1,493
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Blissfully unaware: Anosognosia and anosodiaphoria after acquired brain injury

Pages 261-285 | Received 17 Sep 2014, Accepted 20 Jan 2015, Published online: 16 Feb 2015

References

  • Abreu, B. C., Seale, G., Scheibel, R. S., Huddleston, N., Zhang, L., & Ottenbacher, K. J. (2001). Levels of self-awareness after acute brain injury: How patients’ and rehabilitation specialists’ perceptions compare. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82, 49–56. doi: 10.1053/apmr.2001.9167
  • Agnew, S. K., & Morris, R. G. (1998). The heterogeneity of anosognosia for memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease. A review of the literature and a proposed model. Aging and Mental Health, 2, 7–19. doi: 10.1080/13607869856876
  • Allen, C. C., & Ruff, R. M. (1990). Self-rating versus neuropsychological performance of moderate versus severe head-injured patients. Brain Injury, 4, 7–17. doi: 10.3109/02699059009026143
  • Amanzio, M., Vase, L., Leotta, D., Miceli, R., Palermo, S., & Geminiani, G. (2013). Impaired awareness of deficits in Alzheimer's disease: The role of everyday executive dysfunction. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19, 63–72. doi: 10.1017/S1355617712000896
  • Anderson, S. W., & Tranel, D. (1989). Awareness of disease states following cerebral infarction, dementia, and head trauma: Standardized assessment. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3, 327–339. doi: 10.1080/13854048908401482
  • Anton, G. (1899). Über die Selbstwahrnehmung der Herderkrankungen des Gehirns durch den Kranken bei Rindenblindheit und Rindentaubheit. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 32, 86–127. doi: 10.1007/BF02126945
  • Appelros, P., Karlsson, G. M., & Hennerdal, S. (2007). Anosognosia versus unilateral neglect. Coexistence and their relations to age, stroke severity, lesion site and cognition. European Journal of Neurology, 14, 54–59. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01544.x
  • Assenova, M., Benecib, Z., & Logak, M. (2006). Anosognosia for hemiplegia with pontine infarction. Revue Neurologique, 162, 747–749. doi: 10.1016/S0035-3787(06)75073-1
  • Babinski, J. (1914). Contribution à l’étude des troubles mentaux dans l'hémiplégie organique cérébrale (anosognosie). Revue Neurologique, 27, 845–848.
  • Bach, L. J., & David, A. S. (2006). Self-awareness after acquired and traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 16, 397–414. doi: 10.1080/09602010500412830
  • Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford.
  • Ben-Yishay, Y., Rattock, J., Lakin, P., Piasetsky, E., Ross, B., Silver, S. L., … Ezrachi, O. (1985). Neuropsychological rehabilitation: The quest for a holistic approach. Seminars in Neurology, 5, 252–259. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1041522
  • Berti, A., Bottini, G., Gandola, M., Pia, L., Smonia, N., Stracciari, A., … Paulesu, E. (2005). Shared cortical anatomy for motor awareness and motor control. Science, 309, 488–491. doi: 10.1126/science.1110625
  • Berti, A., Làdavos, E., & Della Corte, M. (1996). Anosognosia for hemiplegia, neglect dyslexia, and drawing neglect: Clinical findings and theoretical considerations. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 426–440. doi: 10.1017/S135561770000151X
  • Berti, A., & Pia, L. (2006). Understanding motor awareness through normal and pathological behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 245–250. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00445.x
  • Biran, I., & Chatterjee, A. (2003). Depression with anosognosia following a left Subcortical stroke. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 105, 99–101. doi: 10.1016/S0303-8467(02)00113-0
  • Bisiach, E., Vallar, G., Perani, D., Papagno, C., & Berti, A. (1986). Unawareness of disease following lesions of the right hemisphere: Anosognosia for hemiplegia and anosognosia for hemianopia. Neuropsychologia, 24, 471–482. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(86)90092-8
  • Bogod, N. M., Mateer, C. A., & MacDonald, S. W. S. (2003). Self-awareness after traumatic brain injury: A comparison of measures and their relationship to executive functions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 450–458. doi: 10.1017/S1355617703930104
  • Botvinick, M. M., Cohen, J. D., & Cater, C. S. (2004). Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: An update. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 539–546. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2004.10.003
  • Butler, R. W., & Light, R. (2003). Late diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease in children: Anosognosia by proxy. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 374–382. doi: 10.1076/clin.17.3.374.18084
  • Carroll, E., & Coetzer, R. (2011). Identity, grief, and self-awareness after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 21, 289–305. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2011.555972
  • Chaytor, N., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2003). The ecological validity of neuropsychological tests: A review of the literature on everyday cognitive skills. Neuropsychological Review, 13, 181–197. doi: 10.1023/B:NERV.0000009483.91468.fb
  • Christiansen, H., Boysen, G., Christiansen, A. F., & Johannesen, H. H. (2005). Insular lesions, ECG abnormalities, and outcome in acute stroke. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 76, 269–271. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.037531
  • Clare, L. (2004). Awareness in early stage Alzheimer's disease: A review of methods and evidence. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 177–196. doi: 10.1348/014466504323088042
  • Clare, L., Marková, I., Verhey, F., & Kenny, G. (2005). Awareness in dementia: A review of assessment methods and measures. Aging and Mental Health, 9, 394–413. doi: 10.1080/13607860500142903
  • Cocchini, G., Beschin, N., Cameron, A., Fotopoulou, A., & Della Salla, S. (2009). Anosognosia for motor impairment following left brain damage. Neuropsychology, 23, 223–230. doi: 10.1037/a0014266
  • Cocchini, G., Beschin, N., Fotopoulou, A., & Della Salla, S. (2010). Explicit and implicit anosognosia or upper limb motor impairment. Neuropsychologia, 48, 1489–1494. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.01.019
  • Cocchini, G., Crosta, E., Allen, R., Zaro, F., & Beschin, N. (2013). Relationship between anosognosia and depression in aphasic patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35, 337–347. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2013.776008
  • Decker, A. W., & Morrison, D. (1996). Evidence of a neurologically-based “denial of illness” in patients with Huntington's disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11, 295–302. doi: 10.1093/arclin/11.4.295
  • Derouesné, C., Thibault, S., Lagha-Pierucci, S., Baudouin-Madec, V., Ancri, D., & Lacomblez, L. (1999). Decreased awareness of cognitive deficits in patients with mild dementia of the Alzheimer's type. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 1019–1030. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199912)14:12<1019::AID-GPS61>3.0.CO;2-F
  • Doyle, K. O., & Youn, S. (2000). Exploring the traits of happy people. Social Indicators Research, 52, 195–209. doi: 10.1023/A:1007017616165
  • Dunning, D., Health, C., & Suls, J. M. (2004). Flawed self-assessment: Implications for health, education, and the workplace. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, 69–106. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-1006.2004.00018.x
  • Ezrachi, O., Ben-Yishay, Y., Kay, T., Diller, L., & Rattok, J. (1991). Predicting employment in traumatic brain injury following neuropsychological rehabilitation. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 6, 71–84. doi: 10.1097/00001199-199109000-00010
  • Flashman, L. A., & McAllister, T. W. (2002). Lack of awareness and its impact in traumatic brain injury. Neurorehabilitation, 17, 285–296.
  • Fleming, J. M., & Ownsworth, T. (2006). A review of awareness interventions in brain injury rehabilitation. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 16, 474–500. doi: 10.1080/09602010500505518
  • Fleming, J. M., & Strong, J. (1999). A longitudinal study of self-awareness: Functional deficits underestimated by persons with brain injury. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 19, 3–17.
  • Fleming, J. M., Strong, J., & Ashton, R. (1996). Self-awareness of deficits in adults with traumatic brain injury: how best to measure?. Brain Injury, 10, 1–16. doi: 10.1080/026990596124674
  • Fordyce, D. J., & Roueche, J. R. (1986). Changes in perspectives of disability among patients, staff, and relatives during rehabilitation of brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 31, 217–229.
  • Fordyce, D. J., Roueche, J. R., & Prigatano, G. P. (1983). Enhanced emotional reactions in chronic head trauma patients. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 46, 620–624. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.46.7.620
  • Fotopoulou, A., Pernigo, S., Maeda, R., Rudd, A., & Kopelman, M. A. (2010). Implicit awareness in anosognosia for hemiplegia: Unconscious interference without conscious re-representation. Brain, 133, 3564–3577. doi: 10.1093/brain/awq233
  • Freud, A. (1936). The ego and the mechanisms of defense. New York: International Universities Press.
  • Gainotti, G. (1972). Emotional behavior and hemispheric side of lesion. Cortex, 8, 41–55. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(72)80026-1
  • Gainotti, G. (2011). Unconscious processing of emotions and the right hemisphere. Neuropsychologia, 50, 205–218. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.005
  • Gallo, D. A., Cramer, S. J., Wong, J. T., & Bennett, D. A. (2012). Alzheimer's disease can spare local metacognition despite global anosognosia: Revisiting the confidence- accuracy relationship in episodic memory. Neuropsychologia, 50, 2356–2364. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.06.005
  • Gasquoine, P. G. (1992). Affective state and awareness of sensory and cognitive effects after closed head injury. Neuropsychology, 6, 187–196. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.6.3.187
  • Gasquoine, P. G. (1997). Postconcussion symptoms. Neuropsychology Review, 7, 77–85. doi: 10.1023/B:NERV.0000005945.58251.c0
  • Gasquoine, P. G. (1998). Historical perspectives on postconcussion symptoms. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 315–324. doi: 10.1076/clin.12.3.315.1990
  • Gasquoine, P. G. (2013). Localization of function in anterior cingulate cortex: From psychosurgery to functional neuroimaging. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37, 340–348. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.002
  • Gasquoine, P. G. (2014). Contributions of the insula to cognition and emotion. Neuropsychology Review, 24, 77–87. doi: 10.1007/s11065-014-9246-9
  • Gasquoine, P. G., & Gibbons, T. A. (1994). Lack of awareness of impairment in institutionalized, severely and chronically disabled survivors of traumatic brain injury: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 9, 16–24. doi: 10.1097/00001199-199412000-00004
  • Gerstmann, J. (1942). Problem of imperceptions of disease and impaired body territories with organic lesions: Relation to body scheme and its disorders. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 48, 890–913. doi: 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1942.02290120042003
  • Geschwind, N. (1965). Disconnection syndromes in animals and man. Brain, 88, 237–294, 585–644. doi: 10.1093/brain/88.2.237
  • Godfrey, H. P. D., Partridge, F. M., Knight, R. G., & Bishara, S. (1993). Course of insight disorder and emotional dysfunction following closed head injury: A controlled cross-sectional follow-up study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15, 503–515. doi: 10.1080/01688639308402574
  • Goldstein, G., & McCue, M. (1995). Differences between patient and informant functional outcome ratings in head-injured individuals. International Journal of Rehabilitation and Health, 1, 25–35. doi: 10.1007/BF02214959
  • Griffen, J. A., Rapport, L. J., Coleman Bryer, R., Bieliauskas, L. A., & Burt, C. (2011). Awareness of deficits and on-road driving performance. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25, 1158–1178. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2011.609841
  • Hainselin, M., Quinette, P., Desgranges, B., Martinaud, O., de la Sayette, V., Hannequin, D., & Eustache, F. (2012). Awareness of disease state without explicit knowledge of memory failure in transient global amnesia. Cortex, 48, 1079–1084. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.02.003
  • Halligan, P. W. (2006). Awareness and knowing: Implications for rehabilitation. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 16, 456–473. doi: 10.1080/09602010500309762
  • Hardy, R. M., Oyebode, J. R., & Clare, L. (2006). Measuring awareness in people with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Development of the Memory awareness rating scale—adjusted. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 16, 178–193. doi: 10.1080/09602010500145646
  • Hart, T., Whyte, J., Polansky, M., Millis, S., Hammond, F. M., Sherer, M., … Kreutzer, J. (2003). Concordance of patient and family report of neurobehavioral symptoms at 1 year after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84, 204–213. doi: 10.1053/apmr.2003.50019
  • Hartman-Maeir, A., Soroker, N., & Katz, N. (2001). Anosognosia for hemiplegia in stroke rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 15, 213–222. doi: 10.1177/154596830101500309
  • Harwood, D. G., Sultzer, D. L., Feil, D., Monserratt, L., Freedman, E., & Mandelkern, M. A. (2005). Frontal lobe hypometabolism and impaired insight in Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 934–941. doi: 10.1097/00019442-200511000-00003
  • Ho, A. K., Robbins, A. O. G., & Barker, R. A. (2006). Huntington's disease patients have selective problems with insight. Movement Disorders, 21, 385–389. doi: 10.1002/mds.20739
  • Hoerold, D., Pender, N. P., & Robertson, I. H. (2013). Metacognitive and online error awareness deficits after prefrontal cortex lesions. Neuropsychologia, 51, 385–391. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.019
  • Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. (2002). The neural basis of human error processing, reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error related negativity. Psychological Review, 109, 679–709. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.109.4.679
  • House, A., & Hodges, J. R. (1988). Persistent denial of handicap after infarction of the right basal ganglia: A case study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 51, 112–115. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.51.1.112
  • Jehkonen, M., Laihosalo, M., & Kettunen, J. (2006). Anosognosia after stroke: Assessment, occurrence, subtypes and impact on functional outcome reviewed. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 114, 293–306. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00723.x
  • Jenkinson, P. M., Preston, C., & Ellis, S. J. (2011). Unawareness after stroke: A review and practical guide to understanding, assessing, and managing anosognosia for hemiplegia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33, 1079–1093. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2011.596822
  • Kaplan-Solms, K., & Solms, M. (2000). Clinical Studies in neuro-psychoanalysis. London: Karnac Books.
  • Karnath, H.-O., & Baier, B. (2010). Right insula for our sense of limb ownership and self-awareness of actions. Brain Structure and Function, 214, 411–417. doi: 10.1007/s00429-010-0250-4
  • Kondziella, D., & Frahm-Falkenberg, S. (2011). Anton's syndrome and eugenics. Journal of Clinical Neurology, 7, 96–98. doi: 10.3988/jcn.2011.7.2.96
  • Korsakoff, S. S. (1889). étude médico-psychologie sur une forme des maladies de la mémoire. Revue Philosophique de la France et de L’étranger, 28, 501–530.
  • Kortte, K., & Hillis, A. E. (2009). Recent advances in the understanding of neglect and anosognosia following right hemisphere stroke. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 9, 459–465. doi: 10.1007/s11910-009-0068-8
  • Kortte, K. B., & Wegener, S. T. (2004). Denial of illness in medical rehabilitation populations: Theory, research, and definition. Rehabilitation Psychology, 49, 187–199. doi: 10.1037/0090-5550.49.3.187
  • Kreutzer, J., Marwitz, J., Seel, R., & Serio, C. D. (1996). Validation of a neurobehavioral functioning inventory for adults with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 77, 116–124. doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(96)90155-0
  • Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1121–1134. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121
  • Lamb, F., Anderson, J., Saling, M., & Dewey, H. (2013). Predictors of subjective complaint in postacute older adults stroke patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 94, 1747–1752. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.02.026
  • Lebrun, Y. (1987). Anosognosia in aphasics. Cortex, 23, 251–263. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(87)80035-7
  • Leicht, H., Berwig, M., & Gertz, H.-J. (2010). Anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease: The role of impairment levels in assessment of insight across domains. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16, 463–473. doi: 10.1017/S1355617710000056
  • Marcel, A. J., Tegnér, R., & Nimmo-Smith, I. (2004). Anosognosia for plegia: Specificity, extension, partiality and disunity of bodily unawareness. Cortex, 40, 19–40. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70919-5
  • Marková, I. S., & Berrios, G. E. (2006). Approaches to the assessment of awareness: Conceptual issues. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 16, 439–455. doi: 10.1080/09602010500373396
  • Mattioli, F., Gialanella, B., Stampatori, C., & Scarpazza, C. (2012). General intellectual impairment in chronic right hemisphere damaged patients with anosognosia: A group study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 22, 501–515. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2012.662340
  • McGlynn, S. M., & Schacter, D. L. (1989). Unawareness of deficits in neuropsychological syndromes. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 143–205. doi: 10.1080/01688638908400882
  • Michon, A., Deweer, B., Pillon, B., Agid, Y., & Dubois, B. (1994). Relation of anosognosia to frontal lobe dysfunction in Alzhemier's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 57, 805–809. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.57.7.805
  • Migliorelli, R., Tesón, A., Sabe, L., Petracca, G., Petracchi, M., Leiguarda, R., & Starkstein, S. E. (1995). Anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease: A study of associated factors. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 7, 338–344. doi: 10.1176/jnp.7.3.338
  • Mograbi, D. C., Brown, R. G., Salas, C., & Morris, R. G. (2012). Emotional reactivity and awareness of task performance in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia, 50, 2075–2084. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.008
  • Mograbi, D. C., & Morris, R. G. (2013). Implicit awareness in anosognosia: Clinical observations, experimental evidence, and theoretical implications. Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 181–197. doi: 10.1080/17588928.2013.833899
  • Mograbi, D. C., & Morris, R. G. (2014). On the relation among mood, apathy, and anosognosia in Alzheimer's Disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20, 2–7. doi: 10.1017/S1355617713001276
  • von Monakow, C. (1914). Die lokalisation im Grosshirn und der Abbau der Funktion durch kortikale Herde. Wiesbaden: J. F. Bergmann.
  • Morris, R. G., & Mograbi, D. C. (2013). Anosognosia, autobiographical memory and self knowledge in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex, 49, 1553–1565. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.09.006
  • Morton, N., & Barker, L. (2010). The contribution of injury severity, executive and implicit functions to awareness of deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16, 1089–1098. doi: 10.1017/S1355617710000925
  • Nadeau, S. E. (2010). Hemispheric asymmetry: What, why, and at what cost. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16, 593–595. doi: 10.1017/S135561771000041X
  • Nardone, I. B., Ward, R., Fotopoulou, A., & Turnbull, O. H. (2007). Attention and emotion in anosognosia: Evidence of implicit awareness and repression?. Neurocase: The neural basis of emotion, 13, 438–445. doi: 10.1080/13554790701881749
  • Nee, D. E., Kastner, S., & Brown, J. W. (2011). Functional heterogeneity of conflict, error, task- switching, and unexpectedness effects within medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage, 54, 528–540. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.027
  • Oppenheimer, S. (2006). Cerebrogenic cardiac arrhythmias: Cortical lateralization and clinical significance. Clinical Autonomic Research, 16, 6–11. doi: 10.1007/s10286-006-0276-0
  • Orfei, M. D., Robinson, R. G., Prigatano, G. P., Starkstein, S., Rüsch, N., Bria, P., … Spalletta, G. (2007). Anosognosia for hemiplegia after stroke is a multifaceted phenomenon: A systematic review of the literature. Brain, 130, 3075–3090. doi: 10.1093/brain/awm106
  • Packwood, S., Hodgetts, H. M., & Tremblay, S. (2011). A multiperspective approach to the conceptualization of executive functions. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33, 456–470. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2010.533157
  • Papez, J. W. (1937). A proposed mechanism of emotion. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 38, 725–743. doi: 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1937.02260220069003
  • Parvizi, J., Anderson, S. W., Martin, C. O., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2001). Pathological laughter and crying: A link to the cerebellum. Brain, 124, 1708–1719. doi: 10.1093/brain/124.9.1708
  • Pearce, J. M. S. (1994). Von Monakow and diaschisis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 57, 197. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.57.2.197
  • Pia, L., Neppi-Modona, M., Ricci, R., & Berti, A. (2004). The anatomy of anosognosia for hemiplegia: A meta-analysis. Cortex, 40, 367–377. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70131-X
  • Preston, C., Jenkinson, P. M., & Newport, R. (2010). Anosognosia for hemiplegia as a global deficit in motor awareness: Evidence from the non-paralyzed limb. Neuropsychologia, 48, 3443–3450. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.027
  • Prigatano, G. P. (2010). The study of anosognosia. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Prigatano, G. P., & Altman, I. M. (1990). Impaired awareness of behavioral limitations after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 71, 1058–1064.
  • Prigatano, G. P., Hendin, B. A., & Heiserman, J. E. (2014). Denial or unawareness of cognitive deficit associated with multiple sclerosis?. A case report. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 36, 335–341. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2014.890700
  • Prigatano, G. P., & Klonoff, P. S. (1998). A clinicians’ rating scale for evaluating impaired self-awareness and denial of disability after brain injury. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 56–67. doi: 10.1076/clin.12.1.56.1721
  • Prigatano, G. P., Matthes, J., Hill, S. W., Wolf, T. R., & Heiserman, J. E. (2011). Anosognosia for hemiplegia with preserved awareness of complete cortical blindness following intracranial hemorrhage. Cortex, 47, 1219–1227. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.11.013
  • Roberts, K. L., & Hall, D. A. (2008). Examining a supramodal network for conflict processing: A systematic review and novel functional magnetic resonance imaging data for related visual and auditory Stroop tasks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 1063–1078. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20074
  • Roueche, J. R., & Fordyce, D. J. (1983). Perception of deficits following brain injury and their impact on psychosocial adjustments. Cognitive Rehabilitation, 1, 4–7.
  • Sacks, O. (1985). The man who mistook his wife for a hat and other clinical tales. New York: Summit Books.
  • Schacter, D. L. (1990). Toward a cognitive neuropsychology of awareness: Implicit knowledge and anosognosia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 155–178. doi: 10.1080/01688639008400962
  • Seltzer, B., Vasterling, J. J., & Yoder, J. (1997). Awareness of deficit in Alzheimer's disease: Relation to caregiver burden. Gerontologist, 37, 20–24. doi: 10.1093/geront/37.1.20
  • Sevush, S., & Leve, N. (1993). Denial of memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 748–751. doi: 10.1176/ajp.150.5.748
  • Sherer, M., Bergloff, P., Boake, C., High, W. M. Jr., & Levin, E. (1998). The awareness questionnaire: Factor analysis and internal consistency. Brain Injury, 12, 63–68. doi: 10.1080/026990598122863
  • Sherer, M., Bergloff, P., Levin, E., High, W. M. Jr., Oden, K. E., & Nick, T. G. (1998). Impaired awareness and employment outcome after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 13, 52–61. doi: 10.1097/00001199-199810000-00007
  • Sherer, M., Boake, C., Levin, E., Silver, B. V., Ringholz, G., & High, W. M. Jr. (1998). Characteristics of impaired awareness after traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 380–387.
  • Sherer, M., Hart, T., & Nick, T. G. (2003). Measurement of impaired self-awareness after traumatic brain injury: A comparison of the patient competency rating scale and the awareness questionnaire. Brain Injury, 17, 25–37. doi: 10.1080/0269905021000010113
  • Sherer, M., Hart, T., Nick, T. G., Whyte, J., Thompson, R. N., & Yablon, S. A. (2003). Early impaired self-awareness after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84, 168–176. doi: 10.1053/apmr.2003.50045
  • Sitek, E. J., Sołtan, W., Wieczorek, D., Schinwelski, M., Robowski, P., Reilmann, R., … Slawek, J. (2011). Self-awareness of motor dysfunction in patients with Huntington's disease in comparison to Parkinson's disease and cervical dystonia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 788–795. doi: 10.1017/S1355617711000725
  • Smith, C. A., Henderson, V. W., McCleary, C. A., Murdock, G. A., & Buckwalter, J. G. (2000). Anosognosia and Alzheimer's disease: The role of depressive symptoms in mediating impaired insight. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 437–444. doi: 10.1076/1380-3395(200008)22:4;1-0;FT437
  • Smith, E. E., & Jonides, J. (1999). Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science, 283, 1657–1661. doi: 10.1126/science.283.5408.1657
  • Sohlberg, N. M., Mateer, C. A., Penkman, L., Glang, A., & Todis, B. (1998). Awareness intervention: Who needs it?. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 13, 62–78. doi: 10.1097/00001199-199810000-00008
  • Squire, L. R., & Zouzounis, J. A. (1988). Self-ratings of memory dysfunction: Different findings in depression and amnesia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10, 727–738. doi: 10.1080/01688638808402810
  • Starkstein, S. E., Chemerinski, E., Sabe, L., Kuzis, G., Petracca, G., Tesón, A., … Leiguarda, R. (1997). Prospective longitudinal study of depression and anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 47–52. doi: 10.1192/bjp.171.1.47
  • Starkstein, S. E., Jorge, R., Mizrahi, R., & Robinson, R. G. (2006). A diagnostic formulation for anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 77, 719–725. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2005.085373
  • Starkstein, S. E., Jorge, R. E., & Robinson, R. G. (2010). The frequency, clinical correlates, and mechanism of anosognosia after stroke. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 355–361.
  • Starkstein, S. E., Sabe, L., Chemerinski, E., Jason, L., & Leiguarda, R. (1996). Two domains of anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 61, 485–490. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.61.5.485
  • Stuss, D. T., & Levine, B. (2002). Adult clinical neuropsychology: Lessons from studies of the frontal lobes. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 401–433. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135220
  • Thames, A. D., Becker, B. W., Marcotte, T. D., Hines, L. J., Foley, J. M., Ramezani, A., … Hinkin, C. H. (2011). Depression, cognition, and self-appraisal of functional abilities in HIV: An examination of subjective appraisal versus objective performance. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25, 224–243. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2010.539577
  • Turnbull, O. H., Evans, C. E. Y., & Owen, V. (2005). Negative emotion and anosognosia. Cortex, 41, 67–75. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70179-5
  • Turnbull, O. H., Jones, K., & Reed-Screen, J. (2002). Implicit awareness of deficit in anosognosia?. An emotion-based account of denial of deficit. Neuro-Psychoanalysis, 4, 69–86.
  • Turnbull, O. H., & Solms, M. (2007). Awareness, desire and false beliefs: Freud in the light of modern neuropsychology. Cortex, 43, 1083–1090. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70706-8
  • Turró-Garriga, O., Garre-Olmo, J., Vilalta-Franch, J., Conde-Sala, J. L., de Gracia Blanco, M., & López-Ponsa, S. (2013). Burden associated with the presence of anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28, 291–297. doi: 10.1002/gps.3824
  • Tyerman, A., & Humphrey, M. (1984). Changes in self-concept following severe head injury. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 7, 11–24. doi: 10.1097/00004356-198403000-00002
  • Vilkki, J. (1985). Amnesic syndrome after surgery of anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Cortex, 21, 431–444. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(85)80007-1
  • Vocat, R., Saj, A., & Vuilleumier, P. (2013). The riddle of anosognosia: Does unawareness of hemiplegia involve a failure to update beliefs?. Cortex, 49, 1771–1781. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.10.009
  • Vocat, R., Straub, F., Stroppini, T., & Villeumier, P. (2010). Anosognosia for hemiplegia: A clinical-anatomical prospective study. Brain, 133, 3578–3597. doi: 10.1093/brain/awq297
  • Vossel, S., Weiss, P. H., Eschenbeck, P., & Fink, G. R. (2013). Anosognosia, neglect, extinction and lesion site predict impairment of daily living after right hemisphere stroke. Cortex, 49, 1782–1789. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.12.011
  • Vuilleumier, P. (2004). Anosognosia: The neurology of beliefs and uncertainties. Cortex, 40, 9–17. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70918-3
  • Weber, E., Blackstone, K., & Woods, S. P. (2013). Cognitive neurorehabilitation of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: A qualitative review and call to action. Neuropsychology Review, 23, 81–98. doi: 10.1007/s11065-013-9225-6
  • Weinstein, E. A., & Kahn, R. L. (1955). Denial of illness. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.
  • Wernicke, C. (1874). Der aphasiche Symptomenkomplex: Eine Psychologische Studie auf Anatomischer Basis. Breslau: Cohn & Weigart.
  • Williams, W. M. (2004). Blissfully incompetent. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, i–ii. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-1006.2004.00017.x
  • Wise, K., Ownsworth, T., & Fleming, J. (2005). Convergent validity of self-awareness measures and their association with employment outcome in adults following acquired brain injury. Brain Injury, 19, 765–775. doi: 10.1080/0269905050019977
  • Zamboni, G., Drazich, E., McCulloch, E., Filippini, N., Mackay, C. E., Jenkinson, M., … Wilcock, G. K. (2013). Neuroanatomy of impaired self-awareness in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Cortex, 49, 668–678. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.04.011
  • Zell, E., & Krizan, Z. (2014). Do people have insight into their abilities?. A metasynthesis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9(2), 111–125. doi: 10.1177/1745691613518075

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.