“Alone in the dark”: A qualitative study of treatment experiences among young adults with a recent concussion and anxiety

References

• Acabchuk, R. L., Brisson, J. M., Park, C. L., Babbott-Bryan, N., Parmelee, O. A., & Johnson, B. T. (2021). Therapeutic effects of meditation, yoga, and mindfulness-based interventions for chronic symptoms of mild traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 13(1), 34–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acord-Vira, A., Davis, D., & Lilly, C. (2021). Occupational performance limitations after concussion in college students. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 75(5), 7505345010. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2021.043398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, Z., & Sutton, J. (2014). Qualitative research: Getting started. The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 67, 436–440. https://doi.org/10.4212/cjhp.v67i6.1406
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bandealy, S. S., Sheth, N. C., Matuella, S. K., Chaikind, J. R., Oliva, I. A., Philip, S. R., Jones, P. M., & Hoge, E. A. (2021). Mind-Body interventions for anxiety disorders: A review of the evidence base for mental health practitioners. FOCUS, 19(2), 173–183. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20200042
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bannon, S. M., Greenberg, J., Goldson, J., O'Leary, D., & Vranceanu, A.-M. (2020). A social blow: The role of interpersonal relationships in mild traumatic brain injury. Psychosomatics, 61(5), 518–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2020.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blasey, J., Wang, C., & Blasey, R. (2022). Accommodation use and academic outcomes for college students with disabilities. Psychological Reports, 00332941221078011. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221078011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bombardier, C. H. (2010). Rates of major depressive disorder and clinical outcomes following traumatic brain injury. JAMA, 303(19), 1938–1945. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brain Injury Association of America. (2022). [Internet]. Brain Injury Association of America. [cited 2022 Oct 20]. Available from: https://www.biausa.org/
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, T. A., Munkasy, B. A., & Clouse, B. P. (2016). Acute cognitive and physical rest May not improve concussion recovery time. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 31(4), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, J. D., Rendely, A., Garel, A., Meaney, C., Stoller, J., Kaicker, J., Hayden, L., Moineddin, R., & Frémont, P. (2016). Are Canadian clinicians providing consistent sport-related concussion management advice? Canadian Family Physician, 62, 494–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casper, S. T. (2018). Concussion: A history of science and medicine, 1870-2005. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 58(6), 795–810. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy, J. D., Carroll, L., Peloso, P., Borg, J., von Holst, H., Holm, L., Kraus, J., & Coronado, V. (2004). Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO collaborating centre task force on mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 28–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/16501960410023732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, M. A., Muir, J. J., Gans, J. J., Shin, L. M., D'Esposito, M., Harel, B. T., & Schembri, A. (2015). Simultaneous treatment of neurocognitive and psychiatric symptoms in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and history of mild traumatic brain injury: A pilot study of mindfulness-based stress reduction. Military Medicine, 180(9), 956–963. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comper, P., Bisschop, S. M., Carnide, N., & Tricco, A. (2005). A systematic review of treatments for mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 19(11), 863–880. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050400025042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derbyshire, S., Maskill, V., & Snell, D. L. (2021). Do concussion clinicians use clinical practice guidelines? Brain Injury, 35(12-13), 1521–1528. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2021.1972451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dikmen, S., Machamer, J., & Temkin, N. (2017). Mild traumatic brain injury: Longitudinal study of cognition, functional status, and post-traumatic symptoms. Journal of Neurotrauma, 34(8), 1524–1530. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2016.4618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly, K. Z., Goldberg, S., & Fournier, D. (2020). A qualitative study of LoveYourBrain yoga: A group-based yoga with psychoeducation intervention to facilitate community integration for people with traumatic brain injury and their caregivers. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(17), 2482–2491. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1563638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doroszkiewicz, C., Gold, D., Green, R., Tartaglia, M. C., Ma, J., & Tator, C. H. (2021). Anxiety, depression, and quality of life: A long-term follow-Up study of patients with persisting concussion symptoms. Journal of Neurotrauma, 38(4), 493–505. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2020.7313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2016). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80–92.
   Google Scholar
• Galbraith, H., Quesnele, J., Kenrick-Rochon, S., Grenier, S., & Baldisera, T. (2020). What are the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding concussion of primary care physicians and family resident physicians in rural communities? Journal of Concussion, 4, 2059700220974548. https://doi.org/10.1177/2059700220974548
   Google Scholar
• Gale, N. K., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S., & Redwood, S. (2013). Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-13-117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallant, C., Luczon, R., Ryan, D., & Good, D. (2022). Investigating cannabis use and associated symptoms among university students with and without a history of concussion. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 32(6), 967–991. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2020.1847148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, R. C., & Yaffe, K. (2015). Epidemiology of mild traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, 66, 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2015.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Getting Better After a Mild TBI or Concussion. (2021). Concussion | Traumatic Brain Injury | CDC Injury Center [Internet]. [cited 2022 Oct 20]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/concussion/getting-better.html
   Google Scholar
• Gilworth, G., Eyres, S., Carey, A., Bhakta, B. B., & Tennant, A. (2008). Working with a brain injury: Personal experiences of returning to work following a mild or moderate brain injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 40(5), 334–339. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin, R. D., Weinberger, A. H., Kim, J. H., Wu, M., & Galea, S. (2020). Trends in anxiety among adults in the United States, 2008–2018: Rapid increases among young adults. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 130, 441–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourdeau, J., Fingold, A., Colantonio, A., Mansfield, E., & Stergiou-Kita, M. (2020). Workplace accommodations following work-related mild traumatic brain injury: What works? Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(4), 552–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1503733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, J., Popok, P. J., Lin, A., Kulich, R. J., James, P., Macklin, E. A., Millstein, R. A., Edwards, R. R., & Vranceanu, A.-M. (2020). A mind-body physical activity program for chronic pain With or without a digital monitoring device: Proof-of-concept feasibility randomized controlled trial. JMIR Formative Research, 4(6), e18703. https://doi.org/10.2196/18703
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenberg, J., Singh, T., Iverson, G. L., Silverberg, N. D., Macklin, E. A., Parker, R. A., Giacino, J. T., Yeh, G. Y., & Vranceanu, A.-M. (2021). A live video mind-body treatment to prevent persistent symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury: Protocol for a mixed methods study. JMIR Research Protocols, 10(1), e25746. https://doi.org/10.2196/25746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haller, H., Breilmann, P., Schröter, M., Dobos, G., & Cramer, H. (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis of acceptance- and mindfulness-based interventions for DSM-5 anxiety disorders. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 20385. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99882-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, T., Driver, S., Sander, A., Pappadis, M., Dams-O’Connor, K., Bocage, C., Hinkens, E., Dahdah, M. N., & Cai, X. (2018). Traumatic brain injury education for adult patients and families: A scoping review. Brain Injury, 32(11), 1295–1306. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2018.1493226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennink, M., & Kaiser, B. N. (2022). Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests. Social Science & Medicine, 292, 114523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson, G. L., Greenberg, J., & Cook, N. E. (2022). Anxiety is associated with diverse physical and cognitive symptoms in youth presenting to a multidisciplinary concussion clinic. Frontiers in Neurology [Internet]. [cited 2022 Sep 8];12. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389fneur.2021.811462
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, B., Bjuhr, H., Karlsson, M., Karlsson, J.-O., & Rönnbäck, L. (2015). Mindfulness-Based stress reduction (MBSR) delivered live on the internet to individuals suffering from mental fatigue after an acquired brain injury. Mindfulness, 6(6), 1356–1365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0406-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, R. S., Provenzano, M. K., Shumaker, L. M., McLeod, T. C. V., & Bacon, C. E. W. (2017). The effect of cognitive rest as part of postconcussion management for adolescent athletes: A critically appraised topic. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 26(5), 437–446. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2015-0167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmali, S., Beaton, M. D., & Babul, S. (2022). Outlining the invisible: Experiences and perspectives regarding concussion recovery, return-to-work, and resource gaps. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 8204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashluba, S., Paniak, C., & Casey, J. E. (2008). Persistent symptoms associated with factors identified by the WHO task force on mild traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22(2), 195–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040701263655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontos, A. P., Jorgensen-Wagers, K., Trbovich, A. M., Ernst, N., Emami, K., Gillie, B., French, J., Holland, C., Elbin, R. J., & Collins, M. W. (2020). Association of time since injury to the first clinic visit With recovery following concussion. JAMA Neurology, 77(4), 435–440. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranke, D., Jackson, S. E., Taylor, D. A., Anderson-Fye, E., & Floersch, J. (2013). College student disclosure of Non-apparent disabilities to receive classroom accommodations. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 26, 35–51.
   Google Scholar
• Lagacé-Legendre, C., Boucher, V., Robert, S., Tardif, P.-A., Ouellet, M.-C., de Guise, E., Boulard, G., Frémont, P., Émond, M., Moore, L., & Le Sage, N. (2021). Persistent postconcussion symptoms: An expert consensus-based definition using the delphi method. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 36(2), 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langevin, P., Frémont, P., Fait, P., Dubé, M.-O., Bertrand-Charette, M., & Roy, J.-S. (2020). Aerobic exercise for sport-related concussion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 52(12), 2491–2499. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence, D. W., Foster, E., Comper, P., Langer, L., Hutchison, M. G., Chandra, T., & Bayley, M. (2020). Cannabis, alcohol and cigarette use during the acute post-concussion period. Brain Injury, 34(1), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2019.1679885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leddy, J. J., Baker, J. G., & Willer, B. (2016). Active rehabilitation of concussion and post-concussion syndrome. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 27(2), 437–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2015.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levack, W. M. M., Kayes, N. M., & Fadyl, J. K. (2010). Experience of recovery and outcome following traumatic brain injury: A metasynthesis of qualitative research. Disability and Rehabilitation, 32(12), 986–999. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638281003775394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linnestad, A. M., Løvstad, M., Groven, K. S., Howe, E. I., Fure, S. C. R., Spjelkavik, Ø, & Sveen, U. (2022). “Manoeuvring in uncharted waters – a balancing act”: A qualitative exploration of treatment and improvement after mild traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2022.2034651
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovette, B. C., Kanaya, M. R., Bannon, S. M., Vranceanu, A. M., & Greenberg, J. (2022). “Hidden gains”? measuring the impact of mindfulness-based interventions for people with mild traumatic brain injury: A scoping review. Brain Injury, 36(9), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2022.2109745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, J. A. (2010). Using numbers in qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(6), 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800410364740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W., Dvorak, J., Aubry, M., Bailes, J., Broglio, S., Cantu, R. C., Cassidy, D., Echemendia, R. J., Castellani, R. J., & Davis, G. A. (2017). Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5 th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(11). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097699
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory, P. R., & Berkovic, S. F. (2001). Concussion: The history of clinical and pathophysiological concepts and misconceptions. Neurology, 57(12), 2283–2289. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.57.12.2283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon, P. J., Hricik, A., Yue, J. K., Puccio, A. M., Inoue, T., Lingsma, H. F., Beers, S. R., Gordon, W. A., Valadka, A. B., Manley, G. T., Okonkwo and the TRACK-TBI investiga, D. O., Casey, S. S., Cooper, S. R., Dams-O'Connor, K., Menon, D. K., Sorani, M. D., Yuh, E. L., Mukherjee, P., Schnyer, D. M., & Vassar, M. J. (2014). Symptomatology and functional outcome in mild traumatic brain injury: Results from the prospective TRACK-TBI study. Journal of Neurotrauma, 31(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2013.2984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittenberg, W., Canyock, E. M., Condit, D., & Patton, C. (2001). Treatment of post-concussion syndrome following mild head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23(6), 829–836. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.23.6.829.1022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NVIVO 12. (2018). SAGE Ocean | Big Data, New Tech, Social Science [Internet]. SAGE Ocean. [cited 2023 Feb 2]. Available from: https://ocean.sagepub.com/research-tools-database/nvivo
   Google Scholar
• Philipson, E. B., Gause, E., Conrick, K. M., Erickson, S., Muma, A., Liu, Z., Ayyagari, R. C., & Vavilala, M. S. (2021). Concussion symptoms and temporary accommodations using a student-centered return to learn care plan. NeuroRehabilitation, 49(4), 655–662. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-210182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponsford, J., Willmott, C., Rothwell, A., Cameron, P., Kelly, A.-M., Nelms, R., Curran, C., & Ng, K. (2000). Factors influencing outcome following mild traumatic brain injury in adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6(5), 568–579. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617700655066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcell, L. K., Davis, G. A., & Gioia, G. A. (2019). What factors must be considered in “return to school” following concussion and what strategies or accommodations should be followed? A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(4), 250. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, D. K., Mayer, A. R., Master, C. L., & Fann, J. R. (2018). Prolonged postconcussive symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(2), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17020235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Register-Mihalik, J. K., DeFreese, J. D., Callahan, C. E., & Carneiro, K. (2020). Utilizing the biopsychosocial model in concussion treatment: Post-traumatic headache and beyond. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 24(8), 44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-020-00870-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remes, O., Brayne, C., van der Linde, R., & Lafortune, L. (2016). A systematic review of reviews on the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adult populations. Brain and Behavior, 6(7), e00497. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schanche, E., Vøllestad, J., Binder, P.-E., Hjeltnes, A., Dundas, I., & Nielsen, G. H. (2020). Participant experiences of change in mindfulness-based stress reduction for anxiety disorders. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 15(1), 1776094. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2020.1776094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, K. J., Iverson, G. L., Emery, C. A., McCrory, P., Herring, S. A., & Meeuwisse, W. H. (2013). The effects of rest and treatment following sport-related concussion: A systematic review of the literature. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(5), 304–307. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe, L., Sinclair, J., Kramer, A., de Manincor, M., & Sarris, J. (2020). Cannabis, a cause for anxiety? A critical appraisal of the anxiogenic and anxiolytic properties. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18(1), 374. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02518-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg, N. D., Gardner, A. J., Brubacher, J. R., Panenka, W. J., Li, J. J., & Iverson, G. L. (2015). Systematic review of multivariable prognostic models for mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 32(8), 517–526. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2014.3600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg, N. D., Iaccarino, M. A., Panenka, W. J., Iverson, G. L., McCulloch, K. L., Dams-O’Connor, K., Reed, N., McCrea, M., Cogan, A. M., Park Graf, M. J., Kajankova, M., McKinney, G., & Weyer Jamora, C. (2020). Management of concussion and mild traumatic brain injury: A synthesis of practice guidelines. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 101(2), 382–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2019.10.179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg, N. D., & Otamendi, T. (2019). Advice to rest for more than 2 days after mild traumatic brain injury Is associated With delayed return to productivity: A case-control study. Frontiers in Neurology, 10, 362. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terlizzi, E. P., & Villarroel, M. A. (2020). Symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder Among adults: United States, 2019. NCHS Data Brief, 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Terpstra, A. R., Cairncross, M., Yeates, K. O., Vranceanu, A.-M., Greenberg, J., Hunt, C., & Silverberg, N. D. (2021). Psychological mediators of avoidance and endurance behavior after concussion. Rehabilitation Psychology, 66(4), 470–478. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wäljas, M., Iverson, G. L., Lange, R. T., Hakulinen, U., Dastidar, P., Huhtala, H., Liimatainen, S., Hartikainen, K., & Öhman, J. (2015). A prospective biopsychosocial study of the persistent post-concussion symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 32(8), 534–547. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2014.3339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman, E. B., Bazarian, J. J., Mapstone, M., Block, R., & van Wijngaarden, E. (2016). Academic dysfunction after a concussion Among US high school and college students. American Journal of Public Health, 106(7), 1247–1253. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, J., & Sohlberg, M. M. (2021). The implementation of a personalized dynamic approach for the management of prolonged concussion symptoms. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 30(4), 1611–1624. https://doi.org/10.1044/2021_AJSLP-20-00306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar