145
Views
43
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Comprehensive Reveiw

The role of the family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people

, &
Pages 93-109 | Received 10 Nov 2004, Accepted 20 Jan 2005, Published online: 12 Jul 2009

References

  • Department of Health and Human Sciences. Overview of Findings from the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Obtained via http://www.samhsa.gov, 2003.
  • Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit. National Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy: Interim Analysis. Online at: www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page4498.asp, 2003.
  • Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit. Alcohol harm reduction strategy for England. London: The Cabinet Office. Online at: http://www.strategy.gov.uk/su/alcohol/index.htm or www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page3669.asp, 2004.
  • Condon J, Smith N. Prevalence of drug use: key findings from the 2002/2003 British Crime Survey. London: Home Office Findings 229, 2003.
  • National Treatment Agency. Background. www.nta.nhs.uk/ about/background.htm (accessed 10 May 2005).
  • Ireland Department of Health and Children. Obtained via: http://www.dohc.ie/press/releases/2004/20041214.html ac- cessed 22/12/04, 2004.
  • Poppel B, Andersen T. Alcohol and other drug use among students in Greenland – a comparison between some 1999 and 2003 ESPAD data. Obtained via: http://ijch.oulu.fi/ issues/63suppl2/ICCH12_Poppel.pdf accessed 22/12/04, 2004.
  • Hibell et al. The ESPAD report 2003:alcohol and other drug use among students in 35 European countries. Stockholm; Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs, 2004.
  • Orford J. Excessive Appeitites: A Psychological view of Addictions (Second Edition). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2001.
  • Vimpani G, Spooner C. Minimizing substance misuse by strategies to strengthen families. Drug and Alcohol Review 2003; 22: 251–4.
  • Copello A, Velleman R, Templeton L. Family interven- tions in the treatment of alcohol and drug problems. Drug & Alcohol Review 2005; in press.
  • Repetti R, Taylor S, Seeman T. Risky families: family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin 2002; 128: 330–66.
  • NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Preventing Drug Use Among Children and Adolescents: a research- based guide. National Institute of Health Publication No. 97-4212, 1997.
  • Sullivan R, Wilson MF. New directions for research in prevention and treatment of delinquency: a review and a proposal. Adolescence 1995;30,117:1 – 7.
  • Tolan P, Cromwell R, Brusswell M. Family therapy with delinquents: A critical review of the literature. Family Process 1986; 25: 619–49.
  • Yoshikawa H. Prevention as cumulative protection: Effects of early family support and education on chronic delin- quency and its risks. Psychological Bulletin 1994; 115: 28–54.
  • Quay H. Handbook of Juvenile Delinquency. New York: Wiley, 1987.
  • Robins LN, McEvoy L. Conduct problems as predictors of substance abuse. In: LN Robins and M Rutter, eds. Straight and devious pathways from childhood to adult- hood. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  • Gittelman R, Mannuzza S, Shenker R, Bonagura N. Hyperactive boys almost grown up: 1. Psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry 1985; 42: 937–47.
  • Wood MD, Read JP, Mitchell RE, Brand NH. Do parents still matter? Parent and peer influences on alcohol involvement among recent high school graduates. Psychol- ogy of Addictive Behaviours 2004;18(1):19 – 30.
  • Clark D. The natural history of adolescent alcohol use disorders. Addiction 2004;99 (Suppl. 2):5 – 22.
  • Olsson C, Coffey C, Bond L, Toumbourou J, Patton G. Family risk factors for cannabis use: a population based survey of Australian secondary school students. Drug and Alcohol Review 2003; 22: 143–52.
  • Ary D, Tildesley E, Hops H, Andrews J. The influence of parents, sibling and peer modelling and attitudes on adolescent use of alcohol. International Journal of Addic- tions 1993; 28: 853–80.
  • Forney MA, Forney PD, Ripley WK. Predictor variables of adolescent drinking. Adv Alcohol Substance Abuse 1989;8(2):97 – 117.
  • Madu SN, Matla MP. Correlations for perceived family environments factors with substance use among adoles- cents in South Africa. Psychological Reports 2003; 92(2):403 – 15.
  • De Micheli D, Formigoni MLOS. Are reasons for the first use of drugs and family circumstances predictors of future use patterns. Addictive Behaviours 2002;27(1):87 – 100.
  • Challier B, Chau N, Predine R, Choquet M, Legras B. Associations of family environment and individual factors with tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use in adolescents. European Journal of Epidemiology 2000;16(1):33 – 42.
  • Blane HT. Prevention issues with children of alcoholics. British Journal of Addiction 1988; 83: 793–798.
  • Halebsky MA. Adolescent alcohol and substance abuse: Parent and peer effects. Adolescence 1987; 22: 961–7.
  • Hundleby JD, Mercer GW. Family and friends as social environments and their relationship to young adolescents use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana. Journal of Marriage and Family 1987; 49: 151–64
  • Oetting ER, Beauvais F. Common elements in youth drug abuse: Peer clusters and other psychosocial factors. Journal of Drug Issues 1987; 17: 133–51.
  • Fawzy FI, Coombs RH, Gerber B. Generational continuity in the use of substances: The impact of parental substance use on adolescent substance use. Addictive Behaviors 1983; 8: 109–14.
  • Hurd P, Johnson CA, Pechacek T, Bast LP, Jacobs DR, Luepker RV. Prevention of cigarette smoking in seventh grade students. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1980; 3: 15–28.
  • Glynn TJ. From family to peer: A review of transitions of influence among drug-using youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1981; 10: 363–383.
  • Velleman R, Mistral W, Sanderling L. Involving Parents in Drug Prevention: A review of the literature. Review for Home Office Central Drugs Prevention Unit, 1997.
  • Velleman R, Mistral W, Sanderling L. Parents and Drugs Prevention. In: Evaluating Effectiveness: Drugs Prevention Research Conference Paper 20. Home Office, DPI, 1999. [On-line]. Available: www.drugs.gov.uk/ReportsandPublications/DPIResearch/ 1033751407/1033751450.pdf; accessed 16/10/04, 1999: 17 – 9.
  • Mistral W, Velleman R. Involving parents in drug prevention: a review of the literature. London, UK; Home Office, 1997.
  • Piercy FP, Volk RJ, Trepper T, Sprenkle DH, Lewis R. The relationship of family factors to patterns of adolescent drug abuse. Family Dynamics of Addiction Quarterly 1991; 1: 41–54.
  • Coombs RH, Paulson MJ. Contrasting family patterns of adolescent drug users and non-users. Journal of Chemical Dependency Treatment 1988; 1: 59–72.
  • Smith C, Roberts CC, Moore L. Parents and adolescent smoking. Journal of the Institute of Health Education 1995;33(4):104 – 9.
  • Roker D, Coleman J. Young People and Drugs in Surrey. Report for South West Surrey Health Authority. Trust for the Study of Adolescence, New Road, Brighton, 1995.
  • Kandel DB, Andrews K. Processes of adolescent socialisa- tion by parents and peers. International Journal of the Addictions 1987; 22: 319–42.
  • Kandel DB. Epidemiological and psychosocial perspec- tives on adolescent drug use. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 1982; 21: 328–47.
  • Kumpfer KL, Turner CW. The Social Ecology Model of Adolescent Substance Abuse: Implications for Prevention. The International Journal of the Addictions 1991;25, 4A:435 – 63.
  • Bahr SJ, Marcos AC, Maughan SL. Family, Educational and Peer Influences on the Alcohol Use of Female and Male Adolescents. Journal of Studies of Alcohol 1995;56(4):457 – 469.
  • Duncan TE, Tildesley E, Duncan SC, Hops H. The consistency of family and peer influences on the develop- ment of substance use in adolescence. Addiction 1995;90,12:1647 – 60.
  • Doherty WJ, Allen W. Family functioning and parental smoking as predictors of adolescent cigarette use: a six year prospective study. Journal of Family Psychology 1994;8,3:347 – 53.
  • Crundall IA. Correlates of student substance abuse. Drug and Alcohol Review 1993;12(3): 271– 6.
  • Kosterman R, Hawkins JD, Spoth R, Haggerty KP, Zhu K. Preparing for the Drug Free Years: Effects on Videotaped Family Interactions. Seattle: Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, 1995.
  • Brook JS, Brook DW, Gordon AS, Whiteman M, Cohen P. The psychological etiology of adolescent drug use: A family interactional approach. Genetic, Social, and Gen- eral Psychology Monographs 1990;116:2.
  • Andrews JA, Hops H, Ary D, Tildesley E, Harris J. Parental influence on early adolescent substance use: specific and non-specific effects. Journal of Early Adoles- cence 1993; 13: 285–310.
  • Coie JD, Watt NF, West SG, Hawkins JD, Asarnow JR, Markman HJ, Ramsey SL, Shure MB, Long B. The science of prevention: A conceptual framework and some directions for a national research program. American Psychologist 1993; 48: 1013–22.
  • Quinn L. Mobilising parents. Druglink. London: ISDD, 1996;11,2:9 – 10.
  • O’Connor L, Best R. Drugs, Drugs Education, and Young People - Missed Opportunities. Unpublished report. London: Roehampton Institute, 1997.
  • Blackman S. Police Schools Liaison in Kent. Report. Christchurch College, 1995.
  • Robertson N. Speaking the same language. Druglink. London: ISDD, 1996;11,2,11.
  • Hogg C, McGuire C, Barker R, eds. Health Promotion and the Family: Messages from four research studies. Health Education Authority, 1996.
  • Fraser MW, Hawkins JD, Howard MO. Parent training for delinquency prevention. Family Perspectives in Child and Youth Services 1988; 11: 93–125.
  • Wilson H. Parental supervision: a neglected aspect of delinquency. British Journal of Criminology 1980; 20: 203–35.
  • Walters GD. Escaping the Journey to Nowhere. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd, 1994.
  • Baumrind D. Familial antecedents of adolescent drug use: A developmental perspective. NIDA Research Monograph Series 1985; 56: 13–44.
  • Wurmser L. The Hidden Dimension. New York: Jason Aronson, 1978.
  • Steinberg L, Fletcher A, Darling N.Parental monitoring and peer influence on adolescent substance use. Pediatrics 1994;93,6:1060 – 4.
  • Lamborn SD, Mounts NS, Steinberg L, Dornbusch SM. Patterns of competence and adjustment among adoles- cents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development 1991; 62: 1049–65.
  • Baumrind D. Rearing competent children. In: W. Damon, ed. Child Development Today and Tomorrow. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1989: 349–78.
  • Perry CL, Kelder SH. Models for effective prevention. Journal of Adolescent Health 1992; 13: 355–63.
  • McCallum T. Who Influences. Youth Studies Australia, Spring issue, 1996: 36–41.
  • Robins LN, Przybeck TR. Age of onset of drug use as a factor in drug and other disorders. In: Implications for Prevention, NIDA Research Monograph Vol. 56 DHHS Publication ADM, 91-1813. Washington DC: US Govt Printing Office, 1985.
  • Hawkins JD, Catalano RF, Miller JY. Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin 1992; 112: 64–105.
  • Kandel DB, Simcha-Fagan O, Davies M. Risk factors for delinquency and illicit drug use from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Drug Issues 1986; 16: 67–90.
  • Pitka¨nen T, Lyyra A, Pulkkinen L. Age of onset of drinking and the use of alcohol in adulthood: a follow-up study from age 8 – 42 for females and males. Addiction 2005; 100: 652–661
  • Chilcoat HD, Anthony CA. Impact of Parent Monitoring on Initiation of Drug Use through Late Childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry 1996;35,1:91 – 100.
  • Richardson JL, Radziszewska B, Dent CW, Flay BR. Relationship between after-school care of adolescents and substance use, risk-taking, depressed mood, and academic achievement. Pediatrics 1989; 93: 32–8.
  • Loeber R, Stouthamer-Loeber M. Family factors as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In M Tonry and N Morris, eds. Crime and Justice: An annual review of research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986:7:29 – 150.
  • Loeber R, Dishion T. Early predictors of male delin- quency: A review. Psychological Bulletin 1983; 94: 68–99.
  • Sweeting H, West P. The relationship between family life and young people’s lifestyles. Findings. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 1996.
  • Duncan SC, Duncan TE, Biglan A, Ary D. Contributions of the social context to the development of adolescent substance use: a multivariate latent growth modelling approach. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1998; 50: 57–71.
  • Conrad KM, Flay BR, Hill D. Why children start smoking: Predictors of onset. British Journal of Addiction 1992; 87: 1711–24.
  • Bauman KE, Ennett ST. On the importance of peer influence for adolescent drug use: commonly neglected considerations. Addictions 1996;91(2):185 – 98.
  • Chassin L, Presson CC, Sherman SJ, Montello D, McGrew J. Changes in peer and parent influence during adolescence: longitudinal versus cross-sectional perspec- tives on smoking initiation. Developmental Psychology 1986; 22: 327–34.
  • Aseltine RH. A reconsideration of parental and peer influences on adolescent deviance. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 1995;36(2):103 – 21.
  • Coggans N, Mckellar S. Drug use amongst peers: peer pressure or peer preference? Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 1994;I, (I).
  • Parke RD, Ladd GW, ed. Family-Peer Relationships: Modes of Linkages. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992.
  • Patterson GR, Reid JB, Dishion TJ. Antisocial Boys. Eugene, OR: Castalia Press, 1992.
  • Foxcroft DR, Lowe G. Adolescent drinking behaviour and family socialisation factors: a meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescence 1991; 14: 255–273.
  • Pearce J, Garrett HD. A comparison of the drinking behavior of delinquent youth versus non-delinquent youth in the states of Idaho and Utah. Journal of School Health 1970; 40: 131–5.
  • Brook JS, Whiteman M, Gordon AS, Brook DW. Father’s influence on his daughter’s marijuana use viewed in a mother and peer context. Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse 1985; 4: 165–90.
  • Krosnick JA, Judd CM. Transitions in social influence at adolescence: who induces smoking? Developmental Psy- chology 1982; 18: 359–68.
  • Kandel DB. Of processes of peer influences in adolescent drug use: a developmental perspective. Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse 1985; 4: 139–63.
  • Forster B. Upper middle class adolescent drug use: Patterns and factors. In: B Stimmel ed. Alcohol and drug use in the affluent, 27 – 36. Binghamton NY: Haworth, 1984.
  • Bailey SL, Hubbard RL. Developmental variations in the context of marijuana initiation among adolescents. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 1990; 31: 58–70.
  • Sebald H. Adolescent’s shifting orientation towards parents and peers: a curvilinear trend over recent decades. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1986; 48: 5–13.
  • Wilks J. The relative importance of family and friends in adolescent decision making. Journal of Youth and Adoles- cence 1986; 15: 323–5.
  • Oygard L, Klepp KI, Tell GS, Vellar OD. Parental and peer influences among young adults: ten-year follow-up of the Oslo youth study participants. Addiction 1995;90,4:561 – 69.
  • Mills CJ, Noyes HL. Patterns and correlates of initial and subsequent drug use among adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1984; 52: 231–4.
  • Johnson EM, Amatetti S, Funkhouser JE, Johnson S. Theories and models supporting prevention approaches to alcohol problems among youth. Public Health Report 1988; 103: 578–86.
  • Wills TA, McNamara G, Vaccaro D. Parental education related to adolescent stress-coping and substance use: development of a mediational model. Health Psychology 1995;14,5:464 – 78.
  • Johnson CA, Pentz MA, Weber MD, Dwyer JH, Baer N, MacKinnon DP, Hansen WB, Flay BR. Relative effective- ness of comprehensive community programming for drug abuse prevention with high-risk and low-risk adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1990; 58,4:447 – 456.
  • Dawkins MP. Alcoholism prevention and black youth. Journal of Drug Issues 1988; 18: 15–20.
  • Thompson T, Simmons-Cooper C. Chemical dependency treatment and black adolescents. Journal of Drug Issues 1988; 16: 537–68.
  • Gibbs JT. Black adolescents and youth: An endangered species. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1984; 54: 6–21.
  • Hawkins JD, Lishner DM, Catalano PF. Childhood predictors of adolescent substance abuse. Journal of Children in Contemporary Society 1987; 18: 1–65.
  • Jessor R, Jessor SL. Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York: Academic Press, 1977.
  • Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE. Table 1 in Ecstasy use falls for second year in a row, overall teen drug use drops. University of Michigan News and Information Services: Ann Arbor, MI. [On-line]. Available: www.monitoringthefuture.org; accessed 16/10/ 04, December 19, 2003.
  • Jeffery D, Klein A, King L. UK Drug Report on Trends in 2001. Report from the UK Focal Point to EMCDDA, published 2002, Drugscope. [On-line]. Available: http:// www.drugscope.org.uk/druginfo/drugreport.asp; accessed 16/10/04, 2002.
  • Newcomb MD, Bentler PM. Consequences of Adolescent Drug Use. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1988.
  • Collins LM, Sussman S, Mestel-Rauch J, Dent C, Johnson CA, Hansen WB, Flay BR. Psychosocial predictors of young adolescent cigarette smoking: A sixteen month, three wave, longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1987; 17: 554–73.
  • Kandel DB, Logan SA. Problems of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood: Periods of risk initiation, continued use, and discontinuation. American Journal of Public Health 1984; 74: 660–6.
  • McIntosh J, Gannon M, McKeganey N, MacDonald F. Exposure to drugs among pre-teenage schoolchildren. Addiction 2003;98(11):1615 – 23.
  • Spooner C. Causes and correlates of adolescent drug abuse and implications for treatment. Drug and Alcohol Review 1999;18(4):453 – 75.
  • Cuijpers P. Three Decades of Drug Prevention Research. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 2003;10(1):7 – 20.
  • Stockwell T, Toumbourou JW, Letcher P, Smart D, Sanson A, Bond L. Risk and protection factors for different intensities of adolescent substance use: when does the Prevention Paradox apply? Drug and Alcohol Review 2004; 23: 67–77.
  • Home Office. Updated Drug Strategy. Home Office; London, 2002.
  • Wagner E, Tubman J, Gil A. Implementing school-based substance abuse interventions: methodological dilemmas and recommended solutions. Addiction 2004; 99(s2):106 – 19.
  • Cowen E, Durlak J. Social policy and prevention in mental health. Development & Psychopathology 2000; 12: 815–34.
  • Dumas J, Prinz R, Smith E, Laughlin J. The EARLY ALLIANCE prevention trial: an integrated set of inter- ventions to promote competence and reduce risk for conduct disorder, substance abuse, and school failure. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 1999; 2: 37–53.
  • Catalano R, Arthur M, Hawkins D, Berglund L, Olson J. Comprehensive community- and school-based interven- tions to prevent antisocial behaviour. In R Loeber & D. Farrington, eds. Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998.
  • Dishion TJ, Kavanagh K, Schneiger A, Nelson S, Kauf- man NK. Preventing early adolescent substance use: a family-centred strategy for the public middle school. Prevention Science 2002;3(3):191 – 201.
  • Foxcroft DR, Ireland D, Lister-Sharp DJ, Lowe G, Breen R. Longer-term primary prevention for alcohol misuse in young people: a systematic review. Addiction 2003; 98: 397–411.
  • NIDA. Prevention Drug use among children and Adoles- cents, Second edition. Maryland, USA; NIDA, 2003.
  • Ashery RS, Robertson EB, Kumpfer KL., eds. Drug Abuse Prevention Through Family Interventions. NIDA Research Monograph. No. 177. Washington, DC: U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, 1998.
  • Kosterman R, Hawkins JD, Spoth R, Haggerty KP, Zhu K. Effects of a preventive parent-training intervention on observed family interactions: Proximal outcomes from ‘Preparing for the Drug Free Years’. Journal of Commu- nity Psychology 1997;25(4):337 – 352.
  • Kosterman R, Hawkins JD, Haggerty KP, Spoth R, Redmond C. ‘Preparing for the Drug Free Years’: Session-specific effects of a universal parent-training intervention with rural families. Journal of Drug Education 2001;31(1):47 – 68.
  • Bauman KE, Foshee VA, Ennett ST, Pemberton M, Hicks KA, King TS, Koch GG. The influence of a family program on adolescent tobacco and alcohol. American Journal of Public Health 2001;91(4):604 – 10.
  • Spoth RL, Redmond D, Trudeau L, Shin C. Longitudinal substance initiation outcomes for a universal preventive intervention combining family and school programs. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2002b;16(2):129 – 34.
  • Kumpfer KL, Alvarado R, Whiteside HO. Family-based interventions for substance use and misuse prevention. Substance Use and Misuse 2003;38(11 – 3):1759 – 87.
  • Bolier L, Cuijpers P. Effectieve verslavingspreventie op school, in het Gezin en in de Wijk (Effective Drug Prevention at School, in the Family and in the Commu- nity). Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut, 2000.
  • Werch CE, Pappas DM, Carlson JM, DiClemente CC. Six-month outcomes of an alcohol prevention program for inner-city youth. American Journal of Health Promotion 1999; 13: 237–40.
  • Werch CE, Owen DM, Carlson JM, DiClemente CC, Edgemon P, Moore M. One-year follow-up results of the STARS for Families alcohol prevention program. Health Education Research 2003;18(1):74 – 87.
  • Wilkinson D, Abraham C. Constructing an integrated model of the antecedents of adolescent smoking. British Journal of Health Psychology 2004; 9: 315–33.
  • Velleman R, Mistral W, Sanderling L. Taking the Message Home: involving Parents in Drugs Prevention. London; Home Office. Drugs Prevention Advisory Service Paper, Paper 5, [On-line]. Available: http://www.drugs.gov.uk/ ReportsandPublications/DPASPublications/1033750749/ 1033750783.pdf; accessed16/10/04, 2000a:47.
  • Velleman R, Mistral W, Sanderling L. Taking the Message Home: involving Parents in Drugs Prevention@ a Briefing. London; Home Office. Drugs Prevention Advisory Service Paper, Briefing 5 (a summary of DPAS Paper 5), [On-line]. Available: http://www. drugs.gov.uk/ReportsandPublications/DPASPublications/ 1033750750/1033750786.pdf; accessed 16/10/04, 2000b: 4.
  • Catalano RF, Haggerty KP, Gainey RR, Hoppe MJ. Reducing parental risk factors for children’s substance misuse: Preliminary outcomes with opiate-addicted par- ents. Substance Use and Misuse 1997;32(6):699 – 721.
  • Banwell C, Denton B, Bammer G. Programs for the children of illicit drug-using parental: issues and dilem- mas. Drug and Alcohol Review 2002;21(4):381 – 6.
  • Molgaard V, Spoth R. Strengthening Families Program for young adolescents: Overview and outcomes. In: SI Pfeiffer & LA Reddy, eds, Innovative mental health programs for children: Programs that work. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 2001: 15–29.
  • Spoth RL, Redmond C, Shin C. Randomised trial of brief family interventions for general populations: Adolescent substance use outcomes 4 years following baseline. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2001;69(4):627 – 42.
  • Spoth R, Guyll M, Day S. Universal family-focused interventions in alcohol-use disorder prevention: Cost effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses of two interven- tions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2002a;63:219 – 28.
  • Cuijpers P. Prevention Programs for children of problem drinkers: a review. 2004;Under review.
  • Velleman R, Templeton L. Reaching Out – Promoting Resilience in the children substance misusers. In: D Evans, F Harbin & M Murphy eds. Secret Lives: Understanding and working with children who live with substance misuse. Russell House Publishers, in press, 2005.
  • Velleman R, Orford J. Risk and Resilience: Adults who were the Children of Problem Drinkers. London: Har- wood Academic, 1999.
  • Bry BH, Catalano RF, Kumpfer KL, Lochman JE, Szapocznik J. Scientific findings from family prevention intervention research. In: RS Ashery, EB Robertson & KL Kumpfer, eds., NIDA Research Monograph: Vol. 177. Drug abuse prevention through family interventions. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1998: 103–129.
  • Johnson K, Bryant DD, Collins DA, Noe TD, Strader TN, Berbaum M. Preventing and reducing alcohol and other drug use among high-risk youths by increasing family resilience. Social Work 1998;43(4):297 – 308.
  • ENCARE. The European Network for Children Affected by Risky Environments within the family. www.encare. info, 2004
  • Waaktaar T, Christie HJ, Borge AIH, Torgersen S. How can young people’s resilience be enhanced? Experiences from a clinical intervention project. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2004;9(2):167 – 83.
  • Newman T. Promoting Resilience: A review of effective strategies for child care services. Centre for Evidence- based Social Services, Exeter, England & Barnados, 2002.
  • Gilligan R. Promoting Resilience: A resource guide on working with children in the care system. London: BAAF, 2000.
  • Department of Health, Department for Education and Employment, Home Office. Framework for the Assess- ment of Children in Need and their Families. London: The Stationery Office, 2000.
  • Department of Health & the Department of Education and Skills. Core Standards - National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services. London: The Stationery Office, 2004.
  • Department for Education & Skills. Every Child Matters. Obtained via: http://www.everychildmatters.gov.uk/ ac- cessed 22/12/04, 2004.
  • UK Parliament. Children’s Bill. Obtained via: http:// www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmbills/ 144/2004144.pdf accessed 22.12.04, 2004.
  • National Treatment Agency. Models of care for alcohol misusers: Consultation document. Department of Health & National Treatment Agency Available On-line at: http:// www.nta.nhs.uk/program/national/docs/Models%20of%20Care%20Alcohol%20Misuse%20Consultation%20April% 202005l.pdf; accessed 10/05/05; or at: http://www.alcohol concern.org.uk/doc/914; accessed 10/05/05, 2005.
  • Miller W, Wilbourne P. Mesa Grande: a methodological analysis of clinical trials of treatments for alcohol use disorders. Addiction 2002; 97: 265–77.
  • Richardson GE, Neiger BL, Jensen S, Kumpfer KL. The Resiliency Model. Health Education 1990;21(6):33 – 9.
  • Flynn RJ, Ghazal H, Legault L, Vandermeulens G, Petrick S. Use of population measures and norms to identify resilient outcomes in young people in care: an exploratory study. Child and Family Social Work 2004; 9: 65–79.
  • Liddle H. Family-based therapies for adolescent alcohol and drug use: research contributions and future research needs. Addiction 2004;99 (s2):76 – 92.
  • Skinner H, Maley O, Smith L, Chirrey S, Morrison M. New frontiers: using the internet to engage teens in substance abuse prevention and treatment. In: P Monti et al., eds. Adolescents Alcohol and Substance Abuse: Reaching Teens through Brief Interventions. New York: Guilford Press, 2001.
  • Burkhart G. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) (2003) Selective prevention: First overview on the European situation. Lisbon: EMCDDA, 2003. http://www.emcdda.eu.int/index.cfm? fuseaction = public.Content&nNodeID = 400&sLanguage ISO = EN

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.