Salience, transparency, and self-nudging: a digital nudge to promote healthier food product choices

References

• Acquisti, A., Adjerid, I., Balebako, R., Brandimarte, L., Cranor, L. F., Komanduri, S., Leon, P. G., Sadeh, N., Schaub, F., Sleeper, M., & Wang, Y. (2017). Nudges for privacy and security: Understanding and assisting users’ choices online. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 50(3), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1145/3054926
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adjerid, I., Acquisti, A., & Loewenstein, G. (2018). Choice architecture, framing, and cas- caded privacy choices. Management Science, 2267–2290. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3028
   Google Scholar
• Adjerid, I., Loewenstein, G., Purta, R., & Striegel, A. (2022). Gain-loss incentives and physical activity: The role of choice and wearable health tools. Management Science, 68(4), 2642–2667. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.4004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn, J.-H., Bae, Y.-S., Ju, J., & Oh, W. (2018). Attention adjustment, renewal, and equi- librium seeking in online search: An eye-tracking approach. Journal of Management Information Systems, 35(4), 1218–1250. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2018.1523595
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ares, G., Antúnez, L., Otterbring, T., Curutchet, M. R., Galicia, L., Moratorio, X., & Bove, I. (2020). Sick, salient and full of salt, sugar and fat: Understanding the impact of nutritional warnings on consumers’ associations through the salience bias. Food Quality and Preference, 86, 103991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnott, D., & Gao, S. (2022). Behavioral economics in information systems research: Critical analysis and research strategies. Journal of Information Technology, 37(1), 80–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/02683962211016000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton, A., & Grüne-Yanoff, T. (2015). From libertarian paternalism to nudging—and beyond. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 6(3), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-015-0268-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S. (1976). The economic approach to human behavior. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benartzi, S., Beshears, J., Milkman, K. L., Sunstein, C. R., Thaler, R. H., Shankar, M., and Galing, S. (2017). Should governments invest more in nudging? Psychological Science, 28(8), 1041–1055. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617702501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benartzi, S., & Lehrer, J. (2015). The smarter screen: surprising ways to influence and improve online behavior. Portfolio/Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, M., Nüske, N., & Müller, C. (2020). Digital nudging in online grocery stores – towards ecologically sustainable nutrition. In Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Information Systems, Hyderabad, India.
   Google Scholar
• Bergram, K., Djokovic, M., Bezençon, V., & Holzer, A. (2022). The digital landscape of nudging: A systematic literature review of empirical research on digital nudges. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1–16). New Orleans, LA, ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Beshears, J., & Kosowsky, H. (2020). Nudging: Progress to date and future directions. OrgaNizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenthal-Barby, J. S., & Burroughs, H. (2012). Seeking better health care outcomes: The ethics of using the “nudge”. The American Journal of Bioethics, 12(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2011.634481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordalo, P., Gennaioli, N., & Shleifer, A. (2012). Salience theory of choice under risk. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127(3), 1243–1285. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjs018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordalo, P., Gennaioli, N., & Shleifer, A. (2013). Salience and consumer choice. Journal of Political Economy, 121(5), 803–843. https://doi.org/10.1086/673885
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordalo, P., Gennaioli, N., & Shleifer, A. (2022). Salience. Annual Review of Economics, 14(1), 521–544. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-051520-011616
   Google Scholar
• Bovens, L. (2009). The ethics of nudge. In T. Grüne-Yanoff & S. O. Hansson (Eds.), Preference change: Approaches from philosophy, economics and psychology (pp. 207–219). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2593-7_10
   Google Scholar
• Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological Reactance. Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bruns, H., Kantorowicz-Reznichenko, E., Klement, K., Luistro Jonsson, M., & Rahali, B. (2018). Can nudges be transparent and yet effective? Journal of Economic Psychology, 65, 41–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2018.02.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruns, H., & Paunov, Y. (2021). Why policymakers should be transparent about the be- havioural interventions they use: A systematic, policy-oriented review (SSRN Working Paper). Retrieved February 28, 2023, from https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3948978
   Google Scholar
• Bryan, G., Karlan, D., & Nelson, S. (2010). Commitment Devices. Annual Review of EcoNomics, 2(1), 671–698. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.economics.102308.124324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, C. J., Tipton, E., & Yeager, D. S. (2021). Behavioural science is unlikely to change the world without a heterogeneity revolution. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(8), 980–989. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01143-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brynjolfsson, E., Hu, Y., & Simester, D. (2011). Goodbye pareto principle, hello long tail: The effect of search costs on the concentration of product sales. Management Science, 57(8), 1373–1386. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1110.1371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brynjolfsson, E., Hu, Y., & Smith, M. D. (2003). Consumer surplus in the digital economy: Estimating the value of increased product variety at online booksellers. Management Science, 49(11), 1580–1596. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.49.11.1580.20580
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadario, R., & Chandon, P. (2020). Which healthy eating nudges work best? A meta- analysis of field experiments. Marketing Science, 39(3), 465–486. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2018.1128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caraban, A., Karapanos, E., Gonçalves, D., & Campos, P. (2019). 23 ways to nudge: A review of technology-mediated nudging in human-computer interaction. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019), May 4–9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK (pp. 1–15).
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, S., Byun, J., Dutta, K., Pedersen, R. U., Pottathil, A., & Xie, H. Q. (2018). Designing an Internet-of-Things (IoT) and sensor-based in-home monitoring system for assisting diabetes patients: Iterative learning from two case studies. European Journal of Information Systems, 27(6), 670–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2018.1485619
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, M., Hong, W., & Thong, J. (2017). Effects of animation on attentional resources of online consumers. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 18(8), 605–632. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00464
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffino, J. A., Udo, T., & Hormes, J. M. (2020). Nudging while online grocery shopping: A ran- domized feasibility trial to enhance nutrition in individuals with food insecurity. Appetite, 152, 104714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.104714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, J., Cone, J., & Moher, J. (2020). Perceptual salience influences food choices independently of health and taste preferences. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-019-0203-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darley, W. K., Blankson, C., & Luethge, D. J. (2010). Toward an integrated framework for online consumer behavior and decision making process: A review. Psychology & Marketing, 27(2), 94–116. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bauw, M., De La Revilla, L. S., Poppe, V., Matthys, C., & Vranken, L. (2022). Digital nudges to stimulate healthy and pro-environmental food choices in E-groceries. Appetite, 172, 105971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2022.105971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DellaVigna, S., & Linos, E. (2022). Rcts toscale: Comprehensive evidence from two nudge units. Econometrica, 90(1), 81–116. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA18709
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis, A. R., Yuan, L., Feng, X., Webb, E., & Hsieh, C. J. (2020). Digital nudging: Numeric and semantic priming in E-Commerce. Journal of Management Information Systems, 37(1), 39–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2019.1705505
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Ridder, D., Lensvelt-Mulders, G., Finkenauer, C., Stok, F. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2012). Taking stock of self-control a meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(1), 76–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311418749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diederich, J., Goeschl, T., & Waichman, I. (2022). Self-nudging vs. social nudging in social dilemmas: An experiment (AWI Discussion Paper Series No. 710). Retrieved 2023-2-28, from https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/31339/7/DiederichGoeschl Waichman 2022 dp710.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Duckworth, A. L., Milkman, K. L., & Laibson, D. (2018). Beyond willpower: Strategies for reducing failures of self-control. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 19(3), 102–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100618821893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsweiler, D., Trattner, C., & Harvey, M. (2017). Exploiting food choice biases for healthier recipe recommendation. In Proceedings of ACM SIGIR Conference, Tokyo, Japan (SIGIR’17), (pp. 575–584).
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat. (2021). Internet purchases by individuals (until 2019) [ISOC_ec_ibuy]. Retrieved 2023-02-28, from https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=isocecibuy&lang=en
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat. (2022). Internet purchases by individuals [ISOC_ec_ib20]. Retrieved 2023-02-28, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ISOCECIB20/default/table?lang=en
   Google Scholar
• Evans, J. S. B. T. (1989). Bias in human reasoning: Causes and consequences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, J. S. B. T. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59(1), 255–278. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabian, M., & Pykett, J. (2022). Be happy: Navigating normative issues in behavioral and well-being public policy. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(1), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620984395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, J., & Weisberg, S. (2019). An R companion to applied regression (Third ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Franz, A., & Benlian, A. (2022). Exploring interdependent privacy – Empirical insights into users’ protection of others’ privacy on online platforms. Electronic Markets, 32(4), 2293–2309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-022-00566-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gigerenzer, G. (2008). Why Heuristics Work. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00058.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goes, P. B. (2013). Editor’s comments: Information systems research and behavioral economcis. MIS Quarterly, 37(3), III–VIII.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, C. M., Kou, Y., Battles, B., Hoggatt, J., & Toombs, A. L. (2018). The dark (patterns) side of UX design. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montreal, QC, Canada (pp. 1–14). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Grüne-Yanoff, T., & Hertwig, R. (2016). Nudge versus boost: How coherent are policy and theory? Minds and Machines, 26(1–2), 149–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-015-9367-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grüning, D. J., Riedel, F., & Lorenz-Spreen, P. (2023). Directing smartphone use through the self-nudge app one sec. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(8), e2213114120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2213114120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haki, K., Rieder, A., Buchmann, L., Schneider, A. W., & Tilson, D. (2022). Digital nudging for technical debt management at Credit Suisse. European Journal of Information Systems, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2022.2136542
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, P. G. (2016). The definition of nudge and libertarian paternalism: Does the hand fit the glove? European Journal of Risk Regulation, 7(1), 155–174. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1867299X00005468
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, P. G., & Jespersen, A. M. (2013). Nudge and the manipulation of choice. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 4(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1867299X00002762
   Google Scholar
• Hausman, D. M., & Welch, B. (2010). Debate: To nudge or not to nudge. Journal of Political Philosophy, 18(1), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2009.00351.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, Y., Guo, X., & Chen, G. (2019). Assortment size and performance of online sellers: An inverted u-shaped relationship. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 20(10), 1503–1530. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00576
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoenink, J. C., Mackenbach, J. D., Waterlander, W., Lakerveld, J., van der Laan, N., & Beulens, J. W. J. (2020). The effects of nudging and pricing on healthy food purchasing behavior in a virtual supermarket setting: A randomized experiment. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01005-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, S. Y., & Lim, K. H. (2018). Nudging moods to induce unplanned purchases in imperfect mobile personalization contexts. MIS Quarterly, 42(3), 757–778. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2018/14083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, W., Cheung, M. Y. M., & Thong, J. (2021). The Impact of Animated Banner Ads on Online Consumers: A feature-level analysis using eye tracking. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 22(1), 204–245. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, W., Thong, J. Y. L., & Tam, K. Y. (2004). Does animation attract online users’ attention? The effects of flash on information search performance and perceptions. Information Systems Research, 15(1), 60–86. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1040.0017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Y., Lim, K. H., & Lin, Z. (2021). Leveraging the numerosity effect to influence perceived expensiveness of virtual items. Information Systems Research, 32(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2020.0955
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui, S. K., Bradlow, E. T., & Fader, P. S. (2009). Testing behavioral hypotheses using an integrated model of grocery store shopping path and purchase behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(3), 478–493. https://doi.org/10.1086/599046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummel, D., & Maedche, A. (2019). How effective is nudging? A quantitative review on the effect sizes and limits of empirical nudging studies. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 80, 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2019.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingendahl, M., Hummel, D., Maedche, A., & Vogel, T. (2021). Who can be nudged? Examining nudging effectiveness in the context of need for cognition and need for uniqueness. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 20(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1861
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itti, L., & Koch, C. (2001). Computational modelling of visual attention. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(3), 194–203. https://doi.org/10.1038/35058500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jachimowicz, J. M., Duncan, S., Weber, E. U., & Johnson, E. J. (2019). When and why defaults influence decisions: A meta-analysis of default effects. Behavioural Public Policy, 3(2), 159–186. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2018.43
   Google Scholar
• Jaeger, L., & Eckhardt, A. (2021). Eyes wide open: The role of situational information security awareness for security-related behaviour. Information Systems Journal, 31(3), 429–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jesse, M., Jannach, D., & Gula, B. (2021). Digital nudging for online food choices. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 729589. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, Z., & Benbasat, I. (2007). Investigating the influence of the functional mechanisms of online product presentations. Information Systems Research, 18(4), 454–470. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1070.0124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, E. J., & Goldstein, D. (2003). Do defaults save lives? Science: Advanced Materials and Devices, 302(5649), 1338–1339. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1091721
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, E. J., Shu, S. B., Dellaert, B. G., Fox, C., Goldstein, D. G., Häubl, G., and Weber, E. U. (2012). Beyond nudges: Tools of a choice architecture. Marketing Letters, 23(2), 487–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-012-9186-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julia, C., Ducrot, P., Péneau, S., Deschamps, V., Méjean, C., Fézeu, L., and Kesse-Guyot, E. (2015). Discriminating nutritional quality of foods using the 5-Color nutrition label in the French food market: Consistency with nutritional recommendations. Nutrition Journal, 14(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-015-0090-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. (2003). Maps of bounded rationality: psychology for behavioral economics. American Economic Review, 93(5), 1449–1475. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803322655392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (Eds.). (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, A., & Dennis, A. R. (2019). Says who? The effects of presentation format and source rating on fake news in social media. MIS Quarterly, 43(3), 1025–1039. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2019/15188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozyreva, A., Lewandowsky, S., & Hertwig, R. (2020). Citizens versus the internet: Confronting digital challenges with cognitive tools. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 21(3), 103–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100620946707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krpan, D., & Urbaník, M. (2021). From libertarian paternalism to liberalism: Behavioural science and policy in an age of new technology. Behavioural Public Policy, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2021.40
   Google Scholar
• Kuem, J., Khansa, L., & Kim, S. S. (2020). Prominence and engagement: Different mecha- nisms regulating continuance and contribution in online communities. Journal of Management Information Systems, 37(1), 162–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2019.1705510
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. C. B., Ba, S., Li, X., & Stallaert, J. (2018). Salience bias in crowdsourcing contests. Information Systems Research, 29(2), 401–418. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2018.0775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., & Chen, A. N. (2019). The effects of progress cues and gender on online wait. Decision Support Systems, 123, 113070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2019.05.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrer, C., Eseryel, U. Y., Rieder, A., & Jung, R. (2021). Behavior change through wearables: The interplay between self-leadership and IT-based leadership. Electronic Markets, 31(4), 747–764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-021-00474-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leidner, D. E., & Tona, O. (2021). The CARE theory of dignity amid personal data digitalization. MIS Quarterly, 45(1), 343–370. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2021/15941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lembcke, T. B., Engelbrecht, N., Brendel, A. B., & Kolbe, L. M. (2019). To nudge or not to nudge: Ethical considerations of digital nudging based on its behavioral economics roots. In Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Stockholm and Uppsala, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Li, S. S., & Karahanna, E. (2015). Online recommendation systems in a B2C E-Commerce Context: A review and future directions. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 16(2), 72–107. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T., & Unger, T. (2012). Willing to pay for quality personalization? Trade-off between quality and privacy. European Journal of Information Systems, 21(6), 621–642. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2012.13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein, G., Bryce, C., Hagmann, D., & Rajpal, S. (2015). Warning: You are about to be nudged. Behavioral Science and Policy, 1(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1353/bsp.2015.0000
   Google Scholar
• Manz, C. C. (1986). Self-leadership: Toward an expanded theory of self-influence processes in organizations. The Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 585–600. https://doi.org/10.2307/258312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, S., Fuchs, K., Bruügger, D., Lian, J., & Ciortea, A. (2021). Improving customer decisions in web-based e-commerce through guerrilla modding. Nature Machine Intelligence, 3(12), 1008–1010. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00424-w
   Google Scholar
• Mertens, S., Herberz, M., Hahnel, U. J. J., & Brosch, T. (2022). The effectiveness of nudging: A meta-analysis of choice architecture interventions across behavioral domains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(1), e2107346118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2107346118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meske, C., & Amojo, I. (2020a). Ethical guidelines for the construction of digital nudges. In Proceedings of the 53rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, Hawaii (pp. 3928–3937).
   Google Scholar
• Meske, C., & Amojo, I. (2020b). Status quo, critical reflection, and the road ahead of digital nudging in information systems research: A discussion with markus weinmann and alexey voinov. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 46, 402–420. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.04617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaelsen, P., Johansson, L.-O., & Hedesström, M. (2021). Experiencing default nudges: Au- tonomy, manipulation, and choice-satisfaction as judged by people themselves. Behavioural Public Policy, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2021.5
   Google Scholar
• Milkman, K. L., & Beshears, J. (2009). Mental accounting and small windfalls: Evidence from an online grocer. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 71(2), 384–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2009.04.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milkman, K. L., Chugh, D., & Bazerman, M. H. (2009). How can decision making be improved? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(4), 379–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01142.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, S. (2022). Personalized nudging. Behavioural Public Policy, 6(1), 150–159. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2020.7
   Google Scholar
• Milosavljevic, M., Navalpakkam, V., Koch, C., & Rangel, A. (2012). Relative visual saliency differences induce sizable bias in consumer choice. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 22(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirsch, T., Lehrer, C., & Jung, R. (2017). Digital nudging: Altering user behavior in digital environments. In Proceedings der 13. Internationalen Tagung Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI 2017), St. Gallen, Switzerland (pp. 634–648).
   Google Scholar
• Mirsch, T., Lehrer, C., & Jung, R. (2018). Making digital nudging applicable: The digital nudge design method. In Proceedings of the 39th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) 2018, San Francisco, USA (pp. 1–16).
   Google Scholar
• Mormann, M., & Russo, J. E. (2021). Does attention increase the value of choice alternatives? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(4), 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrkva, K., Posner, N. A., Reeck, C., & Johnson, E. J. (2021). Do nudges reduce disparities? Choice architecture compensates for low consumer knowledge. Journal of Marketing, 85(4), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242921993186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, M. D. (2021). Is there a shift from positivity to negativity about technology in the field of IS? European Journal of Information Systems, 30(4), 357–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2021.1946252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noggle, R. (2018). Manipulation, salience, and nudges. Bioethics, 32(3), 164–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okeke, F., Sobolev, M., Dell, N., & Estrin, D. (2018). Good vibrations: Can a digital nudge reduce digital overload? In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Human- Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, Barcelona, Spain (pp. 1–12). ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Onwezen, M. C., Reinders, M. J., Verain, M. C., & Snoek, H. M. (2019). The development of a single-item food choice questionnaire. Food Quality and Preference, 71, 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peer, E., Egelman, S., Harbach, M., Malkin, N., Mathur, A., & Frik, A. (2020). Nudge me right: Personalizing online security nudges to people’s decision-making styles. Computers in Human Behavior, 109, 106347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Read, D., & van Leeuwen, B. (1998). Predicting hunger: The effects of appetite and delay on choice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76(2), 189–205. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reijula, S., & Hertwig, R. (2022). Self-nudging and the citizen choice architect. Behavioural Public Policy, 6(1), 119–149. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2020.5
   Google Scholar
• Renaud, K., & Zimmermann, V. (2018). Ethical guidelines for nudging in information security & privacy. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 120, 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.05.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, A. T., & Engelen, B. (2020). The ethics of nudging: An overview. Philosophy Compass, 15(4), e12658. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12658
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, D., Klumpe, J., Adam, M., & Benlian, A. (2020). Nudging users into digital service solutions. Electronic Markets, 30(4), 863–881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-019-00373-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, C., Weinmann, M., & Vom Brocke, J. (2018). Digital nudging: Guiding online user choices through interface design. Communications of the ACM, 61(7), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1145/3213765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M., Sohn, M., de Bellis, E., Martin, N., & Hertwig, R. (2013). A lack of appetite for information and computation. Simple heuristics in food choice. Appetite, 71, 242–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J., Mochon, D., Wyper, L., Maroba, J., Patel, D., & Ariely, D. (2014). Healthier by Precommitment. Psychological Science, 25(2), 538–546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613510950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimojo, S., Simion, C., Shimojo, E., & Scheier, C. (2003). Gaze bias both reflects and influences preference. Nature Neuroscience, 6(12), 1317–1322. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, S., van Dam, R. M., & Finkelstein, E. A. (2020). The effect of dynamic food labels with real-time feedback on diet quality: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients, 12(7), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, N. C., Goldstein, D. G., & Johnson, E. J. (2013). Choice without awareness: Ethical and policy implications of defaults. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 32(2), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.10.114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starke, A. D., Willemsen, M. C., & Trattner, C. (2021). Nudging healthy choices in food search through visual attractiveness. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 4, 621743. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2021.621743
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steffel, M., Williams, E. F., & Pogacar, R. (2016). Ethically deployed defaults: transparency and consumer protection through disclosure and preference articulation. Journal of Marketing Research, 53(5), 865–880. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.14.0421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Still, J., & Still, M. (2019). Influence of visual salience on webpage product searches. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, 16(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1145/3301413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stubbs, R. J., Hughes, D. A., Johnstone, A. M., Rowley, E., Reid, C., Elia, M. Blundell, J. E. (2000). The use of visual analogue scales to assess motivation to eat in human subjects: A review of their reliability and validity with an evaluation of new hand-held computerized systems for temporal tracking of appetite ratings. British Journal of Nutrition, 84(4), 405–415. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114500001719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuber, J. M., Lakerveld, J., Kievitsbosch, L. W., Mackenbach, J. D., & Beulens, J. W. J. (2022). Nudging customers towards healthier food and beverage purchases in a real-life online supermarket: A multi-arm randomized controlled trial. BMC Medicine, 20(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-02205-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun, Y., Lim, K., & Peng, J. (2013). Solving the distinctiveness – blindness debate: A unified model for understanding banner processing. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 14(2), 49–71. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunstein, C. R. (2013). Impersonal default rules vs. active choices vs. personalized default rules: A triptych (SSRN Working Paper). Retrieved 2023-02-28, from http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2171343
   Google Scholar
• Sunstein, C. R. (2015). Nudging and choice architecture: Ethical considerations. Yale Journal on Regulation, 32(2), 413–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunstein, C. R. (2016). People prefer system 2 nudges (kind of). Duke Law Journal, 66(1), 121–168. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2731868
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunstein, C. R. (2018). “Better off, as judged by themselves”: A comment on evaluating nudges. International Review of Economics, 65(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-017-0280-9
   Google Scholar
• Sunstein, C. R., Reisch, L. A., & Kaiser, M. (2019). Trusting nudges? Lessons from an international survey. Journal of European Public Policy, 26(10), 1417–1443. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2018.1531912
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szaszi, B., Higney, A., Charlton, A., Gelman, A., Ziano, I., Aczel, B. Tipton, E. (2022). No reason to expect large and consistent effects of nudge interventions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(31), e2200732119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2200732119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szaszi, B., Palinkas, A., Palfi, B., Szollosi, A., & Aczel, B. (2018). A systematic scoping review of the choice architecture movement: Toward understanding when and why nudges work. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 31(3), 355–366. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.2035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam, K. Y., & Ho, S. Y. (2005). Web personalization as a persuasion strategy: An elaboration likelihood model perspective. Information Systems Research, 16(3), 271–291. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1050.0058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tams, S., Thatcher, J. B., & Grover, V. (2018). Concentration, competence, confidence, and capture: An experimental study of age, interruption-based technostress, and task performance. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 19, 857–908. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00511
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E., & Thompson, S. C. (1982). Stalking the elusive “vividness” effect. Psychological Review, 89(2), 155–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.89.2.155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2003). Libertarian Paternalism. American Economic Review, 93(2), 175–179. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803321947001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thaler, R. H., Sunstein, C. R., & Balz, J. P. (2013). Choice architecture. In E. Shafir (Ed.), The behavioral foundations of public policy (pp. 428–439). Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tiefenbeck, V., Goette, L., Degen, K., Tasic, V., Fleisch, E., Lalive, R., & Staake, T. (2018). Overcoming salience bias: How real-time feedback fosters resource conservation. Management Science, 64(3), 1458–1476. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torma, G., Aschemann-Witzel, J., & Thøgersen, J. (2018). I nudge myself: Exploring ‘self- nudging’ strategies to drive sustainable consumption behaviour. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 42(1), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science: Advanced Materials and Devices, 185(4157), 1124–1131. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
   Google Scholar
• Valle, C. G., Nezami, B. T., & Tate, D. F. (2020). Designing in-app messages to nudge behavior change: Lessons learned from a weight management app for young adults. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.10.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Laan, L. N., & Orcholska, O. (2022). Effects of digital Just-In-Time nudges on healthy food choice – a field experiment. Food Quality and Preference, 98, 104535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104535
   Google Scholar
• Van Loo, E. J., Caputo, V., Nayga, R. M., & Verbeke, W. (2014). Consumers’ valuation of sustainability labels on meat. Food Policy, 49(P1), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.07.002
   Google Scholar
• Verschueren, C., Läubli, D., Laizet, F., D’Auria, G., Wachinger, T., Simmons, V., and Vall‘f, R. (2021). Disruption & uncertainty: The state of european grocery retail 2021. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved 2023-02-28, from https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/retail/our%20insights/the%20path%20forward%20for%20european%20grocery%20retailers/disruption-and-uncertainty-the-state-of-grocery-retail-2021-europe-final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Von Neumann, J., & Morgenstern, O. (1944). Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vugts, A., Hoven, M. V. D., Vet, E. D., & Verweij, M. (2020). How autonomy is understood in discussions on the ethics of nudging. Behavioural Public Policy, 4(1), 108–123. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2018.5
   Google Scholar
• Wan, E. W., Chen, R. P., & Jin, L. (2017). Judging a book by its cover? The effect of anthropomorphism on product attribute processing and consumer preference. Journal of Consumer Research, 43(6), 1008–1030. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucw074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., Li, H., Ye, Q., & Law, R. (2016). Saliency effects of online reviews embedded in the description on sales: Moderating role of reputation. Decision Support Systems, 87, 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2016.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wansink, B. (2006). Mindless eating: Why we eat more than we think. Bantam Books.
   Google Scholar
• Weinmann, M., Mishra, A., Kaiser, L., & Vom Brocke, J. (2022). The Attraction Effect in Crowdfunding. Information Systems Research. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2022.1152
   Google Scholar
• Weinmann, M., Schneider, C., & Vom Brocke, J. (2016). Digital nudging. Business and Information Systems Engineering, 58(6), 433–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-016-0453-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner, D., Adam, M., & Benlian, A. (2022). Empowering users to control ads and its effects on website stickiness. Electronic Markets, 32(3), 1373–1397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-022-00576-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertenbroch, K. (1998). Consumption self-control by rationing purchase quantities of virtue and vice. Marketing Science, 17(4), 317–337. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.17.4.317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willems, J., Waldner, C. J., & Ronquillo, J. C. (2019). Reputation Star Society: Are star ratings consulted as substitute or complementary information? Decision Support Systems, 124, 113080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2019.113080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, A. L., Buckley, E., Buckley, J. D., & Bogomolova, S. (2016). Nudging healthier food and beverage choices through salience and priming. Evidence from a systematic review. Food Quality and Preference, 51, 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.02.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi, C., Jiang, Z., Li, X., & Lu, X. (2019). Leveraging user-generated content for product promotion: The effects of firm-highlighted reviews. Information Systems Research, 30(3), 711–725. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2018.0807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar