Knowledge, attitude and practices of pesticide use and acetylcholinesterase depression among farm workers in Nepal

References

• ADB . 1999 . The growth and sustainability of agriculture in Asia , Oxford , , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Antle , JM and Pingali , PL. 1994 . Pesticides, productivity, and farmer health: a Philippine case study . Am J Agric Econ , 76 : 418 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atreya , K. 2007 . Farmers' willingness to pay for community integrated pest management training in Nepal . Agric Human Values , 24 : 399 – 409 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atreya , K. 2008a . Health costs from short-term exposure to pesticides in Nepal . Soc Sci Med , 67 : 511 – 519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atreya , K. 2008b . Probabilistic assessment of acute health symptoms related to pesticide use under intensified Nepalese agriculture . Int J Environ Health Res , 18 ( 3 ) : 187 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atreya , K , Johnsen , FH and Sitaula , BK. 2011 . Health and environmental costs of pesticide use in vegetable farming in Nepal . J Environ Dev Sustain. DOI 10.1007/s10668-011-9334-4 ,
   Google Scholar
• Atreya , K and Sitaula , BK. 2010 . Mancozeb: growing risk for agricultural communities . Himalayan J Sci , 6 ( 8 ) : 9 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Beshwari , NMM , Bener , A , Ameen , A , Al-Mehdi , AM , Ouda , HZ and Pasha , MAH. 1999 . Pesticide-related health problems and diseases among farmers in the United Arab Emirates . Int J Environ Health Res , 9 : 213 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bissbort , SH , Vermaak , WJH , Elias , J , Bester , MJ , Datt , GS and Pum , JKW. 2001 . Novel test and its automation for the determination of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and its application to organophosphate exposure . Clinica Chimica Acta , 303 ( 1–2 ) : 139 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , S and Kennedy , G. 2005 . A case study of cash cropping in Nepal: poverty alleviation or inequity? . Agric Hum Val , 22 : 105 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colosio , C , Fustinoni , S , Birindelli , S , Bonomi , I , De Paschale , G , Mammone , T , Tiramani , M , Vescelli , F , Visentin , S and Maroni , M . 2002 . Ethylenethiourea in urine as an indicator of exposure to mancozeb in vineyard workers . Toxicol Lett , 134 : 133 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuyno , LCM , Norton , GW and Rola , A. 2001 . Economic analysis of environmental benefits of integrated pest management: a Philippine case study . Agric Econ , 25 : 227 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahal , BM , Nyborg , I , Sitaula , BK and Bajracharya , RM. 2009 . Agricultural intensification: food insecurity to income security in a mid-hill watershed of Nepal . Int J Agric Sustain , 7 ( 4 ) : 249 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahal , BM , Sitaula , BK , Sharma , S and Bajracharya , RM. 2007 . Effects of agricultural intensification on the quality of rivers in rural watersheds of Nepal . J Food Agric Environ , 5 ( 1 ) : 341 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damalas , CA , Georgiou , EB and Theodorou , MG. 2006 . Pesticide use and safety practices among Greek tobacco farmers: a survey . Int J Environ Health Res , 16 : 339 – 348 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasgupta , S , Meisner , C , Wheeler , D , Xuyen , K and Lam , NT. 2007 . Pesticide poisoning of farm workers – implications of blood test results from Vietnam . Int J Hyg Environ Health , 210 : 121 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devi P . 2009a . Pesticide application and occupational health risks among farm workers in Kerala – an analysis using dose response function . Ind J Agric Econ , 64 ( 4 ) : 557 – 572 .
   Google Scholar
• Devi P . 2009b . Health risks perceptions, awareness and handling behaviour of pesticides by farm workers . Agric Econ Res Rev , 22 : 263 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Devi P . 2010 . Pesticides in agriculture – a boon or a curse? A case study of Kerala . Econ Polit Wkly , XLV ( 26/27 ) : 199 – 207 .
   Google Scholar
• Dung , NH and Dung , TT. 1999 . Economic and health consequences of pesticide use in paddy production in the Mekong Delta , Vietnam , , Singapore : Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA) .
   Google Scholar
• EQM Research Inc . 2003 . Test-mate ChE Cholinesterase Test System (Model 400) – Instruction manual [Internet] , Ohio . [cited 2008 Jul 7]. Available from: http://www.eqmresearch.com/Manual-E.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Extension Toxicology Network (ECOTOXNET) . 1993 . Toxicology information brief: Cholinesterase inhibition [Internet] , USA : Cornel University . [cited 2010 Nov 12]. Available from: http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/TIB/cholinesterase.html
   Google Scholar
• Feder , G , Murgai , R and Quizon , JB. 2003 . Sending farmers back to school: the impact of farmer field schools in Indonesia . Rev Agric Econ , 29 : 45 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Gomes , J , Lloyd , OL and Revitt , DM. 1999 . The influence of personal protection, environmental hygiene and exposure to pesticides on the health of immigrant farm workers in a desert country . Int Arch Occup Environ Health , 72 : 40 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , PK. 2004 . Pesticide exposure-Indian scene . Toxicology , 198 : 83 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha , RK and Regmi , AP. Productivity of pesticide in vegetable farming in Nepal . SANDEE Working Paper No. 43-09 . Kathmandu , , Nepal : South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics (SANDEE) .
   Google Scholar
• Jintana , S , Sming , K , Krongtong , Y and Thanyachai , S. 2009 . Cholinesterase activity, pesticide exposure and health impact in a population exposed to organophosphates . Int Arch Occup Environ Health , 82 : 833 – 842 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keifer , M , Rivas , F , Moon , JD and Checkoway , H. 1996 . Symptoms and cholinesterase activity among rural residents living near cotton fields in Nicaragua . Occup Environ Med , 53 ( 11 ) : 726 – 729 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishi , M , Hirschhorn , N , Djajadisastra , M , Satterlee , LN , Strowman , S and Dilts , R. 1995 . Relationship of pesticide spraying to signs and symptoms in Indonesian farmers . Scand J Work Environ Health , 21 : 124 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leng , G , Kuhn , KH and Idel , H. 1996 . Biological monitoring of pyrethroid metabolites in urine of pest control operators . Toxicol Lett , 88 ( 1–3 ) : 215 – 220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotti M . 1995 . Cholinesterase inhibition: complexities in interpretation . Clin Chem , 41 ( 12 ) : 1814 – 1818 .
   Google Scholar
• Mason HJ . 2000 . The recovery of plasma cholinesterase and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity in workers after over-exposure to dichlorvos . Occup Med , 50 ( 5 ) : 343 – 347 .
   Google Scholar
• Matthews , G , Wiles , T and Baleguel , P. 2003 . A survey of pesticide application in Cameroon . Crop Prot , 22 : 707 – 714 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maumbe , BM and Swinton , SM. 2003 . Hidden health costs of pesticide use in Zimbabwe's smallholder cotton growers . Soc Sci Med , 57 : 1559 – 1571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , HH , Sanusi , A , Dilts , R , Djajadisastra , M , Hirschhorn , N and Yuliantiningsih , S. 1999 . Health effects of pesticide use among Indonesian women farmers: part I: exposure and acute health effects . J Agromedicine , 6 ( 3 ) : 61 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Ngowi , AVF , Maeda , DN , Partanen , TJ , Sanga , MP and Mbise , G. 2001 . Acute health effects of organophosphorus pesticides on Tanzanian small-scale coffee growers . J Exp Anal Environ Epidemiol , 11 : 335 – 339 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ntow , WJ , Tagoe , LM , Drechsel , P , Kelderman , P , Nyarko , E and Gijzen , HJ. 2009 . Occupational exposure to pesticides: blood cholinesterase activity in a farming community in Ghana . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 56 : 623 – 630 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohaya-Mitoko , GJA , Kromhout , H , Simwa , JM , Boleij , JSM and Heederik , D. 2000 . Self reported symptoms and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity among Kenyan agricultural workers . Occup Environ Med , 57 : 195 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontius , J , Dilts , R and Bartlett , A . 2000 . Ten years of IPM training in Asia: from farmer field schools to community IPM , Jakarta : FAO Community IPM Program .
   Google Scholar
• Quandt , SA , Chen , H , Grzywacz , JG , Vallesjos , QM , Galvan , L and Arcury , TA. 2010 . Cholinesterase depression and its association with pesticide exposure across the agricultural season among Latino farm workers in North Carolina . Environ Health Perspect , 118 ( 5 ) : 635 – 639 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raut , N , Sitaula , BK and Bajracharya , RM. 2010 . Agricultural intensification: linking with livelihood improvement and environmental degradation in mid-hills of Nepal . J Agric Environ , 11 : 83 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Recena , MCP , Caldas , ED , Pires , DX and Pontes , ERJC. 2006 . Pesticides exposure in Culturama, Brazil – knowledge, attitudes, and practices . Environ Res , 102 ( 2 ) : 230 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salameh , PR , Baldi , I , Brochard , P and Abi Saleh , B. 2004 . Pesticides in Lebanon: a knowledge, attitude, and practice study . Environ Res , 94 : 1 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivayoganathan , C , Gnanachandran , S , Lewis , J and Fernando , M. 1995 . Protective measure use and symptoms among agro pesticide applicators in Sri Lanka . Soc Sci Med , 40 ( 4 ) : 431 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari , KR , Nyborg , I , Sitaula , BK and Paudel , GS. 2008 . Analysis of the sustainability of upland farming systems in the middle mountains region of Nepal . Int J Agric Sustain , 6 ( 4 ) : 289 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trumble , JY. 1998 . IPM: overcoming conflicts in adoption . Integrated Pest Manag Rev , 3 : 195 – 207 .
   Google Scholar
• van den Berg , H. 2004 . IPM farmer field schools: a synthesis of 25 impact evaluations , The Netherlands : Wageningen University .
   Google Scholar
• van den Berg , H and Jiggins , J. 2007 . Investing in farmers – the impacts of farmer field schools in relation to integrated pest management . World Dev , 35 ( 4 ) : 663 – 686 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Hoek , W , Konradsen , F , Athukorala , K and Wanigadewa , T. 1998 . Pesticide poisoning: a major health problem in Sri Lanka . Soc Sci Med , 46 ( 4–5 ) : 495 – 504 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , C. 1998 . Cost and policy implications of agricultural pollution with special reference to pesticides , Scotland , , UK : University of St. Andrews . [PhD]
   Google Scholar
• Yassin , MM , Abu , Mourad TA and Safi , JM. 2002 . Knowledge, attitude, practice, and toxicity symptoms associated with pesticide use among farm workers in the Gaza Strip . Occup Environ Med , 59 : 387 – 394 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar