyal PM, Wegener ST, Archer KR 2020 Psychologically informed physical therapy for musculoskeletal pain: Current approaches, implications, and future directions from recent randomized trials. Pain Reports 5: e847. 10.1097/PR9.0000000000000847
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crombez G, De Paepe AL, Veirman E, Eccleston C, Verleysen G, Van Ryckeghem DML 2020 Let’s talk about pain catastrophizing measures: An item content analysis. PeerJ 8: e8643. 10.7717/peerj.8643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cupler ZA, Alrwaily M, Polakowski E, Mathers KS, Schneider MJ 2020 Taping for conditions of the musculoskeletal system: An evidence map review. Chiropractic and Manual Therapies 28: 52. 10.1186/s12998-020-00337-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daley D, Payne LP, Galper J, Cheung A, Deal L, Despres M, Garcia JD, Kistner F, Mackenzie N, Perry T et al. 2021 Clinical guidance to optimize work participation after injury or illness: The role of physical therapists. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 51: CPG1–CPG102. 10.2519/jospt.2021.0303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daluiso-King G, Hebron C 2020 Is the biopsychosocial model in musculoskeletal physiotherapy adequate? An evolutionary concept analysis. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 38: 373–389. 10.1080/09593985.2020.1765440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Baets L, Meulders A, Van Damme S, Caneiro JP, Matheve T 2023 Understanding discrepancies in a person’s fear of movement and avoidance behavior: A guide for musculoskeletal rehabilitation clinicians who support people with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 53: 307–316. 10.2519/jospt.2023.11420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delitto A, George SZ, Dillen LV, Whitman JM, Sowa G, Shekelle P, Denninger TR, Godges JJ 2012 Low back pain: Clinical practice guidelines linked to the international classification of functioning, disability, and health from the orthopaedic section of the American Physical Therapy Association. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 42: A1–A57. 10.2519/jospt.2012.42.4.A1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePrince AP, Chu AT, Pineda AS 2011 Links between specific posttrauma appraisals and three forms of trauma-related distress. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy 3: 430–441. 10.1037/a0021576
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillon M, Olson R, Mescouto K, Costa N, Setchell J 2023 How physiotherapists attend to the human aspects of care when working with people with low back pain: A thematic analysis. Health Sociology Review 32: 277–293. 10.1080/14461242.2022.2161927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djulbegovic B, Hozo I, Greenland S 2011 Uncertainty in clinical medicine. In: Gifford F (Ed) Philosophy of medicine, pp. 299–356. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: North-Holland.
   Google Scholar
• Donnelly GM, Brockwell E, Rankin A, Moore IS 2022 Beyond the musculoskeletal system: Considering whole-systems readiness for running postpartum. Journal of Women’s Health Physical Therapy 46: 48–56. 10.1097/JWH.0000000000000218
   Google Scholar
• Drapeau A, Marchand A, Beaulieu-Prévost D 2012 Epidemiology of psychological distress. In: L’Abate L (Ed) Mental illnesses: Understanding, prediction and control, pp. 105–134. London, United Kingdom: IntechOpen.
   Google Scholar
• Driver C, Kean B, Oprescu F, Lovell GP 2017 Knowledge, behaviors, attitudes and beliefs of physiotherapists towards the use of psychological interventions in physiotherapy practice: A systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation 39: 2237–2249. 10.1080/09638288.2016.1223176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driver C, Lovell GP, Oprescu F 2021 Psychosocial strategies for physiotherapy: A qualitative examination of physiotherapists’ reported training preferences. Nursing and Health Sciences 23: 136–147. 10.1111/nhs.12771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn KM, Campbell P, Lewis M, Hill JC, van der Windt DA, Afolabi E, Protheroe J, Wathall S, Jowett S, Oppong R, et al. 2021 Refinement and validation of a tool for stratifying patients with musculoskeletal pain. European Journal of Pain 25: 2081–2093. 10.1002/ejp.1821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgar S, Connaughton J 2021 Using mental health first aid training to improve the mental health literacy of physiotherapy students. Physiotherapy Canada 73: 188–193. 10.3138/ptc-2019-0036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgerton K, Hall J, Bland MK, Marshall B, Hulla R, Gatchel RJ 2019 A physical therapist’s role in pain management: A biopsychosocial perspective. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research 24: e12170. 10.1111/jabr.12170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner JW, Snell DL 2023 A framework for understanding the contribution of psychosocial factors in biopsychosocial explanatory models of persistent postconcussion symptoms. Physical Therapy 103: zac156. 10.1093/ptj/pzac156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franzen MD 2003 Psychological assessment in medical settings. In: Cohen L, McChargue D Collins F (Eds) The health psychology handbook: Practical issues for the behavioral medicine specialist, pp. 17–27. Thousand Oaks, United States: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• George SZ, Valencia C, Zeppieri G, Robinson ME 2009 Development of a self-report measure of fearful activities for patients with low back pain: The fear of daily activities questionnaire. Physical Therapy 89: 969–979. 10.2522/ptj.20090032
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George SZ, Zeppieri G 2009 Physical therapy utilization of graded exposure for patients with low back pain. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 39: 496–505. 10.2519/jospt.2009.2983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gioia GA, Collins M, Isquith PK 2008 Improving identification and diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury with evidence: Psychometric support for the acute concussion evaluation. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 23: 230–242. 10.1097/01.HTR.0000327255.38881.ca
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant MJ, Booth A 2009 A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information and Libraries Journal 26: 91–108. 10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddaway NR, Page MJ, Pritchard CC, McGuinness LA 2022 Prisma2020: An R package and shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and open synthesis. Campbell Systematic Reviews 18: e1230. 10.1002/cl2.1230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haggman S, Maher C, Refshauge K 2004 Screening for symptoms of depression by physical therapists managing low back pain. Physical Therapy 84: 1157–1166. 10.1093/ptj/84.12.1157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen LS, Præstegaard J, Lehn-Christiansen S 2021 Patient-centeredness in physiotherapy - a literature mapping review. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 38: 1843–1856. 10.1080/09593985.2021.1923095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harland N, Lavallee D 2003 Biopsychosocial management of chronic low back pain patients with psychological assessment and management tools: Overview. Physiotherapy 89: 305–312. 10.1016/S0031-9406(05)60043-0
   Google Scholar
• Harrison AL, Thorp JN, Ritzline PD 2014 A proposed diagnostic classification of patients with temporomandibular disorders: Implications for physical therapists. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 44: 182–197. 10.2519/jospt.2014.4847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henning M, Smith M 2022 The ability of physiotherapists to identify psychosocial factors in patients with musculoskeletal pain: A scoping review. Musculoskeletal Care 21: 502–515. 10.1002/msc.1725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heywood SE, Connaughton J, Kinsella R, Black S, Bicchi N, Setchell J 2022 Physical Therapy and mental health: A scoping review. Physical Therapy 102: zac102. 10.1093/ptj/pzac102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill S 2010 The illness perceptions questionnaire-revised (IPQ-R). Journal of Physiotherapy 56: 280. 10.1016/S1836-9553(10)70062-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodges PW 2019 Hybrid approach to treatment tailoring for low back pain: A proposed model of care. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 49: 453–463. 10.2519/jospt.2019.8774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz MJ, Wilner N, Alvarez W 1979 Impact of Event Scale (IES). APA PsycTests. 10.1037/t00303-000
   Google Scholar
• Howlett B, Rogo E 2021 What evidence-based practice is and why it matters. In: Howlett B, Shelton T Rogo E (Eds) Evidence based practice for health professionals, pp. 1–24. Burlington, United States: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter EE, Murphy M 2011 Zung self-rating depression scale. In: Kreutzer J, DeLuca J Caplan B (Eds) Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology, pp. 2746–2747. New York, United States: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Iles R, Sheehan L, Munk K, Gosling C 2020 Development and pilot assessment of the pace tool: Helping case managers identify and respond to risk factors in workers’ compensation case management. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 30: 167–182. 10.1007/s10926-019-09858-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamison JR 2006 Differential diagnosis for primary care, a handbook for health care practitioners. Philadelphia: Elsevier (Churchill Livingstone)
   Google Scholar
• Johnstone L, Dallos R 2014 Introduction to formulation. In: Johnstone L Dallos R (Eds) Formulation in psychology and psychotherapy: Making sense of people’s problems (2nd), pp. 1–17. United Kingdom: East SussexRoutledge.
   Google Scholar
• Julian LJ 2011 Measures of anxiety: State-Trait anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Hospital anxiety and depression Scale-anxiety (HADS-A). Arthritis Care and Research 63: S467–S472. 10.1002/acr.20561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keefe FJ, Main CJ, George SZ 2018 Advancing psychologically informed practice for patients with persistent musculoskeletal pain: Promise, pitfalls, and solutions. Physical Therapy 98: 398–407. 10.1093/ptj/pzy024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsh KL 2010 Differentiating and managing common psychiatric comorbidities seen in chronic pain patients. Journal of Pain and Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy 24: 39–47. 10.3109/15360280903583123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB 1999 Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). APA PsycTests. 10.1037/t06165-000
   Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB 2003 The patient health questionnaire-2: Validity of a two-item depression screener. Medical Care 41: 1284–1292. 10.1097/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Wu J, Yu Z, Bair MJ, Kean J, Stump T, Monahan PO 2016 Patient health Questionnaire anxiety and depression Scale (PHQ-ADS). APA PsycTests. 10.1037/t55980-000
   Google Scholar
• Laporte G, Aita M 2021 Psychological distress as a unique concept: A response to Molgora et al. (2020). Journal of Affective Disorders 278: 13–14. 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennon O, Ryan C, Helm M, Moore K, Sheridan A, Probst M, Cunningham C 2020 Psychological distress among patients attending physiotherapy: A survey-based investigation of Irish physiotherapists’ current practice and opinions. Physiotherapy Canada 72: 239–248. 10.3138/ptc-2019-0010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lentz TA, Beneciuk JM, Bialosky JE, Zeppieri G, Dai Y, Wu SS, George SZ, George SZ 2016 Development of a yellow flag assessment tool for orthopaedic physical therapists: Results from the optimal screening for prediction of referral and outcome (OSPRO) cohort. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 46: 327–343. 10.2519/jospt.2016.6487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linton SJ, Boersma K 2003 Early identification of patients at risk of developing a persistent back problem: The predictive validity of the örebro musculoskeletal pain questionnaire. The Clinical Journal of Pain 19: 80–86. 10.1097/00002508-200303000-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linton SJ, Flink IK, Vlaeyen JW 2018 Understanding the etiology of chronic pain from a psychological perspective. Physical Therapy 98: 315–324. 10.1093/ptj/pzy027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linton SJ, Nicholas M, MacDonald S 2011 Development of a short form of the Örebro musculoskeletal pain screening questionnaire. Spine 36: 1891–1895. 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181f8f775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linton SJ, Shaw WS 2011 Impact of psychological factors in the experience of pain. Physical Therapy 91: 700–711. 10.2522/ptj.20100330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo C, Hales S, Zimmermann C, Gagliese L, Rydall A, Rodin G 2011 Measuring death-related anxiety in advanced cancer: Preliminary psychometrics of the death and dying distress scale. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 33: S140–S145. 10.1097/MPH.0b013e318230e1fd
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord S 2018 Perceptions of Physiotherapists Regarding Their Role in the Management of Patients with Mental Health Disorders. Doctoral Dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas L, Parker J 2022 Physiotherapists perceived role in managing anxiety in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A mixed-methods study. Archives of Physiotherapy 12: 2. 10.1186/s40945-021-00124-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maher C, O’Sullivan P 2023 Low back pain standard an opportunity for physios. In Motion May: 33-39. https://australian.physio/inmotion/low-back-pain-standard-opportunity-physios.
   Google Scholar
• Main CJ, Ballengee LA, George SZ, Beneciuk JM, Greco CM, Simon CB 2023 Psychologically informed practice (PIP): The importance of communication in clinical implementation. Physical Therapy 103: zad047. 10.1093/ptj/pzad047
   Google Scholar
• Main CJ, George SZ 2011 Psychologically informed practice for management of low back pain: Future directions in practice and research. Physical Therapy 91: 820–824. 10.2522/ptj.20110060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main CJ, Simon CB, Beneciuk JM, Greco CM, George SZ, Ballengee LA 2023 The psychologically informed practice (PIP) consultation roadmap: A clinical implementation strategy. Physical Therapy Physical Therapy 103: zad048. 10.1093/ptj/pzad048
   Google Scholar
• Main CJ, Watson PJ 1999 Psychological aspects of pain. Manual Therapy 4: 203–215. 10.1054/math.1999.0208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main CJ, Wood PL, Hollis S, Spanswick CC, Waddell G 1992 The distress and risk assessment method: A simple patient classification to identify distress and evaluate the risk of poor outcome. Spine 17: 42–52. 10.1097/00007632-199201000-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath RL, Parnell T, Verdon S, Pope R 2022 “People suffer and we see this”: A qualitative study of the forms of patient psychological distress encountered by physiotherapists. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice Online ahead of print. 10.1080/09593985.2022.2141085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath RL, Pope R, Parnell T, Verdon S 2022 Assessing and managing physiotherapy clients experiencing psychological distress: A scoping review protocol. Open Science Framework 10.17605/OSF.IO/MJB6N
   Google Scholar
• McGrath RL, Verdon S, Parnell T, Pope R 2023 Australian physiotherapists’ perceived frequency of contact with clients experiencing distress: A cross-sectional survey. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 1–18 Online ahead of print. 10.1080/09593985.2023.2204962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil DW, Rainwater AJ 1998 Development of the fear of pain questionnaire-III. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 21: 389–410. 10.1023/A:1018782831217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirowsky J, Ross CE 2003 Social causes of psychological distress. 2nd New York, United States: Transaction Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell T, Beales D, Slater H, O'Sullivan PB 2018 Musculoskeletal clinical translation framework: From knowing to doing. Perth: Curtin University.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan DL, Nica A 2020 Iterative thematic inquiry: A new method for analyzing qualitative data. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 19: 1–11. 10.1177/1609406920955118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motlagh H 2010 Impact of event scale-revised. Journal of Physiotherapy 56: 203. 10.1016/S1836-9553(10)70029-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng TS 2012 Brief illness perception questionnaire (brief IPQ). Journal of Physiotherapy 58: 202. 10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70116-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicholas MK, Linton SJ, Watson PJ, Main CJ 2011 The “Decade of the flags” working group 2011 early identification and management of psychological risk factors (“yellow flags”) in patients with low back pain: A reappraisal. Physical Therapy 91: 737–753 10.2522/ptj.20100224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijs J, Wijma AJ, Leysen L, Pas R, Willaert W, Hoelen W, Ickmans K, van Wilgen CP 2019 Explaining pain following cancer: A practical guide for clinicians. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 23: 367–377. 10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan PB, Caneiro JP, O’Keeffe M, Smith A, Dankaerts W, Fersum K, O’Sullivan K 2018 Cognitive functional therapy: An integrated behavioral approach for the targeted management of disabling low back pain. Physical Therapy 98: 408–423. 10.1093/ptj/pzy022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan PB, Smith A, Beales D, Straker L 2017 Understanding adolescent low back pain from a multidimensional perspective: Implications for management. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 47: 741–751. 10.2519/jospt.2017.7376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolo FP, Joaquim R 2018 Ten simple rules for conducting umbrella reviews. Evidence-Based Mental Health 21: 95–100. 10.1136/ebmental-2018-300014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkitny L, McAuley J 2010 The depression anxiety stress scale (DASS). Journal of Physiotherapy 56: 204. 10.1016/S1836-9553(10)70030-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payton AR 2009 Mental health, mental illness, and psychological distress: Same continuum or distinct phenomena? Journal of Health and Social Behavior 50: 2 213–227. 10.1177/002214650905000207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters MD, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H 2020 Scoping reviews (2020 version). In: Aromataris E Munn Z (Eds) JBI manual for evidence synthesis, Adelaide, Australia: Joanna Briggs Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Pham MT, Rajić A, Greig JD, Sargeant JM, Papadopoulos A, McEwen SA 2014 A scoping review of scoping reviews: Advancing the approach and enhancing the consistency. Research Synthesis Methods 5: 371–385. 10.1002/jrsm.1123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips MR 2009 Is distress a symptom of mental disorders, a marker of impairment, both or neither? World Psychiatry 8: 91–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Physiotherapy Board of Australia, Physiotherapy Board of New Zealand 2015. Physiotherapy practice thresholds in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand. https://physiocouncil.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Physiotherapy-Board-Physiotherapy-practice-thresholds-in-Australia-and-Aotearoa-New-Zealand.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Pilkonis PA, Choi SW, Reise SP, Stover AM, Riley WT, Cella D 2011 Item banks for measuring emotional distress from the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS®): Depression, anxiety, and anger. Assessment 18: 263–283. 10.1177/1073191111411667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probst M, Brunner E, Connaughton J, Sallinen M, Skjaerven L 2020 Educational standards: Describing Minimal Requirements of mental health Courses in physiotherapy education. https://www.ioptmh.org/_files/ugd/9f5f61_0c2220d67fbc47ecb3ed41567d262b03.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Probst M, Skjaerven L, Connaughton J, Brunner E, Sallinen M, Slootweg L, Van Damme T, Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, Staub C, et al. 2019. Policy statement: The role of Physical therapists within mental health and psychiatry. https://www.ioptmh.org/_files/ugd/9f5f61_43fe2b1bad6a42939129e588e7aa30e1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Rabey M, Moloney N 2022 “I don’t know why I’ve got this pain!” Allostasis as a possible explanatory model. Physical Therapy 102: zac017. 10.1093/ptj/pzac017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff LS 1977 Center for Epidemiological studies depression Scale. APA PsycTests. 10.1037/t02942-000
   Google Scholar
• Raphael B 1975 Crisis and the physiotherapist. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 21: 51–56. 10.1016/S0004-9514(14)61207-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rebbeck T 2017 The role of exercise and patient education in the noninvasive management of whiplash. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 47: 481–491. 10.2519/jospt.2017.7138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro C, Tsang L, Lin B, Kemp-Smith K, Phillips J, Furness J 2022 Physiotherapists’ perceptions of their role in treating and managing people with depression and anxiety disorders: A systematic review. Online ahead of print. 10.1080/09593985.2022.2122915
   Google Scholar
• Ridner SH 2004 Psychological distress: Concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 45: 536–545. 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02938.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruscio AM 2019 Normal versus pathological mood: Implications for diagnosis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 15: 179–205. 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusu AC, Santos R, Pincus T 2016 Pain-related distress and clinical depression in chronic pain: A comparison between two measures. Scandinavian Journal of Pain 12: 62–67. 10.1016/j.sjpain.2016.04.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schultz IZ, Crook J, Berkowitz J, Milner R, Meloche GR 2005 Predicting return to work after low back injury using the psychosocial risk for occupational disability instrument: A validation study. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 15: 365–376. 10.1007/s10926-005-5943-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scurlock-Evans L, Upton P, Upton D 2014 Evidence-based practice in physiotherapy: A systematic review of barriers, enablers and interventions. Physiotherapy 100: 208–219. 10.1016/j.physio.2014.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seng EK, Klepper JE 2017 Cogniphobia Scale for headache disorders (CS-HD). APA PsycTests. 10.1037/t64748-000
   Google Scholar
• Sharkey CM, Bakula DM, Baraldi AN, Perez MN, Suorsa KI, Chaney JM, Mullins LL 2018 Grit, illness-related distress, and psychosocial outcomes in college students with a chronic medical condition: A path analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 43: 552–560. 10.1093/jpepsy/jsx145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw WS, Pransky G, Patterson W, Winters T 2005 Early disability risk factors for low back pain assessed at outpatient occupational health clinics. Spine 30: 572–580. 10.1097/01.brs.0000154628.37515.ef
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha SD, Pradhan R, Tran TD, Gualano RC, Fisher JR 2016 Reliability and validity of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for detecting Perinatal Common Mental Disorders (PCMDS) among women in low-and lower-middle-income countries: A systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 16: 72. 10.1186/s12884-016-0859-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonds AH, Abraham K, Spitznagle T 2022 Clinical practice guidelines for pelvic girdle pain in the postpartum population. Journal of Women’s and Pelvic Health Physical Therapy 46: E1–E38. 10.1097/JWH.0000000000000236
   Google Scholar
• Simon CB, Hicks GE 2018 Paradigm shift in geriatric low back pain management: Integrating influences, experiences, and consequences. Physical Therapy 98: 434–446. 10.1093/ptj/pzy028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson P, Holopainen R, Schütze R, O’Sullivan P, Smith A, Linton SJ, Nicholas M, Kent P 2021 Training of physical therapists to deliver individualized biopsychosocial interventions to treat musculoskeletal pain conditions: A scoping review. Physical Therapy 101: zab188. 10.1093/ptj/pzab188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singla M, Jones M, Edwards I, Kumar S 2015 Physiotherapists’ assessment of patients’ psychosocial status: Are we standing on thin ice? A qualitative descriptive study. Manual Therapy 20: 328–334. 10.1016/j.math.2014.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JM, Lee AC, Zeleznik H, Coffey Scott JP, Fatima A, Needham DM, Ohtake PJ 2020 Home and community-based physical therapist management of adults with post–intensive care syndrome. Physical Therapy 100: 1062–1073. 10.1093/ptj/pzaa059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snell DL, Siegert RJ, Debert C, Cairncross M, Silverberg ND 2020 Fear avoidance behavior after traumatic brain injury Questionnaire (FAB-TBI). APA PsycTests. 10.1037/t82263-000
   Google Scholar
• Spearing R, Bailey J 2012 Depression and chronic physical illness: Its prevalence and diagnosis, and implications for therapeutic practice. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 19: 394–403. 10.12968/ijtr.2012.19.7.394
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Löwe B 2006 A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine 166: 1092–1097. 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stearns ZR, Carvalho ML, Beneciuk JM, Lentz TA, Lentz TA 2021 Screening for yellow flags in orthopaedic physical therapy: A clinical framework. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 51: 459–469. 10.2519/jospt.2021.10570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein DJ, Nesse RM 2015 Normal and abnormal anxiety in the age of DSM-5 and ICD-11. Emotion Review 7: 223–229. 10.1177/1754073915575407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling M 2009 Physical and psychological aspects of whiplash: Important considerations for primary care assessment, part 2 - case studies. Manual Therapy 14: e8–e12. 10.1016/j.math.2008.03.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sterling M 2011 General health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28). Journal of Physiotherapy 57: 259. 10.1016/S1836-9553(11)70060-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling M 2014 Physiotherapy management of whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). Journal of Physiotherapy 60: 5–12. 10.1016/j.jphys.2013.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling M, Kenardy J 2008 Physical and psychological aspects of whiplash: Important considerations for primary care assessment. Manual Therapy 13: 93–102. 10.1016/j.math.2007.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart J, Kempenaar L, Lauchlan D 2011 Rethinking yellow flags. Manual Therapy 16: 196–198. 10.1016/j.math.2010.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan MJ, Adams H, Horan S, Maher D, Boland D, Gross R 2008 The role of perceived injustice in the experience of chronic pain and disability: Scale development and validation. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 18: 249–261. 10.1007/s10926-008-9140-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan MJ, Bishop SR, Pivik J 1995 Pain catastrophizing Scale (PCS). APA PsycTests. 10.1037/t01304-000
   Google Scholar
• Synnott A, O’Keeffe M, Bunzli S, Dankaerts W, O’Sullivan P, O’Sullivan K 2015 Physiotherapists may stigmatise or feel unprepared to treat people with low back pain and psychosocial factors that influence recovery: A systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy 61: 68–76. 10.1016/j.jphys.2015.02.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Synnott A, O’Keeffe M, Bunzli S, Dankaerts W, O’Sullivan P, Robinson K, O’Sullivan K 2016 Physiotherapists report improved understanding of and attitude toward the cognitive, psychological and social dimensions of chronic low back pain after cognitive functional therapy training: A qualitative study. Journal of Physiotherapy 62: 215–221. 10.1016/j.jphys.2016.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatta J 2022 Introducing a physical therapist-led acceptance and commitment therapy training for pain: A clinical perspective. Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences & Practice 20: 16. 10.46743/1540-580X/2022.2061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatta J, Willgens AM, Palombaro KM 2022 Mindfulness and acceptance–based interventions in physical therapist practice: The time is now. Physical Therapy 102: zab293. 10.1093/ptj/pzab293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas F, Hansford L, Ford J, Wyatt K, McCabe R, Byng R 2018 Moral narratives and mental health: Rethinking understandings of distress and healthcare support in contexts of austerity and welfare reform. Palgrave Communications 4: 39. 10.1057/s41599-018-0091-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thombs BD, Markham S, Rice DB, Ziegelstein RC, Ziegelstein RC 2023 Screening for depression and anxiety in general practice. BMJ 382: 1615. 10.1136/bmj.p1615
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Timmermans S, Angell A 2001 Evidence-based medicine, clinical uncertainty, and learning to doctor. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 42: 342–359. 10.2307/3090183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traeger A, McAuley JH 2013 STarT back screening tool. Journal of Physiotherapy 59: 131. 10.1016/S1836-9553(13)70170-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, Moher D, Peters MDJ, Horsley T, Weeks L et al. 2018 Prisma extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-SCR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine 169: 467–473. 10.7326/M18-0850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner P 2001 Evidence-based practice and physiotherapy in the 1990s. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 17: 107–121. 10.1080/095939801750334185
   Google Scholar
• VandenBos GR 2015 APA dictionary of Psychology. 2nd p. 70. Washington DC, United States: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• van Dijk H, Köke AJ, Elbers S, Mollema J, Smeets R, Wittink H 2023 Physiotherapists using the biopsychosocial model for chronic pain: Barriers and facilitators - a scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20: 1634. 10.3390/ijerph20021634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandyken C, Hilton S 2017 Physical therapy in the treatment of central pain mechanisms for female sexual pain. Sexual Medicine Reviews 5: 20–30. 10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.06.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Wyngaarden JJ, Noehren B, Archer KR 2019 Assessing psychosocial profile in the physical therapy setting. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research 24: e12165. 10.1111/jabr.12165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varela AJ, Melvin A 2023 The theatre of depression: A role for physical therapy. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 39: 1325–1341. 10.1080/09593985.2022.2041136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira ER, Brown E, Raue P 2014 Depression in older adults: Screening and referral. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 37: 24–30. 10.1519/JPT.0b013e31828df26f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddell G, Newton M, Henderson I, Somerville D, Main CJ 1993 Fear-avoidance beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ). APA PsycTests. 10.1037/t11850-000
   Google Scholar
• Waffenschmidt S, Knelangen M, Sieben W, Bühn S, Pieper D 2019 Single screening versus conventional double screening for study selection in systematic reviews: A methodological systematic review. BMC Medical Research Methodology 19: 132. 10.1186/s12874-019-0782-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware JE 2000 SF-36 health survey update. Spine 25: 3130–3139. 10.1097/00007632-200012150-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware JE, Snow KK, Kosinski M, Gandek B 1993 SF-36 health survey: Manual and interpretation guide. Boston, United States: The Health Institute, New England Medical Center Hospitals. https://search.worldcat.org/title/sf-36-health-survey-manual-and-interpretation-guide/oclc/28895942
   Google Scholar
• Watson PJ 1999 Psychosocial assessment: The emergence of a new fashion, or a new tool in physiotherapy for musculoskeletal pain? Physiotherapy 85: 530–535. 10.1016/S0031-9406(05)61246-1
   Google Scholar
• Watson PJ, Kendall N 2000 The assessment of psychosocial yellow flags in physiotherapy practice. In: Gifford L (Ed) Topical issues in pain 2. Biopsychosocial assessment. Relationships and pain, pp. 85–110. Falmouth, United Kingdom: CNS Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weathers FW, Bovin MJ, Lee DJ, Sloan DM, Schnurr PP, Kaloupek DG, Keane TM, Marx BP 2017 Clinician-administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5. pp. CAPS–5. APA PsycTests. 10.1037/t71324-000
   Google Scholar
• Weermeijer JD, Meulders A, Meulders, A 2018 Clinimetrics: Tampa scale for kinesiophobia. Journal of Physiotherapy 64: 126. 10.1016/j.jphys.2018.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicksell RK, Renöfält J, Olsson GL, Bond FW, Melin L 2008 Psychological Inflexibility in pain Scale (PIPS). APA PsycTests. 10.1037/t23288-000
   Google Scholar
• Wideman TH, Sullivan MJL 2012 Development of a cumulative psychosocial factor index for problematic recovery following work-related musculoskeletal injuries. Physical Therapy 92: 58–68. 10.2522/ptj.20110071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijma AJ, van Wilgen CP, Meeus M, Nijs J 2016 Clinical biopsychosocial physiotherapy assessment of patients with chronic pain: The first step in pain neuroscience education. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 32: 368–384. 10.1080/09593985.2016.1194651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willy RW, Hoglund LT, Barton CJ, Bolgla LA, Scalzitti DA, Logerstedt DS, Lynch AD, Snyder-Mackler L, McDonough CM 2019 Patellofemoral pain: Clinical practice guidelines linked to the international classification of functioning, disability and health from the academy of orthopaedic physical therapy of the American Physical Therapy Association. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 49: CPG1–CPG95. 10.2519/jospt.2019.0302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf SH, Grol R, Hutchinson A, Eccles M, Grimshaw J 1999 Clinical guidelines: Potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines. BMJ 318: 527–530. 10.1136/bmj.318.7182.527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, Leirer O 1983 Geriatric depression Scale (GDS). APA PsycTests. 10.1037/t00930-000
   Google Scholar
• Young G, Lareau C, Pierre B 2014 One quintillion ways to have PTSD comorbidity: Recommendations for the disordered DSM-5. Psychological Injury and Law 7: 61–74. 10.1007/s12207-014-9186-y
   Google Scholar