The neuropsychological outcomes of non-fatal strangulation in domestic and sexual violence: A systematic review

References

• Adolfsson, A. (2011). Meta-analysis to obtain a scale of psychological reaction after perinatal loss: Focus on miscarriage. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 4, 29–39. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S17330
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Archer, J. (2002). Sex differences in physically aggressive acts between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7(4), 313–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00061-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong. (2012). Man choked prostitute after watching Billie Piper in Secret Diary of a call Girl. The Mirror. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/man-choked-prostitute-after-watching-145613
   Google Scholar
• Bagwell-Gray, M. E., Messing, J. T., & Baldwin-White, A. (2015). Intimate partner sexual violence: A review of terms, definitions, and prevalence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 16(3), 316–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014557290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, M. E. (2007). Overlooked but critical: Traumatic brain injury as a consequence of interpersonal violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 8(3), 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838007303503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banzett, R. B., Lansing, R. W., Evans, K. C., & Shea, S. A. (1996). Stimulus-response characteristics of CO2-induced air hunger in normal subjects. Respiration Physiology, 103(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(95)00050-X
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• British Broadcasting Corporation. (2019). Savanta ComRes survey. https://www.comresglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Final-BBC-5-Live-Tables_211119cdh.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Busse, H., Harrop, T., Gunnell, D., & Kipping, R. (2015). Prevalence and associated harm of engagement in self-asphyxial behaviours (‘choking game’) in young people: A systematic review. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100(12), 1106–1114. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-308187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, R. P., & Gusman, D. (2003). The primary care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD): Development and operating characteristics. Primary Care Psychiatry, 9(1), 9–14.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. C., Webster, D. W., & Glass, N. (2009). The danger assessment: Validation of a lethality risk assessment instrument for intimate partner femicide. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(4), 653–674. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508317180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, J. C., & Diaz-Arrastia, R. (2014). Military traumatic brain injury: A review. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 10, S97–S104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarot, F., Vaz, E., Papin, F., & Proust, B. (2005). Fatal and non-fatal bilateral delayed carotid artery dissection after manual strangulation. Forensic Science International, 149(2–3), 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, J. D., Wolfe, M., Mysiw, W. J., Jackson, R. D., & Bogner, J. A. (2003). Early identification of mild traumatic brain injury in female victims of domestic violence. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 188(5), S71–S76. https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2003.404
   Google Scholar
• Daugherty, J. C., Verdejo-Román, J., Pérez-García, M., & Hidalgo-Ruzzante, N. (2020). Structural brain alterations in female survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520959621
   Google Scholar
• Davins-Pujols, M., Salamero, M., Aznar-Martínez, B., Aramburu-Alegret, I., & Pérez-Testor, C. (2014). Acts of intimate partner violence and feelings of danger in battered women seeking help in a Spanish specialized care unit. Journal of Family Violence, 29(7), 703–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-014-9626-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boos, J. (2019). Tracheal perforation from non-fatal manual strangulation. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 66, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2019.05.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, H., & Fitzgerald, R. (2020). Women’s stories of non-fatal strangulation: Informing the criminal justice response. Criminology & Criminal Justice. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895820949607
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, S. (2016). Assault, strangulation and murder – challenging the sexual libido consent defence narrative. In A. Reed, M. Bohlander, N. Wake, & E. Smith (Eds.), Consent: Domestic and comparative perspectives (pp. 88–103). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Eisikovits, Z., & Winstok, Z. (2002). Reconstructing intimate violence: The structure and content of recollections of violent events. Qualitative Health Research, 12(5), 685–699. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973202129120188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farr, K. A. (2002). Battered women who were “being killed and survived it”: Straight talk from survivors. Violence and Victims, 17(3), 267–281. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.3.267.33660
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (2019). Reprint of: Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56(6), 774–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford-Gilboe, J. D. (2015). Complex PTSD: Research directions for nosology/assessment, treatment, and public health. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 27584. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27584
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Funk, M., & Schuppel, J. (2003). Strangulation injuries. WMJ-MADISON, 102(3), 41–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glass, N., Laughon, K., Campbell, J., Block, C. R., Hanson, G., Sharps, P. W., & Taliaferro, T. (2008). Non-fatal strangulation is an important risk factor for homicide of women. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 35(3), 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.02.065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, S. (2017). Strangulation is a powerful tool of violence that often leaves no physical mark. Training Institute on Strangulation Prevention. https://www.strangulationtraininginstitute.com/strangulation-is-a-powerful-tool-of-violence-that-often-leaves-no-physical-mark-officials-in-king-county-want-it-noticed-prosecuted/
   Google Scholar
• Hawley, D. A., McClane, G. E., & Strack, G. B. (2001). A review of 300 attempted strangulation cases part III: Injuries in fatal cases. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(3), 317–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00401-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joanna Briggs Institute. (2017). Critical appraisal tools. https://joannabriggs.org/ebp/critical_appraisal_tools
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. P. (2010). A typology of domestic violence: Intimate terrorism, violent resistance, and situational couple violence. Northeastern University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, K. S., Murphy, J. A., Romine, A. J., & Varela-Gonzalez, L. (2020). A case of nonfatal strangulation associated with intimate partner violence. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal, 42(3), 186–195. https://doi.org/10.1097/TME.0000000000000305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, M., Rahill, G. J., Lescano, C., & Jean, F. (2014). Language of sexual violence in Haiti: Perceptions of victims, community-level workers, and health care providers. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 25(4), 1623–1640. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2014.0172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, M., Thomas, K. A., & Sorenson, S. B. (2012). “I didn't know I could turn colors”: Health problems and health care experiences of women strangled by an intimate partner. Social Work in Health Care, 51(9), 798–814. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2012.692352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabat, H., & Anderson, J. P. (1943). Acute arrest of cerebral circulation in man: Lieutenant Ralph Rossen. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 50(5), 510–528. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurpsyc.1943.02290230022002
   Google Scholar
• Koh, J. O., Cassidy, J. D., & Watkinson, E. J. (2003). Incidence of concussion in contact sports: A systematic review of the evidence. Brain Injury, 17(10), 901–917. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269905031000088869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2002). The PHQ-15: Validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(2), 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200203000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwako, L. E., Glass, N., Campbell, J., Melvin, K. C., Barr, T., & Gill, J. M. (2011). Traumatic brain injury in intimate partner violence: A critical review of outcomes and mechanisms. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 12(3), 115–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838011404251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Blanc-Louvry, I., Papin, F., Vaz, E., & Proust, B. (2013). Cervical arterial injury after strangulation—different types of arterial lesions. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 58(6), 1640–1643. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levack, M. M., Pettitt, B. J., & Winston, A. D. (2009). Carotid artery thrombosis and delayed stroke associated with the use of a shoulder belt in a teenager. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 44(8), e29–e33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.05.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, L. J., Ho, R., & Ho, C. S. (2019). Dangers of mixed martial arts in the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2), 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood, J., Frape, L., Lin, S., & Ackery, A. (2018). Traumatic brain injuries in mixed martial arts: A systematic review. Trauma, 20(4), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/1460408617740902
   Google Scholar
