The characteristics of heroin users entering treatment: findings from the Australian treatment outcome study (ATOS)

References

• European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Extended annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1999. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg 1999
   Google Scholar
• Hall W D, Ross J E, Lynskey M T, Law M G, Degenhardt L J. How many dependent heroin users are there in Australia. Med J Aust 2000; 173: 528–531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathers C, Vos T, Stevenson C. The burden of disease and injury in Australia. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra 1999
   Google Scholar
• Warner-Smith M, Darke S. Morbidity associated with non-fatal heroin overdose. Addiction 2002; 97: 963–967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke S, Ross J. Polydrug dependence and psychiatric comorbidity among heroin injectors. Drug Alcohol Depend 1997; 48: 135–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt L. Opioid overdose deaths in Australia 2001. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney 2002
   Google Scholar
• Davoli M, Perucci C, Rapiti E, et al. A persistent rise in mortality among injection drug users in Rome, 1980 through 1992. Am J Public Health 1997; 87: 851–853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulse G, English D, Milne E, Holman C. The quantification of mortality resulting from the regular use of illicit opiates. Addiction 1999; 94: 221–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott P, Weller S, Walker S. Psychiatric disorders of opioid addicts entering treatment: preliminary data. J Addict Dis 1994; 13: 1–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rounsaville B, Weissman M, Kleber H, Wilber C. Heterogeneity of psychiatric diagnosis in treated opiate addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39: 161–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woody G, McLellan A T, Luborsky L, O'Brien C. Sociopathy and psychotherapy outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42: 1081–1086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trull T, Sher K, Minks-Brown C, Durbin J, Burr R. Borderline personality disorder and substance use disorders: a review and integration. Clin Psychol Rev 2000; 20: 235–253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villagomez R, Meyer T, Lin M, Brown L. Post-traumatic stress disorder among inner city methadone maintenance patients. J Subst Abuse Treat 1995; 12: 253–257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzger D, Woody G, De Phillipis D, McLellan T, O'Brien C P, Platt J J. Risk factors for needle sharing among methadone-treated patients. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 636–640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooner R K, Greenfield L, Schmidt C W, Bigelow G E. Antisocial personality disorder and HIV infection among intravenous drug abusers. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 53–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooner R K, King V L, Kidorf M, Schmidt C W, Bigelow G E. Psychiatric and substance use comorbidity among treatment-seeking opioid abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 71–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard R L, Marsden M E, Rachal J V, Harwood H J, Cavanaugh E R, Ginzburg H M. Drug abuse treatment. A national study of effectiveness. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC 1989
   Google Scholar
• Craddock S G, Rounds-Bryant J L, Flynn P M, Hubbard R L. Characteristics and pre-treatment behaviours of clients entering drug abuse treatment: 1969–1993. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1997; 23: 43–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossop M, Marsden J, Stewart D, et al. Substance use, health and social problems of service users at 54 drug treatment agencies. Intake data from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 173: 166–171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strang J, Ruben S, Farrell M, Gossop M. Prescribing heroin and other injectable drugs. Heroin addiction and drug policy. The British system, J Strang, M Gossop. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1994
   Google Scholar
• Stancliff S. Methadone maintenance. Am Fam Physician 2001; 63: 2335–2336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke S, Hall W, Wodak A, Heather N, Ward J. Development and validation of a multi-dimensional instrument for assessing outcome of treatment among opiate users: the Opiate Treatment Index. Br J Addict 1992; 87: 733–742
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andrews G, Hall W, Teesson M, Henderson S. The mental health of Australians: National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Report 2. Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, Canberra 1999
   Google Scholar
• Robins L N, Helzer J E, Croughan J, Ratcliff K S. National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: its history, characteristics, and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 3: 381–389
   Google Scholar
• Darke S, Ross J. The relationship between suicide and heroin overdose among methadone maintenance patients in Sydney, Australia. Addiction 2001; 96: 1443–1453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware J, Kosinski M, Keller S. A 12-item short-form health survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care 1996; 34: 220–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson K, Andrews G. Prevalence and severity of mental health related disability and relationship to diagnosis. Psychiatr Serv 2002; 53: 80–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPSS Inc. SPSS for Windows, version 11.0. SPSS, Chicago 2001
   Google Scholar
• Shand F, Mattick R P. Results from the 4th national clients of treatment service agencies census: changes in clients' substance use and other characteristics. Aust NZ J Public Health 2002; 26: 352–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New South Wales Government. Government response to the drug summit—July 1999. 1999, New South Wales New South Wales Government, Accessed 21 September 2001. Available at: http://drugsummit.socialchange.net.au/action_plan/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Darke S, Topp L, Kaye S, Hall W. Heroin use in New South Wales, Australia, 1996–2000: 5-year monitoring of trends in price, purity, availability and use from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS). Addiction 2002; 97: 179–186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift W, Maher L, Sunjic S, Doan V. Transitions between routes of heroin administration: a study of Caucasian and Indochinese heroin users in south-western Sydney, Australia. Addiction 1999; 94: 71–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossop M, Griffiths P, Powis B, Strang J. Severity of dependence and route of administration of heroin, cocaine and amphetamines. Br J Addict 1992; 87: 1527–1536
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McClellan A T, Luborsky L, Woody G E, O'Brien C P, Druley K A. Predicting response to alcohol and drug abuse treatment: role of psychiatric severity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983; 40: 620–625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton W M, Cottler L B, Jacobs J L, Ben-Abdullah A, Spitznagel E L. The role of psychiatric disorders in predicting drug dependence treatment outcomes. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 16: 890–895
   Google Scholar
• Pirkis J, Burgess P, Dunt D. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among Australian adults. J Crisis Intervention Suicide 2000; 21: 16–25
   Google Scholar
• Darke S, Ross J, Teesson M, Lynskey M. Attempted suicide among entrants to three treatment modalities for heroin dependence in the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS): prevalence and risk factors. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 73: 1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hien D A, Nunes E, Levin F R, Fraser D. Posttraumatic stress disorder and short term outcome in early methadone maintenance treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2000; 19: 31–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milby J B, Sims M K, Khuder S, Schumacher J E, Huggins N. Psychiatric comorbidity: prevalence in methadone maintenance treatment. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1996; 22: 95–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke S, Williamson A, Ross J, Teesson M, Lynskey M. Borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder and risk taking among heroin users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 74: 77–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke S, Ross J, Kaye S. Physical injecting sites among injecting drug users in Sydney, Australia. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001; 62: 77–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossop M, Marsden J, Stewart D. Drug selling among drug misusers before intake to treatment and at 1-year follow-up: results from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS). Drug Alcohol Rev 2000; 19: 143–151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurco D N, Cisin I H, Balter M B. Addict careers. II. The first ten years. Int J Addict 1981; 16: 1327–1356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossop M, Marsden J, Stewart D, Rolfe A. Patterns of improvement after methadone treatment: one year follow-up results from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS). Drug Alcohol Depend 2000; 60: 275–286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard R L, Craddock S G, Flynn P M, Anderson J, Etheridge R M. Overview of one year follow-up outcomes in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). Psychol Addict Behav 1997; 11: 261–278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar