UV hazard on Italian Apennines under different shading and ground cover conditions during peak tourist seasons of the year

References

• Ambach , W , Blumthaler , M and Schopf , T . 1993 . Increase of biologically effective ultraviolet radiation with altitude . J Wild Med , 4 : 189 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• CIE (International Commission on Illumination) . 1987 . A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin . CIE J , 6 : 17 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• CIE (International Commission on Illumination) . 1986a . Photoconjunctivitis . CIE J , 5 : 24 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• CIE (International Commission on Illumination) . 1986b . Photokeratitis . CIE J , 5 : 19 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1994 . Experimental UV Index . EPA , 430-F-94 : 017 – 019 .
   Google Scholar
• Grifoni , D , Carreras , G , Sabatini , F and Zipoli , G . 2005 . UV hazard on a summer's day under Mediterranean conditions, and the protective role of a beach umbrella . Int J Biometeorol , 50 : 75 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Guzzi , R and Justus , C G . 1986 . Physical climatology for solar and wind energy , Singapore : World Scientific .
   Google Scholar
• Hoeppe , P , Oppenrieder , A , Erianto , C , Koepke , P , Reuder , J , Seefeldner , M and Nowak , D . 2004 . Visualization of UV exposure of the human body based on data from a scanning UV-measuring system . Int J Biometeorol , 49 : 18 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Longstreth , J D , De Gruijl , F R , Kripke , M L , Takizawa , Y and Van Der Laun , J C . 1995 . Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on human health . Ambio , 24 : 53 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie , R L , Paulin , K J and Kotkamp , M . 1997 . Erythemal UV irradiance at Lauder, New Zealand: Relationship between horizontal and sun normal incidence . Photochem Photobiol , 66 : 683 – 689 .
   Google Scholar
• McKinlay , A F and Diffey , B L . 1987 . A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin . CIE J , 6 : 17 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Mech , M and Koepke , P . 2004 . Model for UV irradiance on arbitrarily oriented surfaces . Theor Appl Climatol , 77 : 151 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Moise , A F and Aynsley , R . 1999 . Ambient ultraviolet radiation levels in public shade settings . Int J Biometeorol , 43 : 128 – 138 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oriowo , O M , Cullen , A P , Chou , B R and Sivak , J G . 2001 . Action spectrum and recovery for in vitro UV-induced cataract using whole lenses . IOVS , 42 : 2596 – 2602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parisi , A V and Downs , N . 2004 . Cloud cover and horizontal plane eye damaging solar UV exposures . Int J Biometeorol , 49 : 130 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parisi , A V and Kimlin , M G . 1999 . Horizontal and sun-normal spectral biologically effective ultraviolet irradiances . J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol , 53 : 70 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettit , E . 1931 . Measurements of ultraviolet solar radiation, Mount Wison Obs Contr 445 . Astrophys J , 75 : 185 – 221 .
   Google Scholar
• Philipona , R , Schilling , A and Schmucki , D . 2001 . Albedo-enhanced maximum UV irradiance-measured on surfaces oriented normal to the sun . Photochem Photobiol , 73 : 366 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• Schauberger , G . 1990 . Model for the global irradiance of the solar biologically effective ultraviolet radiation on inclinated surfaces . Photochem Photobiol , 52 : 1029 – 1032 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauberger , G . 1992 . Anisotropic model for the diffuse biologically effective irradiance of solar UV radiation on inclined surfaces . Theor Appl Climatol , 46 : 45 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Sliney , D H . 1999 . Geometrical assessment of ocular exposure to environmental UV radiation . J Epidemiol , 9 : S22 – S32 .
   Google Scholar
• Turnbull , D , Parisi , A V and Sabburg , J . 2003 . Scattered UV beneath public shade structures during winter . Photochem Photobiol , 78 : 180 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Turnbull , D and Parisi , A V . 2003 . Spectral UV in public shade settings . J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol , 69 : 13 – 19 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turnbull , D and Parisi , A V . 2005 . Increasing the ultraviolet protection provided by shade structures . J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol , 78 : 61 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , A R , Weihs , P and Blumthaler , M . 1999 . Spectral UV irradiance on vertical surfaces: A case study . Photochem Photobiol , 69 : 464 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , R W . 1994 . The family of sunlight-related eye disorders . Opt Vis Sci , 71 : 125 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar