Prejudice Towards Muslims: A Study among Young People in the North-West Region of Cameroon

References

• Allport, G. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Barr, J. J., and K. Bracchitta. 2015. “Attitudes toward Individuals with Disabilities: The Effects of Contact with Different Disability Types.” Current Psychology 34 (2): 223–238. doi: 10.1007/s12144-014-9253-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustillos, A., and M. D. P. Silván-Ferrero. 2013. “Attitudes toward Peers with Physical Disabilities at High School: Applying the Integrated Threat Theory.” Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 56 (2): 108–119. doi: 10.1177/0034355212451145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspi, A. 1984. “Contact Hypothesis and Inter-age Attitudes: A Field Study of Cross-age Contact.” Social Psychology Quarterly 47: 74–80. doi: 10.2307/3033890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croucher, S. M. 2013. “Integrated Threat Theory and Acceptance of Immigrant Assimilation: An Analysis of Muslim Immigration in Western Europe.” Communication Monographs 80 (1): 46–62. doi: 10.1080/03637751.2012.739704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croucher, S. M. 2016. “Further Development of Integrated Threat Theory and Intergroup Contact: A Reply to Aberson (2015).” Communication Monographs 83: 269–275. doi: 10.1080/03637751.2015.1119866
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croucher, S. M., J. Aalto, S. Hirvonen, and M. Sommier. 2013. “Integrated Threat and Intergroup Contact: An Analysis of Muslim Immigration to Finland.” Human Communication 16: 109–120.
   Google Scholar
• Croucher, S. M., D. Homsey, E. Brush, C. Buyce, S. DeSilva, and A. Thompson. 2013. “Prejudice toward American Muslims: An Integrated Threat Analysis.” Journal of Intercultural Communication 32.
   Google Scholar
• Curseu, P. L., R. Stoop, and R. Schalk. 2007. “Prejudice toward Immigrant Workers among Dutch Employees: Integrated Theory Revisited.” European Journal of Pyschology 37: 125–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drønen, Tomas Sundnes. 2013. Pentecostalism, Globalization, and Islam in Northern Cameroon: Megachurches in the Making? Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Duckitt, J. 1992. The Social Psychology of Prejudice. New York: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Etaba, R. B. O. 2014. Rivalités et conflits religieux au Cameroun. Paris: Editions L’Harmattan.
   Google Scholar
• González, K. V., M. Verkuyten, J. Weesie, and E. Poppe. 2008. “Prejudice towards Muslims in the Netherlands: Testing Integrated Threat Theory.” British Journal of Social Psychology 47: 667–685. doi: 10.1348/014466608X284443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICG (International Crisis Group). 2015. “Cameroon: The Threat of Religious Radicalism.” Africa Report 229, September 3. Accessed 19 January 2020. https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/931476/download.
   Google Scholar
• Islam, R. M., and M. Hewstone. 1993. “Dimensions of Contact as Predictors of Intergroup Anxiety, Perceived Outgroup Variability, and Out-group Attitude: An Integrative Model.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 19: 700–710. doi: 10.1177/0146167293196005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kettani, H. 2010. “Muslim Population in Africa: 1950–2020.” International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 1: 136–142. doi: 10.7763/IJESD.2010.V1.27
   Google Scholar
• Kinder, D. R., and D. O. Sears. 1981. “Prejudice and Politics: Symbolic Racism versus Racial Threats to the Good Life.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40: 414–431. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.40.3.414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, M. K. 2014. “Mainstream Churches as Obstacles in the Path of Religious Pluralism in Cameroon since Reunification.” Danubius 32: 275–291.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, M. K. 2015. “Religious Diversity in Cameroon: A Historical Survey.” African Humanities Review 1: 55–71.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, M. K. 2017. “Christian Churches and the Boko Haram Insurgency in Cameroon: Dilemmas and Responses.” Religions 8: 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasseur, M. 2010. “Islam et christianisme en mouvement.” Espace Populations Sociétés 2–3: 179–191. doi: 10.4000/eps.4079
   Google Scholar
• Laurence, J., and J. Vaisse. 2006. Integrating Islam: Political and Religious Challenges in Contemporary France. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
   Google Scholar
• LeVine, R. A., and D. T. Campbell. 1972. Ethnocentrism: Theories of Conflict, Ethnic Attitudes, and Group Behavior. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Nagoshi, J. L., K. A. Adams, H. K. Terrell, E. D. Hill, S. Brzuzy, and C. T. Nagoshi. 2008. “Gender Differences in Correlates of Homophobia and Transphobia.” Sex Roles 59 (7–8): 521–531. doi: 10.1007/s11199-008-9458-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nshom, E. 2016. “Predictors of Finnish Adolescents’ Prejudice towards Russian Immigrants and the Role of Intergroup Contact.” Journal of Intercultural Communication Research 45: 31–44. doi: 10.1080/17475759.2015.1136347
   Google Scholar
• Nshom, E. 2017. “Immigrant Threat, Prejudice, and the Growing Refugee Crisis.” In Conflict, Mediated Message, and Group Dynamics: Intersections of Communication, edited by S. Croucher, B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, and P. A. Wilson, 137–152. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Nshom, E., and S. M. Croucher. 2014. “Threats and Attitudes toward Russian-speaking Immigrants: A Comparative Study between Younger and Older Finns.” Russian Journal of Communication 6: 308–317. doi: 10.1080/19409419.2014.954599
   Google Scholar
• Nshom, E., and S. M. Croucher. 2017. “Perceived Threat and Prejudice towards Immigrants in Finland: A Study among Early, Middle, and Late Finnish Adolescents.” Journal of International and Intercultural Communication 10 (4): 309–323. doi: 10.1080/17513057.2017.1312489
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nshom, E., and S. M. Croucher. 2018. “An Exploratory Study on Attitudes of Elderly Finns towards Russian Speaking Minorities.” Journal of International and Intercultural Communication 11: 324–338. doi: 10.1080/17513057.2018.1469783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oskamp, S. 2000. Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F. 1998. “Intergroup Contact Theory.” Annual Review of Psychology 49: 65–85. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F., and L. R. Tropp. 2006. “A Meta-analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90: 751–783. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F., and L. R. Tropp. 2008. “How Does Intergroup Contact Reduce Prejudice? Meta-analytic Tests of Three Mediators.” European Journal of Social Psychology 38: 922–934. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riek, B. M., E. W. Mania, and S. L. Gaertner. 2006. “Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes: A Meta-analytic Review.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 10: 336–353. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheibner, G., and T. Morrison. 2009. “Attitudes towards Polish Immigrants to the Republic of Ireland: An Integrated Threat Analysis.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 23: 1431–1448. doi: 10.1080/01419870902890317
   Google Scholar
• Schiappa, E., P. B. Gregg, and D. F. Hewes. 2006. “Can One TV Show Make a Difference? Will and Grace and the Parasocial Contact Hypothesis.” Journal of Homosexuality 51 (4): 15–37. doi: 10.1300/J082v51n04_02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlueter, E., P. Schmidt, and U. Wagner. 2008. “Disentangling the Causal Relations of Perceived Group Threat and Outgroup Derogation: Cross-national Evidence from German and Russian Panel Surveys.” European Sociological Review 24: 567–581. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcn029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherif, M. 1966. Group Conflict and Cooperation: Their Social Psychology. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., and C. W. Stephan. 1989. “Antecedents of Intergroup Anxiety in Asian-Americans and Hispanic-Americans.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 13 (2): 203–219. doi: 10.1016/0147-1767(89)90006-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., and C. W. Stephan. 1993. “Cognition and Affect in Stereotyping: Parallel Interactive Networks.” In Affect, Cognition and Stereotyping: Interactive Processes in Group Perception, edited by D. M. Mackie and D. L. Hamilton, 111–136. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., and C. W. Stephan. 1996. “Predicting Prejudice.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 20: 409–426. doi: 10.1016/0147-1767(96)00026-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., and C. W. Stephan. 2000. “An Integrated Threat Theory of Prejudice.” In Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination, edited by S. Oskamp, 225–246. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, C. W., W. G. Stephan, K. M. Demitrakis, A. M. Yamada, and D. L. Clason. 2000. “Women’s Attitudes toward Men: An Integrated Threat Theory Approach.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 24: 63–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01022.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., C. W. Stephan, and W. B. Gudykunst. 1999. “Anxiety in Intergroup Relations: A Comparison of Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory and Integrated Threat Theory.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 23: 613–628. doi: 10.1016/S0147-1767(99)00012-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., O. Ybarra, and G. Bachman. 1999. “Prejudice Toward Immigrants 1.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 29 (11): 2221–2237. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00107.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., O. Ybarra, C. M. Martinez, J. Schwarzwald, and M. Turk-Kaspa. 1998. “Prejudice toward Immigrants to Spain and Israel: An Integrated Threat Theory Analysis.” Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology 29: 559–576. doi: 10.1177/0022022198294004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W. G., O. Ybarra, and K. Rios Morrison. 2015. “Intergroup Threat Theory.” In Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination, edited by T. D. Nelson, 255–278. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., and J. C. Turner. 1979. “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.” In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by G. Austin and S. Worchel, 33–47. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Tausch, N., H. Hewstone, and R. Roy. 2009. “The Relationships between Contact, Status and Prejudice: An Integrated Threat Theory Analysis of Hindu–Muslim Relations in India.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 19: 83–94. doi: 10.1002/casp.984
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US State Department. 2016. International Religious Freedom Report. Accessed January 19, 2020. https://www.state.gov/reports/2016-report-on-international-religious-freedom/.
   Google Scholar
• Vincent, W., J. L. Peterson, and D. J. Parrott. 2009. “Differences in African American and White Women’s Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men.” Sex Roles 61: 599–606. doi: 10.1007/s11199-009-9679-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vonofakou, C., M. Hewstone, and A. Voci. 2007. “Contact with Outgroup Friends as a Predictor of Meta-attitudinal Strength and Accessibility of Attitudes towards Gay Men.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92: 804–820. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wambua-Soi, C. 2018. “Violence Divides CAR along Christian–Muslim Lines.” AlJazeera, February 28. Accessed January 19, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/africa/2018/02/violence-divides-car-christian-muslim-lines-180228162354756.html.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, C., and A. M. Masgoret. 2006. “An Integrative Model of Attitudes toward Immigrants.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 30: 671–682. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Works, E. 1961. “The Prejudice-interaction Hypothesis from the Point of View of the Negro Minority Group.” American Journal of Sociology 67: 47–52. doi: 10.1086/223049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, S. C., A. Aron, T. McLaughlin-Volpe, and S. A. Ropp. 1997. “The Extended Contact Effect: Knowledge of Cross-group Friendships and Prejudice.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73: 73–90. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.73
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuker, H. E., and M. K. Hurley. 1987. “Contact with and Attitudes toward Persons with Disabilities: The Measurement of Intergroup Contact.” Rehabilitation Psychology 32: 145–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf, H. B. 2007. “Managing Muslim–Christian Conflicts in Northern Nigeria: A Case Study of Kaduna State.” Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 18 (2): 237–256. doi: 10.1080/09596410701214118
   Google Scholar