1,214
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special Issue Research Article

Management and sustenance of digital transformations in the Irish microbusiness sector: examining the key role of microbusiness owner-manager

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 409-433 | Received 24 Jan 2022, Accepted 24 Dec 2022, Published online: 14 Feb 2023

References

  • Alibakhshi, R., & Srivastava, S. C. (2022). Post-story: Influence of introducing story feature on social media posts. Journal of Management Information Systems, 39(2), 573–601. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2022.2063550
  • Armstrong, C. P., & Sambamurthy, V. (1999). Information technology assimilation in firms: The influence of senior leadership and IT infrastructures. Information Systems Research, 10(4), 304–327. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.10.4.304
  • Bai, W., Johanson, M., Oliveira, L., & Ratajczak-Mrozek, M. (2021). The role of business and social networks in the effectual internationalization: Insights from emerging market SMEs. Journal of Business Research, 129, 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.02.042
  • Bamberger, P. (2008). From the editors beyond contextualization: Using context theories to narrow the micro-macro gap in management research. Academy of Management Journal, 51(5), 839–846. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2008.34789630
  • Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A., Laeven, L., & Levine, R. (2004). Finance, firm size, and growth. National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge.
  • Bourke, J., & Roper, S. (2019). Micro business in Ireland: From ambition to innovation. Cork University Business School, University College Cork.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Burnette, J. L., O’Boyle, E. H., VanEpps, E. M., Pollack, J. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2013). Mind-sets matter: A meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 139(3), 655–701. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029531
  • Caniëls, M. C., Semeijn, J. H., & Renders, I. H. (2018). Mind the mindset! The interaction of proactive personality, transformational leadership and growth mindset for engagement at work. Career Development International, 23(1), 48–66. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2016-0194
  • Carroll, N. (2020, June 15-17). Theorizing on the normalization of digital transformations. 28th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), An Online AIS Conference.
  • Carroll, N., Hassan, N. R., Junglas, I., Hess, T., & Morgan, L. (2021). Managing and sustaining digital transformations. European Journal of Information Systems Call for Papers.
  • Chandra, S., Shirish, A., & Srivastava, S. C. (2022). To be or not to be …human? Theorizing the role of human-like competencies in conversational artificial intelligence agents. Journal of Management Information Systems, 39(4), 969–1005. Forthcoming - in press. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2022.2127441
  • Chanias, S., Myers, M. D., & Hess, T. (2019). Digital transformation strategy making in pre-digital organizations: The case of a financial services provider. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 28(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2018.11.003
  • Chan, Y. E., Krishnamurthy, R., & Desjardins, C. (2020). Technology-driven innovation in small firms. MIS Quarterly Executive, 19(1), 39–59. https://doi.org/10.17705/2msqe.00024
  • Chase, M. A. (2010). Should coaches believe in innate ability? The importance of leadership mindset. Quest, 62(3), 296–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2010.10483650
  • CISCO. (2020). (Retrieved January 16, 2022). 2020 Small Business Digital Transformation. from https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/solutions/small-business/resource-center/small-business-digital-transformation.pdf
  • Conboy, K., & Fitzgerald, B. (2004). Toward a conceptual framework of agile methods: A study of agility in different disciplines. Proceedings of the 2004 ACM workshop on Interdisciplinary software engineering research, New York, USA.
  • Cooper, V. A., & Molla, A. (2014). Absorptive capacity and contextual factors that influence green IT assimilation. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 18(3), 271–285. https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v18i3.1099
  • de Bem Machado, A., Secinaro, S., Calandra, D., & Lanzalonga, F. (2022). Knowledge management and digital transformation for industry 4.0: A structured literature review. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 20(2), 320–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/14778238.2021.2015261
  • Delgosha, M. S., Saheb, T., & Hajiheydari, N. (2020). Modelling the asymmetrical relationships between digitalisation and sustainable competitiveness: A cross-country configurational analysis. Information Systems Frontiers, 23(5), 1317–1337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-020-10029-0
  • Devins, D., Gold, J., Johnson, S., Holden, R., & Matlay, H. (2005). A conceptual model of management learning in micro businesses: Implications for research and policy. Education+ Training, 47(8–9), 540–551. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910510633099
  • Drnevich, P. L., & West, J. (2021). Performance implications of technological uncertainty, age, and size for small businesses. Journal of Small Business Management, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2020.1867733
  • Dweck, C. S. (2013). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. Psychology Press.
  • Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C. -Y., & Hong, Y. -Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A word from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6(4), 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0604_1
  • Dweck, C. S., & Yeager, D. S. (2019). Mindsets: A view from two eras. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(3), 481–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618804166
  • Dwivedi, Y. K., Wastell, D., Laumer, S., Henriksen, H. Z., Myers, M. D., Bunker, D., Elbanna, A., Ravishankar, M., & Srivastava, S. C. (2015). Research on information systems failures and successes: Status update and future directions. Information Systems Frontiers, 17(1), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-014-9500-y
  • Engesmo, J., & Panteli, N. (2021). Digital leaders and the transformation of the IT function. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, 33(1), 1–23.
  • European Commission. (2019). Annual report on European SMEs 2018–2019: Research & development and innovation in SMEs available at https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/43885/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/native
  • Eze, S. C., Chinedu-Eze, V. C., Awa, H. O., Alharthi, R. H. E., & Margherita, A. (2021). Factors stimulating value micro-businesses attribute to digital marketing technology (DMT) adoption. Plos One, 16(12), e0260145. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260145
  • Fisher, G., Mayer, K., & Morris, S. (2021). From the editors—phenomenon-based theorizing. Academy of Management Review, 46(4), 631–639. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2021.0320
  • Fletcher, G., & Griffiths, M. (2020). Digital transformation during a lockdown. International Journal of Information Management, 55, 102185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102185
  • Gfrerer, A., Hutter, K., Füller, J., & Ströhle, T. (2021). Ready or not: Managers’ and employees’ different perceptions of digital readiness. California Management Review, 63(2), 23–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125620977487
  • Ghobadian, A., & Gallear, D. (1997). TQM and organization size. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 17(2), 121–163. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443579710158023
  • Gleasure, R. (2015). Resistance to crowdfunding among entrepreneurs: An impression management perspective. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 24(4), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2015.09.001
  • Goel, L., & Donaldson, J. (2021). Social media exploration and exploitation by small and medium enterprises for business continuity. Journal of Global Information Management, 29(6), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.4018/JGIM.20211101.oa8
  • Greenbank, P. (2001). Objective setting in the micro-business. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 7(3), 108–127. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005531
  • Gregory, R., Wagner, H. -T., Tumbas, S., & Drechsler, K. (2019 2). At the crossroads between digital innovation and digital transformation. International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) 2019 Proceedings, Munich, Germany.
  • Gunderson, E. A., Hamdan, N., Sorhagen, N. S., & D'Esterre, A. P. (2017). Who needs innate ability to succeed in math and literacy? Academic-domain-specific theories of intelligence about peers versus adults. Developmental Psychology, 53(6), 1188.
  • Hadjielias, E., Christofi, M., & Tarba, S. (2022). Contextualizing small business resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from small business owner-managers. Small Business Economics, 59(4), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00588-0
  • Headd, B. (2017). (Retrieved 18/01/2021). The Role of Microbusiness Employers In The Economy. from https://advocacy.sba.gov/2017/08/01/the-role-of-microbusiness-employers-in-the-economy/
  • Hess, T., Matt, C., Benlian, A., & Wiesböck, F. (2016). Options for formulating a digital transformation strategy. MIS Quarterly Executive, 15(2), 103–119.
  • ILO. (2021). Small goes digital: How digitalization can bring about productive growth for micro and small enterprises Retrieved 18/01/2022 from https://www.ilo.org/empent/units/boosting-employment-through-small-enterprise-development/WCMS_808632/lang–en/index.htm
  • Jafari-Sadeghi, V., Mahdiraji, H. A., Alam, G. M., & Mazzoleni, A. (2023). Entrepreneurs as strategic transformation managers: Exploring micro-foundations of digital transformation in small and medium internationalisers. Journal of Business Research, 154, 113287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.08.051
  • Johns, G. (2006). The essential impact of context on organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 31(2), 386–408. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.20208687
  • Kamal, M. (2015). Developing a sustainability network for information technology adoption and use in micro-enterprises. Journal of the Midwest Association for Information Systems, 2015(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.17705/3jmwa.00003
  • Kane, G. C., Palmer, D., Phillips, A. N., Kiron, D., & Buckley, N. (2015). Strategy, not technology, drives digital transformation. MIT Sloan Management Review and Deloitte University Press, 14, 1–25.
  • Kelly, N., Kelliher, F., Power, J., & Lynch, P. (2020). Unlocking the niche potential of senior tourism through micro-firm owner-manager adaptive capability development. Tourism Management, 79, 104081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104081
  • Kevill, A., Trehan, K., Harrington, S., & Kars-Unluoglu, S. (2021). Dynamic managerial capabilities in micro-enterprises: Stability, vulnerability and the role of managerial time allocation. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 39(6), 507–531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620970473
  • King, E., & Boyatt, R. (2015). Exploring factors that influence adoption of e-learning within higher education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46(6), 1272–1280.
  • Klammer, A., & Gueldenberg, S. (2019). Unlearning and forgetting in organizations: A systematic review of literature. Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(5), 860–888. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-05-2018-0277
  • Kontić, L., & Vidicki, Đ. (2018). Strategy for digital organization: Testing a measurement tool for digital transformation. Strategic Management, 23(2), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.5937/StraMan1801029K
  • Legner, C., Eymann, T., Hess, T., Matt, C., Böhmann, T., Drews, P., Mädche, A., Urbach, N., & Ahlemann, F. (2017). Digitalization: Opportunity and challenge for the business and information systems engineering community. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 59(4), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-017-0484-2
  • Lemaire, S. L. L., Bertrand, G., Maalaoui, A., Kraus, S., & Jones, P. (2021). How women entrepreneurs manage the digitalisation of their business initiating a dialogue between the entrepreneurship as practice approach and the theory of bricolage. International Journal of Technology Management, 87(1), 78–104. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTM.2021.118890
  • Levallet, N., & Chan, Y. (2022). Uncovering a new form of digitally-enabled agility: An improvisational perspective. European Journal of Information Systems, 31(6), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2022.2035262
  • Li, L., Su, F., Zhang, W., & Mao, J. Y. (2018). Digital transformation by SME entrepreneurs: A capability perspective. Information Systems Journal, 28(6), 1129–1157. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12153
  • Litz, R. A., & Stewart, A. C. (2000). Where everybody knows your name: Extra organizational clan-building as small firm strategy for home field advantage. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 11(1), 1–13.
  • Mandviwalla, M., & Flanagan, R. (2021). Small business digital transformation in the context of the pandemic. European Journal of Information Systems, 30(4), 1–17. http://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.20211891004
  • Matt, C., Hess, T., & Benlian, A. (2015). Digital transformation strategies. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 57(5), 339–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-015-0401-5
  • Matthews, P. (2007). ICT assimilation and SME expansion. Journal of International Development: The Journal of the Development Studies Association, 19(6), 817–827. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1401
  • McKinsey, C. (2021) (Retrieved 17/01/2022). Losing from day one: Why even successful transformations fall short. from https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/people-and-organizational-performance/our-insights/successful-transformations
  • Mithas, S. (2016). Digital intelligence: What every smart manager must have for success in an information age. Penguin UK.
  • Müller, J. M., Buliga, O., & Voigt, K. -I. (2018). Fortune favors the prepared: How SMEs approach business model innovations in industry 4.0. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 132, 2–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.12.019
  • Müller, O., Junglas, I., Vom Brocke, J., & Debortoli, S. (2016). Utilizing big data analytics for information systems research: Challenges, promises and guidelines. European Journal of Information Systems, 25(4), 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2016.2
  • Murphy, M. C., & Dweck, C. S. (2016). Mindsets shape consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 26(1), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2015.06.005
  • Nambisan, S., Lyytinen, K., Majchrzak, A., & Song, M. (2017). Digital innovation management: Reinventing innovation management research in a digital world. MIS Quarterly, 41(1), 223–238. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2017/41:1.03
  • Nehme, J. J., Srivastava, S. C., Bouzas, H., & Carcasset, L. (2015). How Schlumberger achieved networked information leadership by transitioning to a product-platform software architecture. MIS Quarterly Executive, 14(3), 105–124.
  • OECD, (2021a), Digital Transformation of the SME’s, Policy Highlights, Retrieved 30/07/2022 from https://www.oecd.org/publications/the-digital-transformation-of-smes-bdb9256a-en.htm
  • OECD. (2021b). Entreprises by Size. Retrieved 17/01/2022 from https://data.oecd.org/entrepreneur/enterprises-by-business-size.htm
  • Orlikowski, W. J., & Gash, D. C. (1994). Technological frames: Making sense of information technology in organizations. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 12(2), 174–207. https://doi.org/10.1145/196734.196745
  • Osmundsen, K., Iden, J., & Bygstad, B. (2018). Digital transformation: Drivers, success factors, and implications. Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS) 2018, Korfu, Greece
  • Park, Y., & Mithas, S. (2020). Organized complexity of digital business strategy: A configurational perspective. MIS Quarterly, 44(1), 85–127. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2020/14477
  • Pavlou, P. A., & El Sawy, O. A. (2010). The “third hand”: IT-enabled competitive advantage in turbulence through improvisational capabilities. Information Systems Research, 21(3), 443–471. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1100.0280
  • Pelletier, L. G., Tuson, K. M., & Haddad, N. K. (1997). Client motivation for therapy scale: A measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation for therapy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(2), 414–435.
  • Penco, L., Profumo, G., Serravalle, F., & Viassone, M. (2022). Has COVID-19 pushed digitalisation in smes? The role of entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2021-0423
  • Qureshi, S., & Xiong, J. J. (2017). Understanding the role of information technology in the development of micro-enterprises: Concepts to study in making a better world Information Systems and Quantitative Analysis Faculty Proceedings & Presentations. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/isqafacproc/56
  • Rastrollo-Horrillo, M. -A. (2021). Dismantling the myths about managerial (in) capabilities in micro-firms. SEAM intervention-research to develop management practices. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 37(3), 101158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2021.101158
  • Reuschke, D., Mason, C., & Syrett, S. (2021). Digital futures of small businesses and entrepreneurial opportunity. Futures, 128, 102714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2021.102714
  • Roberts, N., Galluch, P. S., Dinger, M., & Grover, V. (2012). Absorptive capacity and information systems research: Review, synthesis, and directions for future research. MIS Quarterly, 36(2), 625–648. https://doi.org/10.2307/41703470
  • Rowe, F. (2018). Being critical is good, but better with philosophy! From digital transformation and values to the future of is research. European Journal of Information Systems, 27(3), 380–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2018.1471789
  • Sabherwal, R., & Chan, Y. E. (2001). Alignment between business and is strategies: A study of prospectors, analyzers, and defenders. Information Systems Research, 12(1), 11–33. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.12.1.11.9714
  • Sarker, S., Chatterjee, S., Xiao, X., & Elbanna, A. (2019). The sociotechnical axis of cohesion for the IS discipline: Its historical legacy and its continued relevance. MIS Quarterly, 43(3), 695–720. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2019/13747
  • Schein, E. H. (1983). The role of the founder in creating organizational culture. Organizational Dynamics, 12(1), 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-26168390023-2
  • Schilke, O., Hu, S., & Helfat, C. E. (2018). Quo vadis, dynamic capabilities? A content-analytic review of the current state of knowledge and recommendations for future research. The Academy of Management Annals, 12(1), 390–439. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0014
  • Sebastian, I. M., Ross, J. W., Beath, C., Mocker, M., Moloney, K. G., & Fonstad, N. O. (2020). How big old companies navigate digital transformation. MIS Quarterly, 16(3), 197–213.
  • Shirish, A., O’Shanahan, J., & Kumar, A. (2022). The enablers and inhibitors of digital transformation within the microbusiness sector in Ireland. UIIN 2022: University Industry Innovation Network Conference, June, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  • Shirish, A., Srivastava, S., & Boughzala, I. (2021). Effective ICT use for digital innovation: An actualized affordance perspective through ICT enabled design thinking. Systèmes d’information & management, 27(2), 7–42. https://doi.org/10.3917/sim.212.0007
  • Singh, P., Shirish, A., Kumar, A., & O’Shanahan, J. (2022). Lean training as a driver for microbusinesses’ digital transformation. ELEC 2022: 8th European Lean Educators Conference, Nov Galway, Ireland.
  • Solberg, E., Traavik, L. E., & Wong, S. I. (2020). Digital mindsets: Recognizing and leveraging individual beliefs for digital transformation. California Management Review, 62(4), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125620931839
  • Soluk, J., & Kammerlander, N. (2021). Digital transformation in family-owned Mittelstand firms: A dynamic capabilities perspective. European Journal of Information Systems, 30(6), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2020.1857666
  • Soto Setzke, D., Riasanow, T., Böhm, M., & Krcmar, H. (2021). Pathways to digital service innovation: The role of digital transformation strategies in established organizations. Information Systems Frontiers, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10112-0
  • Soule, D. L., Puram, A., Westerman, G. F., & Bonnet, D. (2016). Becoming a digital organization: The journey to digital dexterity. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2697688. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2697688
  • Spieth, P., Röth, T., Clauss, T., & Klos, C. (2021). Technological frames in the digital age: Theory, measurement instrument, and future research areas. Journal of Management Studies, 58(7), 1962–1993. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12720
  • Srivastava, S. C., Nehme, J. J., Luherne, A., & Kone, B. (2021). How orange achieved long-term adaptability and value creation by proactively transforming its business. MIS Quarterly Executive, 20(1), 39–59. https://doi.org/10.17705/2msqe.00041
  • Srivastava, S. C., & Shainesh, G. (2015). Bridging the service divide through digitally enabled service innovations. MIS Quarterly, 39(1), 245–268. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2015/39.1.11
  • Svahn, F., Mathiassen, L., Lindgren, R., & Kane, G. C. (2017). Mastering the digital innovation challenge. MIT Sloan Management Review, 58(3), 14.
  • Taylor, M., & Murphy, A. (2004). Smes and e-business. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11(3), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000410551546
  • Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509–533. https://doi.org/10.1002/SICI1097-0266(199708)18:7<509:AID-SMJ882>3.0.CO;2-Z
  • Teo, T. S., Srivastava, S. C., & Ho, C. K. (2006). The trident model for customer-centric enterprise systems at comfort transportation, Singapore. MIS Quarterly Executive, 5(3), 109–124.
  • Teo, T. S., Srivastava, S. C., Ranganathan, C., & Loo, J. W. (2011). A framework for stakeholder oriented mindfulness: Case of RFID implementation at YCH group, Singapore. European Journal of Information Systems, 20(2), 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2010.58
  • Troise, C., Corvello, V., Ghobadian, A., & O’Regan, N. (2022). How can SMEs successfully navigate VUCA environment: The role of agility in the digital transformation era. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174, 121227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121227
  • Tsang, E. W., & Zahra, S. A. (2008). Organizational unlearning. Human Relations, 61(10), 1435–1462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726708095710
  • Van der Beek, J. P., Van der Ven, S. H., Kroesbergen, E. H., & Leseman, P. P. (2017). Self-concept mediates the relation between achievement and emotions in mathematics. The British Journal of Educational Psychology, 87(3), 478–495.
  • Vial, G. (2019). Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 28(2), 118–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2019.01.003
  • Walsh, I., & Gettler Summa, M. (2010). Users’ groups interpreted through the lens of the users’ needs and motivation. In AIM proceedings, La Rochelle, France.
  • Walsh, I., Gettler-Summa, M., & Kalika, M. (2016). Expectable use: An important facet of IT usage. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 25(3), 177–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2016.01.003
  • Walsh, I., Kefi, H., & Baskerville, R. (2010). Managing culture creep: Toward a strategic model of user IT culture. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 19(4), 257–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2010.09.002
  • Westerman, G., & Bonnet, D. (2015). Revamping your business through digital transformation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 56(3), 10–13.
  • Wolcott, P., Qureshi, S., & Kamal, M. (2007). An information technology therapy approach to micro-enterprise adoption of ICTs. In AMCIS Proceedings, Paper No. 73.
  • WTO. (2021). Call for proposals for digital champions for small business initiative. Retrieved 18/01/2021 from https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/msmes_25jun21_e.htm
  • Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2012). Mindsets that promote resilience: When students believe that personal characteristics can be developed. Educational Psychologist, 47(4), 302–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2012.722805
  • Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2020). What can be learned from growth mindset controversies?. The American Psychologist, 75(9), 1269.
  • Yeager, D. S., Hanselman, P., Walton, G. M., Murray, J. S., Crosnoe, R., Muller, C., Tipton, E., Schneider, B., Hulleman, C. S., Hinojosa, C. P., Paunesku, D., Romero, C., Flint, K., Roberts, A., Trott, J., Iachan, R., Buontempo, J., Yang, S. M., Carvalho, C. M. … Dweck, C. S. (2019). A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement. Nature, 573(7774), 364–369. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1466-y
  • Zimmerman, M., Dunlap, D., Hamilton, R. D., III, Hill, T., & Chapman, E. A. (2002). David versus Goliath: Strategic behavior of small firms in consolidated industries. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 13(2), 56–74.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.