References
- Ahmad, Waqar I. U., and Venetia Evergeti. 2010. “The Making and Representation of Muslim Identity in Britain: Conversations with British Muslim ‘Elites’.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 33 (10): 1697–1717.
- Ahmed, Shahab. 2015. What Is Islam? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Ahmed, Abdul-Azim. 2016. “Sacred Rhythms: An Ethnography of a Cardiff Mosque.” PhD diss., Cardiff University. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/100628/.
- Ahmed, Abdul-Azim. 2019. “Conceptualising Mosque Diversity.” Journal of Muslims in Europe 8 (2): 138–158.
- Ahmed, Abdul-Azim, and Mansur Ali. 2019. “In Search of Sylhet: The Fultoli Tradition in Britain.” Religions 10 (10): 572. doi:10.3390/rel10100572.
- Alexander, Claire E. 2000. The Asian Gang: Ethnicity, Identity, Masculinity. Oxford: Berg.
- Allen, Christopher. 2010. Islamophobia. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.
- Ammerman, Nancy T. 2007. Everyday Religion: Observing Modern Religious Lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ammerman, Nancy T. 2009. “Congregations: Local, Social, and Religious.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion, edited by Peter B. Clarke, 562–580. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ammerman, Nancy T. 2016. “Lived Religion as an Emerging Field: An Assessment of Its Contours and Frontiers.” Nordic Journal of Religion and Society 29 (2): 83–99.
- Ammerman, Nancy T., Jackson W. Carrol, Carl S. Dudley, and William McKinney. 1998. Studying Congregations: A New Handbook. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press.
- Amoateng, Geoffrey B. 2019. “The Role of Culture and Beliefs in Healing : An Ethnography within an Inner-City Pentecostal Church.” PhD diss., Anglia Ruskin University. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/704243/.
- Anani, Khalil. 2016. Inside the Muslim Brotherhood: Religion, Identity, and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Ansari, Humayun. 2004. The Infidel Within. London: Hurst.
- Ansari, Humayun. 2011. The Making of the East London Mosque, 1910–1951. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Armstrong, Karen. 2010. The Case for God: What Religion Really Means. London: Vintage.
- Asad, Talal. 1993. Genealogies of Religion. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Auda, Gasir. 2017. Reclaiming the Mosque: The Role of Women in Islam’s House of Worship. Swansea: Claritas Books.
- Bartels, Edien, and Inge de Jong. 2007. “Civil Society on the Move in Amsterdam: Mosque Organizations in the Slotervaart District.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 27 (3): 455–471.
- Barton, Stephen William. 1986. The Bengali Muslims of Bradford. Leeds: Department of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Leeds.
- Bectovic, Safet. 2011. “Studying Muslims and Constructing Islamic Identity.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 34 (7): 1120–1133.
- Berger, Peter L. 2005. “Religion and the West.” The National Interest 80: 112–119.
- Bhimji, F. 2009. “Identities and Agency in Religious Spheres: A Study of British Muslim Women’s Experience.” Gender, Place and Culture 16 (4): 365–380.
- Birt, Jonathan. 2004. “Wahhabism in the United Kingdom : Manifestations and Reactions.” In Transnational Connections and the Arab Gulf, edited by M. al-Rasheed, 168–184. London: Routledge.
- Birt, Jonathan. 2005. “Locating the British Imam: The Deobandi ‘Ulama Between Contested Authority and Public Policy Post-9/11.” In European Muslims and the Secular State, edited by Jocelyne Cesari, and Sean McLoughlin, 183–196. Farnham: Ashgate.
- Borell, Klas, and Arne Gerdner. 2013. “Cooperation or Isolation? Muslim Congregations in a Scandinavian Welfare State: A Nationally Representative Survey From Sweden.” Review of Religious Research 55 (4): 557–571.
- Bowen, Innes. 2013. “The Muslim Brotherhood in Britain.” In The Muslim Brotherhood in Europe, edited by Edwin Bakker, and Roel Meijer, 111–126. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Bowen, Innes. 2014. Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam. London: Hurst.
- Brenner, Philip S. 2012. “Identity as a Determinant of the Overreporting of Church Attendance in Canada.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 51 (2): 377–385.
- Brown, Katherine. 2006. “Realising Muslim Women’s Rights: The Role of Islamic Identity among British Muslim Women.” Women’s Studies International Forum 29 (4): 417–430.
- Brown, Katherine. 2008. “The Promise and Perils of Women’s Participation in UK Mosques: The Impact of Securitisation Agendas on Identity, Gender and Community.” British Journal of Politics & International Relations 10 (3): 472–491.
- Brown, Katherine, and Tania Saeed. 2015. “Radicalization and Counter-Radicalization at British Universities: Muslim Encounters and Alternatives.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 38 (11): 1952–1968.
- Burrell, Rachel-Rose. 2019. “The Black Majority Church : Exploring the Impact of Faith and a Faith Community on Mental Health and Well-Being.” PhD diss., Middlesex University/Metanoia Institute. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/26479/.
- Cameron, Helen, Philip Richter, Douglas Davies, and Frances Ward. 2005. Studying Local Churches: A Handbook. London: SCM.
- Church of England Research and Statistics. 2019. “Statistics for Mission 2018’. Accessed 17 January 2020. https://www.churchofengland.org/researchandstats.
- Church of Scotland. 2013. “Statistics for Missions’. Accessed 17 January 2020. https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/resources/stats-for-mission.
- Davie, Grace. 2015. Religion in Britain: A Persistent Paradox. 2nd edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Davies, Douglas James, and Mathew Guest. 2007. Bishops, Wives and Children: Spiritual Capital across the Generations. Aldershot: Ashgate.
- Day, Abby. 2017. The Religious Lives of Older Laywomen: The Last Active Anglican Generation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- DeHanas, D. N., and Z. P. Pieri. 2011. “Olympic Proportions: The Expanding Scalar Politics of the London ‘Olympics Mega-Mosque’ Controversy.” Sociology 45 (5): 798–814.
- Dobbernack, Jan, Nasar Meer, and Tariq Modood. 2015. “Misrecognition and Political Agency: The Case of Muslim Organisations in a General Election.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 17 (2): 189–206.
- Dwyer, C. 1999. “Contradictions of Community: Questions of Identity for Young British Muslim Women.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 31 (1): 53–68.
- Ebaugh, Helen Rose, and Janet Saltzman Chafetz. 2000. “‘Dilemmas of Language in Immigrant Congregations: The Tie That Binds or the Tower of Babel?” Review of Religious Research 41 (4): 432–452.
- Ebner, Julia. 2017. The Rage: The Vicious Circle of Islamist and Far-Right Extremism. London: I.B. Tauris.
- Elshayyal, Khadijah. 2018. Muslim Identity Politics: Islam, Activism and Equality in Britain. Library of European Studies 23. London: I.B. Tauris.
- Es, Murat. 2012. “Turkish-Dutch Mosques and the Construction of Transnational Spaces in Europe.” PhD diss., University of North Carolina.
- Fenton, Allison. 2017. “Meaning-Making for Mothers in the North East of England: An Ethnography of Baptism.” PhD diss., Durham University. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12045/.
- Francis, Matthew D. M. 2016. “Why the ‘Sacred’ Is a Better Resource Than ‘Religion’ for Understanding Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 28 (5): 912–927.
- Gaddini, Katie Christine. 2018. “Negotiating Identities: The Case of Evangelical Christian Women in London.” PhD diss., University of Cambridge. doi:10.17863/CAM.23719.
- Gale, Richard. 2005. “Representing the City: Mosques and the Planning Process in Birmingham.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31 (6): 1161–1179.
- Gani, Aisha. 2015. “Meet Bana Gora, the Woman Planning Britain’s First Female-Managed Mosque.” The Guardian, 31 July. Accessed 17 January 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/jul/31/bana-gora-muslim-womens-council-bradford-mosque.
- Ganzevoort, R. Ruard, and Johan Roeland. 2014. “Lived Religion: The Praxis of Practical Theology.” International Journal of Practical Theology 18 (1): 91–101.
- Garner, Steve, and Saher Selod. 2015. “The Racialization of Muslims: Empirical Studies of Islamophobia.” Critical Sociology 41 (1): 9–19.
- Geaves, Ron. 1996. Sectarian Influences within Islam in Britain. Leeds: Department of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Leeds.
- Geaves, Ron. 2000. The Sufis of Britain: An Exploration of Muslim Identity. Cardiff: Cardiff Academic Press.
- Geaves, Ron. 2008. “Drawing on the Past to Transform the Present: Contemporary Challenges for Training and Preparing British Imams.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 28 (1): 99–112.
- Geaves, Ron. 2010. Islam in Victorian Britain: The Life and Times of Abdullah Quilliam. Markfield: Kube.
- Geertz, Clifford. 1971. Islam Observed: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
- Gilham, Jamie. 2014. Loyal Enemies: British Converts to Islam, 1850–1950. London: Hurst.
- Gilliat-Ray, Sophie. 2010. Muslims in Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Gilliat-Ray, Sophie, and Jonathan Birt. 2010. “A Mosque Too Far? Islam and the Limits of British Multiculturalism.” In Mosques in Europe, edited by Stefano Allievi, 135–152. London: Alliance Publishing Trust.
- Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday.
- Guest, Mathew, Karin Tusting, and Linda Woodhead. 2004. Congregational Studies in the UK. Farnham: Ashgate.
- Habermas, Jurgen. 2008. “Notes on Post-Secular Society.” New Perspectives Quarterly 25 (4): 17–29.
- Hadaway, C. Kirk, Penny Long Marler, and Mark Chaves. 1993. “What the Polls Don’t Show: A Closer Look at U.S. Church Attendance.” American Sociological Review 58 (6): 741–752.
- Hairgrove, Frank, and Douglas M. Mcleod. 2008. “Circles Drawing toward High Risk Activism: The Use of Usroh and Halaqa in Islamist Radical Movements.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 31 (5): 399–411.
- Hall, David D. 1997. Lived Religion in America: Toward a History of Practice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Halliday, Fred. 2010. Britain’s First Muslims. London: I.B. Tauris.
- Hamid, Sadek. 2016. Sufis, Salafis and Islamists. London: I.B. Tauris.
- Hanif, Noman. 2012. “‘Hizb Ut Tahrir: Islam’s Ideological Vanguard.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 39 (2): 201–225.
- Headley, Stephen, and David Parkin. 2018. Islamic Prayer across the Indian Ocean: Inside and Outside the Mosque. London: Routledge.
- Helland, Christopher. 2005. “Online Religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet.” Online – Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet. Accessed 17 January 2020. doi: 10.11588/rel.2005.1.380
- Hiebert, Paul. 1978. “Conversion, Culture and Cognitive Categories.” Gospel in Context 1 (4): 24–29.
- Hoge, Dean R. 1996. Money Matters: Personal Giving in American Churches. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press.
- Holmwood, John, and Therese O’Toole. 2017. Countering Extremism in British Schools?: The Truth about the Birmingham Trojan Horse Affair. Bristol: Policy Press.
- Hopewell, James F. 1987. Congregation : Stories and Structures. Fortress Press: Philadelphia, PA.
- Hopkins, Peter, and Richard T. Gale. 2009. Muslims in Britain: Race, Place and Identities. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Hopkins, Nick, and Vered Kahani-Hopkins. 2004. “The Antecedents of Identification: A Rhetorical Analysis of British Muslim Activists’ Constructions of Community and Identity.” British Journal of Social Psychology 43 (1): 41–57.
- Hout, Michael, and Andrew Greeley. 1998. “What Church Officials’ Reports Don’t Show: Another Look at Church Attendance Data.” American Sociological Review 63 (1): 113–119.
- Hussain, Serena. 2008. Muslims on the Map: A National Survey of Social Trends in Britain. International Library of Human Geography 13. London: Tauris Academic Studies.
- Hutnik, Nimmi, and Rebecca Coran Street. 2010. “Profiles of British Muslim Identity: Adolescent Girls in Birmingham.” Journal of Adolescence 33 (1): 33–42.
- ICMUnlimited. 2016. “C4 / Juniper Survey of Muslims 2015.” Accessed 17 January 2010. https://www.icmunlimited.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Mulims-full-suite-data-plus-topline.pdf.
- Inge, Anabel. 2016. The Making of a Salafi Muslim Woman: Paths to Conversion. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Ingram, Brannon D. 2018. Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam. Oakland: University of California Press.
- Ismail, Salwa. 2004. “Being Muslim: Islam, Islamism and Identity Politics.” Government and Opposition 39 (4): 614–631.
- Jawad, Rana. 2012. “Religion, Social Welfare and Social Policy in the UK: Historical, Theoretical and Policy Perspectives.” Social Policy and Society 11 (4): 553–564.
- Johansen, Birgitte, and Riem Spielhaus. 2012. “Counting Deviance: Revisiting a Decade’s Production of Surveys among Muslims in Western Europe.” Journal of Muslims in Europe 1 (1): 81–112.
- Johnson, Patrick Garnett. 2019. “Health on the Margins : How Can the Seventh-Day Adventist Church, with Its Emphasis on Health, Authentically Proclaim Liberty for People with Disabilities?” PhD diss., King’s College, University of London. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/health-on-the-margins(93770741-cfe6-46b4-80c8-1d447e48c24a).html.
- Jones, R. Tudur. 1962. Congregationalism in England, 1662–1962. London: Independent Press.
- Jones, Stephen H., Therese O’Toole, Daniel Nilsson DeHanas, Tariq Modood, and Nasar Meer. 2014. “A System of Self-Appointed Leaders? Examining Modes of Muslim Representation in Governance in Britain.” The British Journal of Politics & International Relations 17 (2): 207–223.
- Kabir, Nahid Afrose. 2010. Young British Muslims. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Katz, Marion Holmes. 2014. Women in the Mosque: A History of Legal Thought and Social Practice. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Knysh, Alexander D. 2017. Sufism: A New History of Islamic Mysticism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Kors, A. 2018. “Congregations in Germany: Mapping of Organizations, Beliefs, Activities, and Relations: The Case Study of Hamburg.” In Congregations in Europe, edited by Christophe Monnot, and Jürg Stolz, 117–137. New York: Springer.
- Kortt, Michael A., Todd Steen, and Elisabeth Sinnewe. 2017. “Church Attendance, Faith and the Allocation of Time: Evidence from Australia.” International Journal of Social Economics 44 (12): 2112–2127.
- Lewis, Philip. 1994. Islamic Britain. London: I.B. Tauris.
- Lewis, Philip. 2006. “Only Connect: Can the Ulema Address the Crisis in the Transmission of Islam to a New Generation of South Asians in Britain?” Contemporary South Asia 15 (2): 165–180.
- Lewis, Philip. 2007. Young, British and Muslim. London: Continuum.
- Lotfi, Abdelhamid. 2001. “Creating Muslim Space in the USA: Masjid and Islamic Centers.” Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 12 (2): 235–254.
- Mackay, Maria. 2005. “New Study Finds Mosque Goers to Double Church Attendance.” Christian Today, 5 September. Accessed 17 January 2020. http://www.christiantoday.com/article/new.study.finds.mosque.goers.to.double.church.attendance/3858.htm.
- Maher, Shiraz. 2017. Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea. London: Penguin.
- Mandaville, Peter. 2009. “Muslim Transnational Identity and State Responses in Europe and the UK after 9/11: Political Community, Ideology and Authority.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35 (3): 491–506.
- Massoumi, Narzanin, Tom Mills, and David Miller. 2017. What Is Islamophobia? Racism, Social Movements and the State. London: Pluto.
- Matar, N. I. 1998. Islam in Britain, 1558–1685. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Maussen, Marcel. 2009. “Constructing Mosques: The Governance of Islam in France and the Netherlands.” PhD diss., Amsterdam School for Social Science Research.
- Mazumdar, Shampa, and Sanjoy Mazumdar. 2004. “The Articulation of Religion in Domestic Space: Rituals in the Immigrant Muslim Home.” Journal of Ritual Studies 18 (2): 74–85.
- McGuire, Meredith B. 2008. Lived Religion: Faith and Practice in Everyday Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Mead, Loren R. 1999. Financial Meltdown in the Mainline? New York: Roman and Littlefield.
- Meer, Nasar. 2007. “Muslim Schools in Britain: Challenging Mobilisations or Logical Developments?” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 27 (1): 55–71.
- Metcalf, B. D. 2002. Traditionalist’ Islamic Activism: Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs.” ISIM Papers. ISIM: Leiden.
- Methodist Church. 2019. “Statistics for Mission.” Accessed 17 January 2020. https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/statistics-for-mission/.
- Modood, Tariq. 1992. Not Easy Being British: Colour, Culture and Citizenship. Stoke-on-Trent: Runnymede Trust and Trentham.
- Modood, Tariq. 2010. “Multicultural Citizenship and Muslim Identity Politics.” Interventions 12 (2): 157–170.
- Moore, Leslie C. 2012. “Muslim Children’s Other School.” Childhood Education 88 (5): 298–303.
- Moosavi, Leon. 2015. “The Racialization of Muslim Converts in Britain and Their Experiences of Islamophobia.” Critical Sociology 41 (1): 41–56.
- Naqshbandi, Mehmood. 2015. “UK Mosque Statistics for 2015.” Accessed 17 January 2020. http://www.muslimsinbritain.org/blog/comments.php?y=15&m=09&entry=entry150923-160414.
- Naqshbandi, Mehmood. 2017. “UK Mosque Statistics / Masjid Statistics.” Accessed 21 January 2020. http://www.muslimsinbritain.org/resources/masjid_report.pdf.
- Nelson, Carl. 1971. Where Faith Begins. Westminster: John Knox Press.
- Neumann, Peter R. 2016. Radicalized: New Jihadists and the Threat to the West. London: I.B. Tauris.
- Office for National Statistics. 2017. “Population of England, Wales and Selected Local Authorities against Numbers and Percent of Muslims (2015 to 2016).” Accessed 17 January 2020. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/adhocs/008332populationofenglandwalesandselectedlocalauthoritiesagainstnumbersandpercentofmuslims2015162017.
- Office for National Statistics. 2018. “Muslim Population in the UK.” 2 August. Accessed 17 January 2020. https://www.ons.gov.uk/aboutus/transparencyandgovernance/freedomofinformationfoi/muslimpopulationintheuk/.
- Packiam, Glenn Previn. 2018. “Worship and the World to Come: A Theological Ethnography of Hope in Contemporary Worship Songs and Services.” PhD diss., Durham University. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12533/.
- Pedersen, J., R. Hillenbrand, J. Burton-Page, P. A. Andrews, G. F. Pijper, A. H. Christie, A. D. W. Forbes, G. S. P. Freeman-Greenville, and A. Samb. 2012. “Masd_j_id.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Accessed 17 January 2020. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/masdjid-COM_0694?s.num=13&s.rows=20&s.mode=DEFAULT&s.f.s2_parent=encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.start=0&s.q=masjid.
- Peter, Frank, and Rafael Ortega. 2014. Islamic Movements of Europe: Public Religion and Islamophobia in the Modern World. Library of European Studies 21. London: I.B. Tauris.
- Pew Research Centre. 2017. “Europe’s Growing Muslim Population.” Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project. 22 November. Accessed 21 January 2020. https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/29/europes-growing-muslim-population/pf_11-29-17_muslims-update-20/.
- Quinn, G. J., and J. D. Davidson. 1976. “Theology: Sociology = Orthodoxy: Orthopraxis.” Theology Today 32 (4): 345–352.
- Rasdi, Mohamad Tajuddin Haji Mohamad. 2014. Rethinking the Mosque in the Modern Muslim Society. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan & Buku Malaysia.
- Rossi, Maurizio, and Ettore Scappini. 2014. “Church Attendance, Problems of Measurement, and Interpreting Indicators: A Study of Religious Practice in the United States, 1975–2010.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 53 (2): 249–267.
- Sajid, Muhamad, Ali Hassan, and Shoab A. Khan. 2016. “Crowd Counting Using Adaptive Segmentation in a Congregation.” 2016 IEEE International Conference on Signal and Image Processing (ICSIP), 745–749. Accessed 17 January 2020. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7888363.
- Saleem, Shahed. 2018. The British Mosque: An Architectural and Social History. Swindon: Historic England.
- Sartawi, Mohammed, and Gordon Sammut. 2012. “Negotiating British Muslim Identity: Everyday Concerns of Practicing Muslims in London.” Culture & Psychology 18 (4): 559–576.
- Sayyid, Salman, and Abdoolkarim Vakil. 2010. Thinking through Islamophobia: Global Perspectives. London: Hurst.
- Scharbrodt, Oliver. 2019. “A Minority within a Minority?: The Complexity and Multilocality of Transnational Twelver Shia Networks in Britain.” Contemporary Islam 13 (3): 287–305.
- Scharbrodt, Oliver. 2020. “forthcoming. “Creating a Diasporic Public Sphere in Britain: Twelver Shia Networks in London.”.” Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, doi:10.1080/09596410.2019.1643098.
- Sedgwick, Mark J. 2017. Western Sufism: From the Abbasids to the New Age. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Shannahan, Dervla Sara. 2013. “Gender, Inclusivity and UK Mosque Experiences.” Contemporary Islam 8 (1): 1–16.
- Sherwood, Harriet. 2018. “Muslim Council of Britain to Train Women to Run Mosques.” The Guardian, 4 October 4. Accessed 17 January 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/04/muslim-council-of-britain-women-leadership-training.
- Smith, Tom W. 1998. “A Review of Church Attendance Measures.” American Sociological Review 63 (1): 131–136.
- Spickard, James V. 2017. Alternative Sociologies of Religion: Through Non-Western Eyes. New York: New York University Press.
- Swindon, Peter. 2018. “Muslim Women Launch Equality Campaign amid Claims of ‘Crisis’ at Scottish Mosques.” The Herald, 12 August. Accessed 17 January 2020. https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16413492.muslim-women-launch-equality-campaign-amid-claims-of-crisis-at-scottish-mosques/.
- Theos. 2012. “Spiritual Capital: The Present and Future of English Cathedrals.” Theos Think Tank. Accessed 21 January 2020. https://www.theosthinktank.co.uk/cmsfiles/archive/files/Reports/Spiritual%20Capital%2064pp%20-%20FINAL.pdf.
- Timol, Riyaz. 2015. “Religious Travel and the Tablighī Jamā‘at: Modalities of Expansion in Britain and Beyond.” In Muslims in the UK and Europe I, edited by Yasir Suleiman, 194–206. Cambridge: Centre of Islamic Studies, University of Cambridge.
- van Bruinessen, Martin, and Julia Day Howell. 2013. Sufism and the ‘Modern’ in Islam. London: I.B. Tauris.
- Verter, Bradford. 2003. “Spiritual Capital: Theorizing Religion with Bourdieu against Bourdieu.” Sociological Theory 21 (2): 150–174.
- Vinding, Niels Valdemar. 2018. “Churchification of Islam in Europe.” In Exploring the Multitude of Muslims in Europe: Essays in Honour of Jørgen S. Nielsen, edited by Niels Valdemar Vinding, Egdunas Racius, and Jörn Thielmann, 50–66. Leiden: Brill.
- Wang, Yuting. 2017. “Muslim Women’s Evolving Leadership Roles: A Case Study of Women Leaders in an Immigrant Muslim Community in Post-9/11 America.” Social Compass 64 (3): 424–441.
- Ware, Rudolph T. 2014. The Walking Qur'an: Islamic Education, Embodied Knowledge, and History in West Africa. Islamic Civilization and Muslim Networks. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
- Wells, Anthony. 2006. “NOP Poll of British Muslims.” Accessed 17 January 2020. http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/blog/archives/291.
- Werbner, Pnina. 1990. The Migration Process: Capital, Gifts, and Offerings among British Pakistanis. Oxford: Berg.
- Werbner, Pnina. 1996. “Stamping the Earth with the Name of Allah.” In Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe, edited by Barbara Metcalf, 167–185. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Williams, Melvin D. 1984. Community in a Black Pentecostal Church: An Anthropological Study. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
- Williams, R. R. 2010. “Space for God: Lived Religion at Work, Home, and Play.” Sociology of Religion 71 (3): 257–279.
- Winter, Timothy. 2003. British Muslim Identity: Past, Problems, Prospects. Cambridge: Muslim Academic Trust.
- Woodberry, Robert D. 1998. “When Surveys Lie and People Tell the Truth: How Surveys Oversample Church Attenders.” American Sociological Review 63 (1): 119–122.
- Woodhead, Linda. 2012. “Introduction.” In Religion and Change in Modern Britain, edited by Linda Woodhead, and Rebecca Catto, 1–32. London: Routledge.
- Woodhead, Linda. 2016. “Why ‘No Religion’ Is the New Religion.” The British Academy Lecture. Accessed 17 January 2020. https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/video/why-no-religion-new-religion-professor-linda-woodhead-british-academy-lecture.
- Woodhead, Linda, and Rebecca Catto. 2012. Religion and Change in Modern Britain. London: Routledge.
- Wright, Mike. 2018. “Church of England Sees Regular Attendance Rise but Churchgoers Struggle to Make Traditional Sunday Services.” The Telegraph, 14 November. Accessed 17 January 2020. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/14/church-england-sees-regular-attendance-rise-churchgoers-struggle/.
- Wuthnow, Robert. 1997. The Crisis in the Churches: Spiritual Malaise, Fiscal Woe. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Yilmaz, Huseyin. 2018. Caliphate Redefined. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Zschomler, Danny. 2018. “‘ A Road to Prosperity?’: The Values and Value Struggles of Members of the Prosperity Movement on the Old Kent Road in the UK.” PhD diss., Goldsmiths, University of London. doi:10.25602/GOLD.00025976.
- Zulfikar, Teuku. 2014. “Researching My Own Backyard: Inquiries into an Ethnographic Study.” Ethnography and Education 9 (3): 373–386.