2,097
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A literature review of factors associated with fatigue after stroke and a proposal for a framework for clinical utility

, &
Pages 1449-1476 | Received 20 Jul 2018, Accepted 25 Feb 2019, Published online: 24 Mar 2019

References

  • Acciarresi, M., Bogousslavsky, J., & Paciaroni, M. (2014). Post-stroke fatigue: Epidemiology, clinical characteristics and treatment. European Neurology, 72, 255–261. doi: 10.1159/000363763
  • Alexopoulos, G. S., & Morimoto, S. S. (2011). The inflammation hypothesis in geriatric depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26, 1109–1118. doi: 10.1002/gps.2672
  • Andersen, G., Christensen, D., Kirkevold, M., & Johnsen, S. P. (2012). Post-stroke fatigue and return to work: A 2-year follow-up. Acta Neurolica Scandinavica, 125, 248–253. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01557.x
  • Anson, K., & Ponsford, J. (2006). Evaluation of a coping skills group following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 20, 167–178. doi: 10.1080/02699050500442956
  • Bakken, L., Kim, H., Finset, A., & Lerdal, A. (2012). Stroke patients’ functions in personal activities of daily living in relation to sleep and socio-demographic and clinical variables in the acute phase after first-time stroke and at six months of follow-up. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21, 1886–1895. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.04014.x
  • Becker, K., Kohen, R., Lee, R., Tanzi, P., Zierath, D., Cain, K., … Winstein, J. (2015). Poststroke fatigue: Hints to a biological mechanism. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 24, 618–621. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.10.008
  • Boksem, M. A. S., & Tops, M. (2008). Mental fatigue: Costs and benefits. Brain Research Reviews, 59, 125–139. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.07.001
  • Cantor, J. B., Ashman, T., Gordon, W., Ginsberg, A., Engmann, C., Egan, M., … Flanagan, S. (2008). Fatigue after traumatic brain injury and its impact on participation and quality of life. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 23, 41–51. doi: 10.1097/01.HTR.0000308720.70288.af
  • Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. (2009). Systematic reviews. York: University of York.
  • Choi-Kwon, S., Choi, J., Kwon, S. U., Kang, D., & Kim, J. S. (2007). Fluoxetine is not effective in the treatment of Poststroke fatigue: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 23, 103–108. doi: 10.1159/000097045
  • Choi-Kwon, S., Han, S. W., Kwon, S. U., & Kim, J. S. (2005). Poststroke fatigue: Characteristics and related factors. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 19, 84–90. doi: 10.1159/000082784
  • Choi-Kwon, S., & Kim, J. S. (2011). Poststroke fatigue: An emerging, critical issue in stroke medicine. International Journal of Stroke, 6, 328–336. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2011.00624.x
  • Choi-Kwon, S., Ko, M., Jun, S. E., Kim, J., Cho, K. H., Nah, H. W., … Kim, J. S. (2017). Post-stroke fatigue may be associated with the promoter region of a monoamine oxidase a gene polymorphism. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 43, 54–58. doi: 10.1159/000450894
  • Cicerone, K. D., Langenbahn, D. M., Braden, C., Malec, J. F., Kalmar, K., Fraas, M., … Ashman, T. (2011). Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: Updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 92, 519–530. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.11.015
  • Costa, P. T., & McRae, R. R. (1987). Neuroticism, somatic complaints and disease: Is the bark worse than the bite? Journal of Personality, 55(2), 299–316. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00438.x
  • Crosby, G. A., Munshi, S., Karat, A. S., Worthington, E., & Lincoln, N. B. (2012). Fatigue after stroke: Frequency and effect on daily life. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(8), 633–637. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2011.613517
  • Cumming, T. B., Blomstrand, C., Bernhardt, J., & Linden, T. (2010). The NIH stroke scale can establish cognitive function after stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 30, 7–14. doi: 10.1159/000313438
  • Dittner, A. J., Wessely, S. C., & Brown, R. G. (2004). The assessment of fatigue: A practical guide for clinicians and researchers. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 56, 157–170. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00371-4
  • Drummond, A., Hawkins, L., Sprigg, N., Ward, N. S., Mistri, A., Tyrrell, P., … Lincoln, N. B. (2017). The Nottingham Fatigue after Stroke (NotFAST) study: Factors associated with severity of fatigue in stroke patients without depression. Clinical Rehabilitation, 31(10), 1406–1415. doi: 10.1177/0269215517695857
  • Duncan, F., Greig, C., Lewis, S. J., Dennis, M., MacLullich, A., Sharpe, M., & Mead, G. (2014). Clinically significant fatigue after stroke: A longitudinal cohort study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 77, 368–373. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.06.013
  • Duncan, F., Kutlubaev, M. A., Dennis, M. S., Greig, C., & Mead, G. E. (2012). Fatigue after stroke: A systematic review of associations with impaired physical fitness. International Journal of Stroke, 7, 157–162. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2011.00741.x
  • Duncan, F., Lewis, S. J., Greig, C. A., Dennis, M. S., Sharpe, M., MacLulluch, A. M. J., & Mead, G. E. (2015). Exploratory longitudinal cohort study of associations of fatigue after stroke. Stroke, 46, 1052–1058. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.008079
  • Duncan, F., Wu, S., & Mead, G. E. (2012). Frequency and natural history of fatigue after stroke: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 73, 18–27. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.04.001
  • Egerton, T., Hokstad, A., Askim, T., Bernhardt, J., & Indredavik, B. (2015). Prevalence of fatigue in patients 3 months after stroke and association with early motor activity: A prospective study comparing stroke patients with a matched general population cohort. BMC Neurology, 15, 181. doi: 10.1186/s12883-015-0438-6
  • Elf, M., Eriksson, G., Johansson, S., von Koch, L., & Ytterberg, C. (2016). Self-reported fatigue and associated factors six years after stroke. PLOS One, 11(8), 1–9. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161942
  • Galligan, N. G., Hevey, D., Coen, R. F., & Harbison, J. A. (2016). Clarifying the associations between anxiety, depression and fatigue following stroke. Journal of Health Psychology, 21, 2863–2871. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2009.06.005
  • Glader, E. L., Stegmayr, B., & Asplund, K. (2002). Poststroke fatigue: A 2-year follow-up study of stroke patients in Sweden. Stroke, 33, 1327–1333. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000014248.28711.D6
  • Hackett, M. L., & Pickles, K. (2014). Part I: Frequency of depression after stroke: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. International Journal of Stroke, 9(8), 1017–1025. doi: 10.1111/ijs.12357
  • Hawkins, L., Lincoln, N. B., Sprigg, N., Ward, N. S., Mistri, A., Tyrrell, P., … Drummond, A. (2017). The Nottingham Fatigue after Stroke (NotFAST) study: Results from follow-up six months after stroke. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 24(8), 592–596. doi: 10.1080/10749357.2017.1368912
  • Hermann, D. M., & Bassetti, C. L. (2009). Sleep-related breathing and sleep-wake disturbances in ischemic stroke. Neurology, 73, 1313–1322. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181bd137c
  • Hokstad, A. (2016, May 5). Early rehabilitation after stroke outcome 3 months later: The life early after stroke (LEAST) study (Doctoral disseration). Retrieved from https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/handle/11250/2379079
  • Hubacher, M., Calabrese, P., Bassetti, C., Carota, A., Stöcklin, M., & Penner, I. (2012). Assessment of post-stroke fatigue: The fatigue scale for motor and cognitive functions. European Neurology, 67, 377–384. doi: 10.1159/000336736
  • Ingles, J. L., Eskes, G. A., & Phillips, S. J. (1999). Fatigue after stroke. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 80, 173–178.
  • Jaillard, A., Naegele, B., Trabucco-Miguel, S., LeBas, J. F., & Hommel, M. (2009). Hidden dysfunctioning in subacute stroke. Stroke, 40, 2473–2479. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.541144
  • Johansson, B., & Ronnback, L. (2014). Evaluation of the mental fatigue scale and its relation to cognitive and emotional functioning after traumatic brain injury or stroke. International Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2, 1–7. doi: 10.4172/2329-9096.1000182
  • Kim, J., Kim, Y., Yang, K. I., Kim, D., & Kim, S. A. (2015). The relationship between sleep disturbance and functional status in mild stroke patients. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 39, 545–552. doi: 10.5535/arm.2015.39.4.545
  • Kuppuswamy, A., Clark, E. V., Sandhu, K. S., Rothwell, J. C., & Ward, N. S. (2015). Post-stroke fatigue: A problem of altered corticomotor control? Journal of Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 86, 902–904. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-310431
  • Kutlubaev, M. A., Duncan, F. H., & Mead, G. E. (2012). Biological correlates of post-stroke fatigue: A systematic review. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 125, 219–227. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01618.x
  • Kutlubaev, M. A., Shenkin, S. D., Farrall, A. J., Duncan, F. H., Lewis, S. J., Greig, C. A., … Mead, G. E. (2013). CT and clinical predictors of fatigue at one month after stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases Extra, 3, 26–34. doi: 10.1159/000347113
  • Lagogianni, C., Thomas, S., & Lincoln, N. (2016). Examining the relationship between fatigue and cognition after stroke: A systematic review. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 1–60. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2015.1127820
  • Lamers, F., Hickie, I., & Merikangas, K. R. (2013). Prevalence and correlates of prolonged fatigue in a U.S. sample of adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 502–510. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12040454
  • Lampl, Y., Boaz, M., Gilad, R., Lorberboym, M., Dabby, R., Rapoport, A., … Sadeh, M. (2007). Minocycline treatment in acute stroke; An open-label, evaluator-blinded study. Neurology, 69, 1404–1410. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000277487.04281.db
  • Lau, C. G., Tang, W. K., Liu, X. X., Liang, H. J., Liang, Y., Mok, V., … Wong, K. S. (2017). Neuroticism and fatigue 3 months after ischemic stroke: A cross-sectional study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 98, 716–721. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.08.480
  • Lerdal, A., Bakken, L. N., Kouwenhoven, S. E., Pedersen, G., Kirkevold, M., Finset, A., & Kim, H. S. (2009). Poststroke fatigue – a review. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 38(6), 928–949. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.04.028
  • Lerdal, A., Bakken, L. N., Rasmussen, E. F., Beiermann, C., Ryen, S., Pynten, S., … Kim, H. S. (2011). Physical impairment, depressive symptoms and pre-stroke fatigue are related to fatigue in the acute phase after stroke. Disability and Rehabilitation, 33, 334–342. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2010.490867
  • Lerdal, A., & Gay, C. L. (2017). Acute-phase fatigue predicts limitations with activities of daily living 18 months after first-ever stroke. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 26(3), 523–531. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.11.130
  • Lerdal, A., Gay, C. L., & Lee, K. A. (2013). Curvilinear relationship between age and post-stroke fatigue among patients in the acute phase following first-ever stroke. International Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1(141). doi: 10.4172/2329-9096.1000141
  • Lerdal, A., Lee, K., Bakken, L., Finset, A., & Kim, H. (2012). The course of fatigue during the first 18 months after first-ever stroke: A longitudinal study. Stroke Research and Treatment, 12. doi: 10.1155/2012/126275
  • Lerdal, A., Wahl, A., Rustøen, T., Hanestad, B. R., & Moum, T. (2005). Fatigue in the general population: A translation and test of the psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the fatigue severity scale. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 33, 123–130. doi: 10.1080/14034940410028406
  • Loge, J. H., & Kaasa, S. (1998). Short form 36 (SF-36) health survey: Normative data from the general Norwegian population. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine, 26, 250–258.
  • Lundström, E., Smits, A., Terént, A., & Borg, J. (2009). Risk factors for stroke-related pain 1 year after first-ever stroke. European Journal of Neurology, 16, 188–193. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02378.x
  • Mandliya, A., Das, A., Unnikrishnan, J. P., Amal, M. G., Sarma, S., & Sylaja, P. N. (2016). Post-stroke fatigue is an independent predictor of post-stroke disability and burden of care: A path analysis study. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 23, 1–7. doi: 10.1080/10749357.2015.1110273
  • McAllister, T. W., Sparling, M. B., Flashman, L. A., Guerin, S. J., Mamourian, A. C., & Saykin, A. J. (2001). Differential working memory load effects after mild traumatic brain injury. NeuroImage, 14, 1004–1012. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0899
  • Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Weinberger, D. R. (2006). Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 818–827. doi: 10.1038/nrn1993
  • Michael, K. M., Allen, J. K., & Macko, R. F. (2006). Fatigue after stroke: Relationship to mobility, fitness, ambulatory activity, social support, and falls efficacy. Rehabilitation Nursing, 31, 210–217. doi: 10.1002/j.2048-7940.2006.tb00137.x
  • Miller, K. K., Combs, S. A., Van Puymbroeck, M., Altenburger, P. A., Kean, J., Dierks, T. A., & Schmid, A. A. (2013). Fatigue and pain: Relationships with physical performance and patient beliefs after stroke. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 20, 347–355. doi: 10.1310/tsr2004-347
  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(6), e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed1000097
  • Mutai, H., Furukawa, T., Houri, A., Suzuki, A., & Hanihara, T. (2017). Factors associated with multidimensional aspects of post-stroke fatigue in acute stroke period. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 26, 1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2016.12.015
  • Naess, H., Lunde, L., Brogger, J., & Waje-Andreassen, U. (2012). Fatigue among stroke patients on long-term follow-up. The Bergen stroke study. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 312, 138–141. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.08.002
  • Naess, H., & Nyland, H. (2013). Poststroke fatigue and depression are related to mortality in young adults: A cohort study. British Medical Journal Open, 3(3). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002404
  • Ormstad, H., Aass, H. C. D., Amthor, K. F., Lund-Sørensen, N., & Sandvik, L. (2011). Serum cytokine and glucose levels as predictors of poststroke fatigue in acute ischemic stroke patients. Journal of Neurology, 258, 670–676. doi: 10.1007/s00415-011-5962-8
  • Ormstad, H., & Eilertsen, G. (2015). Biopsychosocial model of fatigue and depression following stroke. Medical Hypotheses, 85, 835–841. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.10.001
  • Ormstad, H., Verkerk, R., Amthor, K. F., & Sandvik, L. (2014). Activation of the kynurenine pathway in the acute phase of stroke and its role in fatigue and depression following stroke. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 54, 181–187. doi: 10.1007/s12031-014-0272-0
  • Ouellet, M. C., & Morin, C. M. (2007). Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia associated with traumatic brain injury: A single-case experimental design. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 88, 1581–1592. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.09.006
  • Parks, N. E., Eskes, G. A., Gubitz, G. J., Reidy, Y., Christian, C., & Phillips, S. J. (2012). Fatigue impact scale demonstrates greater fatigue in younger stroke survivors. The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 39, 619–625. doi: 10.1017/S0317167100015353
  • Pihlaja, R., Uimonen, J., Mustanoja, S., Tatlisumak, T., & Poutiainen, E. (2014). Post-stroke fatigue is associated with impaired processing speed and memory functions in first-ever stroke patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 77, 380–384. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.08.011
  • Ponchel, A., Bombois, S., Bordet, R., & Henon, H. (2015). Factors associated with poststroke fatigue: A systematic review. Stroke Research and Treatment, 2015, 1–11. doi: 10.1155/2015/347920
  • Ponsford, J., Schönberger, M., & Rajaratnam, S. M. W. (2015). A model of fatigue following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 30, 277–282. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000049
  • Ponsford, J., Ziino, C., Parcell, D. L., Sheckleton, J. A., Roper, M., Redman, J. R., … Rajaratnam, S. M. W. (2012). Fatigue and sleep disturbance following traumatic brain injury – their nature, causes, and potential treatments. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 27, 224–233. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e31824ee1a8
  • Radman, N., Staub, F., Aboulafia-Brakha, T., Berney, A., Bogousslavsky, J., & Annoni, J. M. (2012). Poststroke fatigue following minor infarcts: A prospective study. Neurology, 79, 1422–1427. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826d5f3a
  • Riese, H., Hoedemaeker, M., Brouwer, W. H., Mulder, L. J. M., Cremer, R., & Veldman, J. B. P. (1999). Mental fatigue after very severe closed head injury: Sustained performance, mental effort, and distress at two levels of workload in a driving simulator. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 9, 189–205. doi: 10.1080/713755600
  • Robinson, R. G., & Jorge, R. E. (2016). Post-stroke depression: A review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 221–231. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15030363
  • Schepers, V. P., Visser-Meily, A., Ketelaar, M., & Lindeman, E. (2006). Poststroke fatigue: Course and its relation to personal and stroke-related factors. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 87, 184–188. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.10.005
  • Schuiling, W. J., Rinkel, G. J., Walchenbach, R., & de Weerd, A. W. (2005). Disorders of sleep and wake in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke, 36(3), 578–582. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000154862.33213.73
  • Snaphaan, L., van der Werf, S., & de Leeuw, F. E. (2011). Time course and risk factors of post-stroke fatigue: A prospective cohort study. European Journal of Neurology, 18, 611–617. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03217.x
  • Staub, F., & Bogousslavsky, J. (2001). Fatigue after stroke: A major but neglected issue. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 12, 75–81. doi:10.1159/ 000047685
  • Sterr, A., & Furlan, L. (2015). A case to be made: Theoretical and empirical arguments for the need to consider fatigue in post-stroke motor rehabilitation. Neural Regeneration Research, 10, 1195–1198. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.162689
  • Stubberud, J., Edvardsen, E., Schanke, A.-K., Lerdal, A., Kjeverud, A., Schillinger, A., & Løvstad, M. (2017). Description of a multifaceted intervention programme for fatigue after acquired brain injury: A pilot study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2017.1344132
  • Stubberud, J., Langenbahn, D., Levine, B., Stanghelle, J., & Schanke, A. K. (2015). Emotional health and coping in spina bifida after goal management training: A randomized controlled trial. Rehabilitation Psychology, 60, 1–16. doi: 10.1037/rep0000018.
  • Suh, M., Choi-Kwon, S., & Kim, J. S. (2014). Sleep disturbances after cerebral infarction: Role of depression and fatigue. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 23(7), 1949–1955. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.01.029
  • Sundström, A., Nilsson, L.-G., Cruts, M., Adolfsson, R., van Broeckhoven, C., & Nyberg, L. (2007). Fatigue before and after mild traumatic brain injury: Pre-post-injury comparisons in relation to Apolipoprotein E. Brain Injury, 21, 1049–1054. doi: 10.1080/02699050701630367
  • Tang, W. K., Chen, Y. K., Liang, H. J., Chu, W. C. W., Mok, V. C. T., Ungvari, G. S., & Wong, K. S. (2014). Subcortical white matter infarcts predicts 1-year outcome of fatigue in stroke. BMC Neurology, 14, 234. doi: 10.1186/s12883-014-0234-8
  • Tang, W. K., Liang, H. J., Chen, Y. K., Chu, W. C. W., Albrigo, J., Mok, V. C. T., … Wong, K. S. (2013). Poststroke fatigue is associated with caudate infarcts. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 324, 131–135.
  • Tornas, S., Lovstad, M., Solbakk, A. K., Evans, J., Endestad, T., Hol, P. K., … Stubberud, J. (2016). Rehabilitation of executive functions in patients with chronic acquired brain injury with goal management training, external cuing, and emotional regulation: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 21, 1–17. doi: 10.1017/S1355617715001344
  • van Zomeren, A. H., Brouwer, W. H., & Deelman, B. G. (1984). Attentional deficits: The riddles of selectivity, speed, and alertness. In N. Brooks (Ed.), Closed head injury. Psychological, social and family consequences (pp. 74–107). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Wang, S., Wang, J., Wang, P., Chen, R., & Quinn, T. J. (2014). Determinants of fatigue after first-ever ischemic stroke during acute phase. PLoS ONE, 9(10), e110037.
  • Wei, C., Zhang, F., Chen, L., Ma, X., Zhang, N., & Hao, J. (2016). Factors associated with post-stroke depression and fatigue: Lesion location and coping styles. Journal of Neurology, 263, 269–276. doi: 10.1007/s00415-015-7958-2
  • Wu, S., Kutlubaev, M. A., Chun, H. Y. Y., Cowey, E., Pollock, A., Macleod, M. R. … Mead, G. E. (2015). Interventions for post-stroke fatigue. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007030.pub3
  • Wu, S., Mead, G., Macleod, M., & Chalder, T. (2015). Model of understanding fatigue after stroke. Stroke, 46, 893–898. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006647
  • Zedlitz, A. M. E. E., Rietveld, T. C. M., Geurts, A. C., & Fasotti, L. (2012). Cognitive and graded activity training can alleviate persistent fatigue after stroke. Stroke, 43, 1046–1051. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.632117
  • Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361–370.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.