• Malec, J. F., Brown, A. W., Leibson, C. L., Flaada, J. T., Mandrekar, J. N., Diehl, N. N., & Perkins, P. K. (2007). The Mayo classification system for traumatic brain injury severity. Journal of Neurotrauma, 24(9), 1417–1424. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2006.0245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malek, A. M., Higashida, R. T., Halbach, V. V., Dowd, C. F., Phatouros, C. C., Lempert, T. E., Meyers, P. M., Smith, W. S., & Stoney, R. (2000). Patient presentation, angiographic features, and treatment of strangulation-induced dissection of the internal carotid artery: Report of three cases. Journal of Neurosurgery, 92(3), 481–487. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.92.3.0481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClane, G. E., Strack, G. B., & Hawley, D. (2001). A review of 300 attempted strangulation cases Part II: Clinical evaluation of the surviving victim. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(3), 311–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00400-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcquown, C., Frey, J., Steer, S., Fletcher, G. E., Kinkopf, B., Fakler, M., & Prulhiere, V. (2016). Prevalence of strangulation in survivors of sexual assault and domestic violence. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 34(7), 1281–1285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.04.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meel, B. L. (2015). A case report on near manual strangulation and Glasgow coma scale. African Health Sciences, 15(3), 1038–1040. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v15i3.45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messing, J. T., Patch, M., Wilson, J. S., Kelen, G. D., & Campbell, J. (2018). Differentiating among attempted, completed, and multiple nonfatal strangulation in women experiencing intimate partner violence. Women's Health Issues, 28(1), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2017.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messing, J. T., Thaller, J., & Bagwell, M. (2014). Factors related to sexual abuse and forced sex in a sample of women experiencing police-involved intimate partner violence. Health & Social Work, 39(3), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlu026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao, J., Su, C., Wang, W., Lin, H., Li, H., Lei, G., Liu, Y., Liu, R., Zhang, W., & Li, Z. (2009). Delayed parkinsonism with a selective symmetric basal ganglia lesion after manual strangulation. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 16(4), 573–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2008.05.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milligan, N., & Anderson, M. (1980). Conjugal disharmony: A hitherto unrecognised cause of strokes. British Medical Journal, 281(6237), 421–422. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.281.6237.421
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mittal, M., Resch, K., Nichols-Hadeed, C., Stone, J. T., Thevenet-Morrison, K., Faurot, C., & Cerulli, C. (2018). Examining associations between strangulation and depressive symptoms in women with intimate partner violence histories. Violence and Victims, 33(6), 1072–1087. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.33.6.1072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), 264–269. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monahan, K., Purushotham, A., & Biegon, A. (2019). Neurological implications of nonfatal strangulation and intimate partner violence. Future Neurology, 14(3), 3. FNL21. https://doi.org/10.2217/fnl-2018-0031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patch, M., Anderson, J. C., & Campbell, J. C. (2018). Injuries of women surviving intimate partner strangulation and subsequent emergency health care seeking: An integrative evidence review. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 44(4), 384–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2017.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierquet, L. (1997). Neuropsychological consequences of the domestic battering of women [Doctoral thesis]. Wisconsin School of Professional Psychology. Retrieved via Inter-Library Loan from UMI, Ann Arbor, MI.
   Google Scholar
• Plattner, T., Bolliger, S., & Zollinger, U. (2005). Forensic assessment of survived strangulation. Forensic Science International, 153(2-3), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, T., Fullam, T., Hammett, J., Nettlow, D., & Harris, J. (2018). Vertebral artery dissection in Active-Duty Soldier Due to mixed martial arts choke hold. Federal Practitioner, 35(7), 12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pritchard, A. J., Reckdenwald, A., & Nordham, C. (2017). Nonfatal strangulation as part of domestic violence: A review of research. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(4), 407–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015622439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchard, A. J., Reckdenwald, A., Nordham, C., & Holton, J. (2018). Improving identification of strangulation injuries in domestic violence: Pilot data from a researcher–practitioner collaboration. Feminist Criminology, 13(2), 160–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085116653181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purvin, V. (1997). Unilateral headache and ptosis in a 30-year-old woman. Survey of Ophthalmology, 42(2), 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6257(97)00054-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralston, B., Rable, J., Larson, T., Handmaker, H., & Lifshitz, J. (2019). Forensic nursing examination to screen for traumatic brain injury following intimate partner violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 28(6), 732–743. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2019.1637988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Measures Package, 61(52), 18.
   Google Scholar
• Shields, L. B., Corey, T. S., Weakley-Jones, B., & Stewart, D. (2010). Living victims of strangulation: A 10-year review of cases in a metropolitan community. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 31(4), 320–325. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAF.0b013e3181d3dc02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B. A., Clayton, E. W., & Robertson, D. (2011). Experimental arrest of cerebral blood flow in human subjects: The red wing studies revisited. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 54(2), 2. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2011.0018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith Jr, D. J., Mills, T., & & Taliaferro, E. H. (2001). Frequency and relationship of reported symptomology in victims of intimate partner violence: The effect of multiple strangulation attacks. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(3), 323–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00402-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, P. H., Earp, J. A., & DeVellis, R. (1995). Measuring battering: Development of the women's experience with Battering (WEB) Scale. Women's Health: Research on Gender, Behavior, & Policy, 1(4), 273–288.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Y. (2009). Exploring psychosocial risk factors for stroke in young women exposed to domestic violence [Dissertation]. Queen Margaret University, UK. http://europepmc.org/article/ETH/500505
   Google Scholar
• Sorenson, S. B., Joshi, M., & Sivitz, E. (2014). A systematic review of the epidemiology of nonfatal strangulation, a human rights and health concern. American Journal of Public Health, 104(11), e54–e61. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, T. D., Alvarez, V. E., & McKee, A. C. (2014). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A spectrum of neuropathological changes following repetitive brain trauma in athletes and military personnel. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, 6(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/alzrt234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stellpflug, S. J., Menton, T. R., Corry, J. J., & Schneir, A. B. (2020). There is more to the mechanism of unconsciousness from vascular neck restraint than simply carotid compression. International Journal of Neuroscience, 130(1), 103–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2019.1664520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strack, G. B., & Gwinn, C. (2011). On the edge of homicide: Strangulation as a prelude. Criminal Justice, 26(3), 32.
   Google Scholar
• Strack, G. B., McClane, G. E., & Hawley, D. (2001). A review of 300 attempted strangulation cases Part I: Criminal legal issues. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(3), 303–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0736-4679(01)00399-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. B. (1996). The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2) development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 283–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251396017003001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taliaferro, E., Mills, T., & Walker, S. (2001). Walking and talking victims of strangulation. Is there a new epidemic? A commentary. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(3), 293–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00397-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, K. A., Joshi, M., & Sorenson, S. B. (2014). Do you know what it feels like to drown?” strangulation as coercive control in intimate relationships. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(1), 124–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313488354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twamley, E. W., Allard, C. B., Thorp, S. R., Norman, S. B., Cissell, S. H., Berardi, K. H., Grimes, E. M., & Stein, M. B. (2009). Cognitive impairment and functioning in PTSD related to intimate partner violence. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15(6), 879–887. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135561770999049X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vella, S. A. (2013). Cognitions and behaviors of strangulation survivors of intimate terrorism. Alliant International University.
   Google Scholar
• We Can’t Consent To This. (2020). https://wecantconsenttothis.uk/
   Google Scholar
• White, C., & Majeed-Ariss, R. (2018). Non-fatal strangulation amongst clients attending Saint Mary’s SARC. Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust. https://www.stmaryscentre.org/application/files/5815/6439/0323/White2018.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wilbur, L., Higley, M., Hatfield, J., Surprenant, Z., Taliaferro, E., Smith Jr, D. J., & Paolo, A. (2001). Survey results of women who have been strangled while in an abusive relationship. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(3), 297–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00398-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. (2019). Violence against women – Evidence brief. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/vaw-evidence-brief/en/
   Google Scholar
• Wortmann, J. H., Jordan, A. H., Weathers, F. W., Resick, P. A., Dondanville, K. A., Hall-Clark, B., Foa, E. B., Young-McCaughan, S., Yarvis, J. S., Hembree, E. A., Mintz, J., Peterson, A. L., & Litz, B. T. (2016). Psychometric analysis of the PTSD checklist-5 (PCL-5) among treatment-seeking military service members. Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1392. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen, K., Vock, P., Christe, A., Scheurer, E., Plattner, T., Schön, C., Aghayev, E., Jackowski, C., Beutler, V., Thali, M. J., & Dirnhofer, R. (2007). Clinical forensic radiology in strangulation victims: Forensic expertise based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 121(2), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-006-0121-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilkens, R. R., Phillips, M. A., Kelly, M. C., Mukhtar, S. A., Semmens, J. B., & Smith, D. A. (2016). Non-fatal strangulation in sexual assault: A study of clinical and assault characteristics highlighting the role of intimate partner violence. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 43, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2016.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zink, T., Klesges, L. M., Levin, L., & Putnam, F. (2007). Abuse behavior inventory: Cutpoint, validity, and characterization of discrepancies. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(7), 921–931. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260507301228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar