240
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Heterodox Christianity, Unitarianism and the Harmonization of Monotheism: The ‘Heresy’ of Khrīsṭufūrus Jibāra in Nineteenth-Century Syria

Pages 361-382 | Received 01 Dec 2020, Accepted 19 Aug 2021, Published online: 15 Sep 2021

References

  • ʿAbduh, Muḥammad. ‘Al-iḍṭihād fī al-Naṣrāniyya wa-al-Islām’, in Al-aʿmāl al-kāmila li-al-Shaykh al-Imām Muḥammad ʿAbduh, vol. 3, 257–368. Beirut: Dār al-Shurūq, 1993.
  • Abu-Laban, Baha. An Olive Branch on the Family Tree: The Arabs in Canada. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980.
  • Abu-ʿUksa, Wael. ‘Fransis al-Marrash on Religion and Cultural Revival.’ The European Legacy 25, nos 7–8 (2020): 776–789.
  • al-Afghānī, Jamāl al-Dīn. Fī ibṭal madhhab al-dahriyyīn wa-bayan mafāsidihim wa-ithbāt anna al-dīn asās al-madaniyya wa-al-kufr fasād al-ʿumrān. trans. Muḥammad ʿAbduh. Beirut: Maṭbaʿat Bayrūt, 1885.
  • Anṭūn, Faraḥ. ‘Khrīsṭufūrus Jibāra.’ Al-Jāmiʿa 3, no. 2 (1901): 103–106.
  • Anṭūn, Faraḥ. Ibn Rushd wa-falsafatuhu. Alexandria: Al-Jāmiʿa, 1903.
  • Anṭūn, Faraḥ. ‘The Meaning of “Tolerance” Which Is the Basis of Modern Civilization’, trans. Zakia Pormann. Journal of Levantine Studies 3, no. 2 (2013): 159–172.
  • Ayalon, Ami. The Arabic Print Revolution: Cultural Production and Mass Readership. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
  • Aydin, Cemil. The Idea of the Muslim World: A Global Intellectual History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017.
  • Barak, On. On Time: Technology and Temporality in Modern Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013.
  • Barrows, John Henry, ed. The Worlds Parliament of Religions. 2 vols. Chicago, IL: The Parliament Publishing Company, 1893.
  • Barrows, John Henry. A World-Pilgrimage. Chicago, IL: McClurg, 1897.
  • Barrows, John Henry. ‘Preface’, in The World’s Parliament of Religions, ed. John Henry Barrows, vii–ix. Chicago, IL: The Parliament Publishing Company, 1983.
  • Biblical World. ‘Comparative-Religion Notes.’ The Biblical World 5, no. 2 (1895): 129–136. (University of Chicago Press).
  • Bustānī, Buṭrus. Nafīr Sūriyā. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1990.
  • Bustānī, Buṭrus. The Clarion of Syria: A Patriot’s Call against the Civil War of 1860, trans. Jens Hanssen and Hicham Safieddine. Oakland: University of California Press, 2019.
  • Casiday, Augustine. The Orthodox Christian World. London: Routledge, 2012.
  • Davison, Roderic. Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774–1923: The Impact of the West. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
  • de Tarrazi, Philippe. Tāʾrīkh al-ṣiḥāfa al-ʿArabiyya. 4 vols. Beirut: Al-Maṭbaʿa al-Amrīkāniyya, 1933.
  • Dial. ‘Bibliography of World’s Congress Publications.’ The Dial 20, no. 229 (1896): 9.
  • Fahrenthold, Stacy D. Between the Ottomans and the Entente: The First World War in the Syrian and Lebanese Diaspora, 1908–1925. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
  • Grafton, David D. Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East. Eugene, OR: Pickwick, 2009.
  • Guettée, Vladimir. Kitāb ḥaqāʾiq al-urthūdhuksiyya wa-ikhtilāfāt al-Naṣrāniyya, trans. Khrīsṭufūrus Jibāra. Beirut: Maṭbaʿat al-Jāmʿiyya al-Urthūdhuksiyya al-Khayriyya, 1869.
  • Ḥabīb, Muḥammad. Al-suyūf al-battāra fī madhhab Khrīsṭufūrus Jibāra. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-ʿĀṣima, 1895.
  • Hamzah, Dyala. ‘The Making of the Arab Intellectual: Empire, Public Sphere and the Colonial Coordinates of Selfhood’, in The Making of the Arab Intellectual: Empire, Public Sphere and the Colonial Coordinates of Selfhood, ed. Dyala Hamzah, 1–17. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.
  • Hanssen, Jens, and Max Weiss, eds. Arabic Thought beyond the Liberal Age: Toward an Intellectual History of the Nahda. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
  • Harris, Mark. Historical Dictionary of Unitarian Universalism. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2004.
  • Hilali, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din, and Muhammad Muhsin Khani, trans. The Noble Quran in the English Language. Madinah: King Fahd Complex, 2000.
  • Hill, Peter. Utopia and Civilization in the Arab Nahda. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
  • Hollinger, Richard. ‘“Wonderful True Visions”: Magic, Mysticism, and Millennialism in the Making of the American Bahá’í Community, 1892–1895’, in Search for Values: Ethics in Bahá’í Thought, eds. John Danesh, and Seena Fazel, 207–231. Los Angeles, CA: Kalimat Press, 2004.
  • Houghton, Walter Raleigh, ed. Neelys History of The Parliament of Religions and Religious Congresses at the Worlds Columbian Exposition. Chicago, IL: F.T. Neely, 1894.
  • Hourani, Albert. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Jabara, Milad Deeb. ‘Ghrīghūriyūs Jibāra muṭrān Ḥamā wa-tawabiʿahā li-a-Rūm al-urthūdhuks’. Orthodox Online, 26 April 2010. Accessed 12 August 2021. https://orthodoxonline.org/theology/saints-and-fathers/spiritual-fathers-and-mothers/gregarious-jabara/.
  • Jacobs, Linda K. ‘An Arbeely Family Album’. Story Maps, 12 May 2020. Accessed 12 August 2021. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/6077c56c184e4ec8b898f6486c8e977c.
  • Jibāra, Khrīsṭufūrus, trans. Taʿlīm wajīz fī uṣūl al-dīn al-urthūdhuksī. Beirut: Al-Maṭbaʿa al-Waṭaniyya, 1869.
  • Jibāra, Khrīsṭufūrus (Christophore Jibara). Unity in Faiths and Harmony in Religions. New York: Acton, 1893.
  • Jibāra, Khrīsṭufūrus (Christophore Jibara). ‘A Syrian Patriarch’. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1 October 1893, 31.
  • Jibāra, Khrīsṭufūrus (Khristufurus Jibarah). ‘This Is the Reply in Arabic Sent by the Syrian Representative’. The World, 1 October 1893, 83.
  • Jibāra, Khrīsṭufūrus. ‘Ayna al-Injil alladhī ashāra ilayhi al-Qurʾān al-ʿazīz’. Shahādat al-Ḥaqq 15: 1895 (unpaginated).
  • Jibāra, Khrīsṭufūrus. Wifāq al-adyān wa-wiḥdat al-īmān fī al-Tawrah wa-al-Injīl wa-al-Qurʾan (privately published by the author, 1895).
  • Jibāra, Khrīsṭufūrus. Shahādat al-Ḥaqq 11 (1895) (unpaginated).
  • Jibāra, Khrīsṭufūrus. ‘Al-tawfīq bayn aṣḥāb al-adyān.’ Al-Muqtaṭaf 26, no. 4 (1901): 366–367.
  • Jones, Jenkin Lloyd. A Chorus of Faith: As Heard in the Parliament of Religions. Chicago, IL: Unity Publishing Company, 1893.
  • Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. ‘Jenkin Lloyd Jones. 1844–1918.’ Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1908–1984) 11, no. 3 (1918): 461–462.
  • Kateman, Ammeke. Muḥammad ʿAbduh and His Interlocutors: Conceptualizing Religion in a Globalizing World. Leiden: Brill, 2019.
  • Khadduri, Majid. Political Trends in the Arab World: The Role of Ideas and Ideals in Politics. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970.
  • Khuri-Makdisi, Ilham. The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860–1914. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010.
  • Kitagawa, Joseph M. ‘The 1893 World’s Parliament of Religions and Its Legacy’, in A Museum of Faiths: Histories and Legacies of the 1893 World’s Parliament of Religions, ed. Eric Jozef Ziolkowski, 171–189. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1993.
  • Makdisi, Ussama. ‘After 1860: Debating Religion, Reform, and Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire.’ International Journal of Middle East Studies 34, no. 4 (2002): 601–617.
  • Makdisi, Ussama. Artillery of Heaven: American Missionaries and the Failed Conversion of the Middle East. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011.
  • Makdisi, Ussama. Age of Coexistence: The Ecumenical Frame and the Making of the Modern Arab World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2019.
  • Maʿlūf, ʿĪsā Iskandar. Dawānī al-Quṭūff fī tārīkh banī al-Maʿlūf. Bʿabda: Al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿUthmāniyya, 1907.
  • Moffatt, James, trans. The Bible: A New Translation. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1913.
  • Namee, Matthew. ‘Fr. Christopher Jabara, the Ultra-Ecumenist.’ Orthodox History, 24 November 2009. Accessed 12 August 2021. https://orthodoxhistory.org/2009/11/24/fr-christopher-jabara-the-ultra-ecumenist/.
  • Namee, Matthew. ‘The First Antiochian Chapel in America’. Orthodox History, 6 January 2012. Accessed 12 August 2021. https://orthodoxhistory.org/2012/01/06/the-first-antiochian-chapel-in-america/.
  • Orfalea, Gregory. The Arab Americans: A History. Northampton, MA: Olive Branch Press, 2006.
  • Orthodox History. ‘A History of the Antiochian Representation Church in Moscow’. Orthodox History, 9 October 2014. Accessed 12 August 2021. https://orthodoxhistory.org/2014/10/09/a-history-of-the-antiochian-representation-church-in-moscow/.
  • Reid, Donald. The Odyssey of Faraḥ Anṭūn: A Syrian Christian’s Quest for Secularism. Minneapolis, MN: Bibliotheca Islamica, 1975.
  • Riḍā, Rashīd. ‘Khrīsṭufūrus Jibāra.’ Al-Manār 4, no. 12 (1901): 479–480.
  • Riḍā, Rashīd. Tārīkh al-ustādh al-imām al-shaykh Muḥammad ʿAbduh. 2 vols. Cairo: Al-Manār, 1931.
  • Rīḥānī, Amīn. ‘Al-tasāhul al-dīnī.’ Al-Muqtaṭaf 26, no. 3 (1901): 541–543.
  • Rīḥānī, Amīn. Al-Rīḥāniyyāt. Cairo: Hindāwī, 2012.
  • Ṣarrūf, Yaʿqūb, and Fāris Nimr. ‘Al-tasāhul al-dīnī.’ Al-Muqtaṭaf 26, no. 3 (1901): 274–275.
  • Ṣarrūf, Yaʿqūb, and Fāris Nimr. ‘Barāʾat al-Injīl min fasād al-taʾwīl.’ Al-Muqtaṭaf 26, no. 3 (1901): 274–275.
  • Ṣarrūf, Yaʿqūb, and Fāris Nimr. ‘Al-Muqtaṭaf.’ Al-Muqtaṭaf 26, no. 4 (1901): 367–368.
  • Schmitt, Carl. Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, translated by George Schwab. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
  • Seager, Richard Hughes, ed. ‘Eastern Orthodox Delegation: Introduction’, in The Dawn of Religious Pluralism: Voices from the World’s Parliament of Religions, 1893, 177–201. La Salle, PA: Open Court, 1993.
  • Sharabi, Hisham. Arab Intellectuals and the West: The Formative Years, 1875–1914. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970.
  • Sheehi, Stephen Paul. ‘Inscribing the Arab Self: Butrus al-Bustani and Paradigms of Subjective Reform.’ British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 27, no. 1 (2000): 7–24.
  • Suleiman, Yasir. The Arabic Language and National Identity: A Study in Ideology. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003.
  • Trumbull, M. M. ‘The Parliament of Religions.’ The Monist 4, no. 3 (1894): 333–354.
  • Wahrmund, Adolf. Lesebuch in neu-arabischer Sprache: ‘Praktischen Handbuch der neu-arabischen Sprache’. Giessen: J. Ricker, 1898.
  • Wilbur, Earl Morse. A History of Unitarianism in Transylvania, England, and America. Cambridge, MA: Beacon Press, 1945.
  • Wiles, Maurice. Archetypal Heresy: Arianism through the Centuries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Wishnitzer, Avner. Reading Clocks, Alla Turca: Time and Society in the Late Ottoman Empire. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2015.
  • Womack, Deanna Ferree. Protestants, Gender and the Arab Renaissance in Late Ottoman Syria. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2020.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.