Analysis of a novel field dilution method for testing samples that exceed the analytic range of point-of-care blood lead analyzers

References

• Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. 2007. Interpreting and managing blood lead levels <10 μg/dL in children and reducing childhood exposures to lead: recommendations of CDC’s advisory committee on childhood lead poisoning prevention. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 56:1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BBC. 2010. BBC average weather conditions for Kano, Nigeria [Internet]. London, England; [cited 2011 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT000500
   Google Scholar
• Brown MJ, McWeeney G, Kim R, Tahirukaj A, Bulat P, Syla S, Savic Z, Amitai Y, Dignam T, Kaluski DN. 2010. Lead poisoning among internally displaced Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian children in the United Nations-Administered Province of Kosovo. Eur J Public Health. 20:288–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. 1994. Blood lead levels–United States, 1988–1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 43:545–548.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CDC. 2002. Managing elevated blood lead levels among young children: recommendations from the advisory committee on childhood lead poisoning prevention [Internet]. In: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, editor. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/CaseManagement/caseManage_main.htm
   Google Scholar
• CDC. 2007. Interpreting and managing blood lead levels <10μg/dL in children and reducing childhood exposures to lead. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 56:1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CDC. 2010. Notes from the field: Outbreak of acute lead poisoning among children ages <5 years – Zamfara, Nigeria, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 59:846.
   Google Scholar
• Dart R, Hurlbut K, Boyer-Hassen L. 2004. Lead. In: Dart R, Caravati E, Mcguigan M, Macgregor Whyte IDawson A, Seifert S, Schonwald S, Yip L, Keyes D, Hurlbut K, Erdman A, editors. Medical toxicology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; p. 1423–1431.
   Google Scholar
• Dooyema CA, Neri A, Lo Y-C, Durant J, Dargan PI, Swarthout T, Biya O, Gidado SO, Haladu S, Sani-Gwarzo N, et al. 2011. Outbreak of fatal childhood lead poisoning related to artisanal gold mining in Northwestern Nigeria, 2010. Env Health Persp. 120:601–607.
   Google Scholar
• ESA Biosciences Inc. 2007. Testing kit instructions for LeadCare II analyzer. Chelmsford (MA): ESA Biosciences.
   Google Scholar
• FDA. 2005. Recommendations for clinical laboratory improvement amendments of 1988 waiver applications [Internet]. In: FDA Center For Devices And Radiological Health, editor. Washington, DC: FDA. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm070890.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Haefliger P, Mathieu-Nolf M, Lociciro S, Ndiaye C, Coly M, Diouf A, Faye AL, Sow A, Tempowski J, Pronczuk J, et al. 2009. Mass lead intoxication from informal used lead-acid battery recycling in dakar, senegal. Environ Health Perspect. 117:1535–1540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henretig F. 2006. Lead. In: Wonsiewicz M, Edmonson K, Boyle P, editors. Goldfrank’s toxicologic emergencies. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Jones RL, Homa DM, Meyer PA, Brody DJ, Caldwell KL, Pirkle JL, Brown MJ. 2009. Trends in blood lead levels and blood lead testing among US children aged 1 to 5 years, 1988–2004. Pediatrics. 123:e376–e385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klarkowski DB, Orozco JD. 2010. Microscopy quality control in Medecins Sans Frontieres programs in resource-limited settings. PLoS Med. 7:e1000206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laraque D, Mccormick M, Norman M, Taylor A, Weller SC, Karp J. 1990. Blood lead, calcium status, and behavior in preschool children. Am J Dis Child. 144:186–189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin L. 2008. Overview of agreement statistics for medical devices. J Biopharm Stat. 18:126–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin LI. 1989. A concordance correlation-coefficient to evaluate reproducibility. Biometrics. 45:255–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo YC, Dooyema CA, Neri A, Durant J, Jefferies T, Medina-Marino A, De Ravello L, Thoroughman D, Davis L, Dankoli RS2012. Childhood lead poisoning associated with gold ore processing: a village-level investigation – Zamfara State, Nigeria, October–November 2010. Env Health Persp. 120:1450–1455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nduka JK, Orisakwe OE, Ezenweke LO, Chendo MN, Ezenwa TE. 2008. Heavy metal contamination of foods by refuse dump sites in Awka, southeastern Nigeria. Scientific World J. 8:941–948.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu KY. 2010. An acute tetraethyl lead poisoning accident. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 28:644.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nixon DE, Burritt MF, Moyer TP. 1999. The determination of mercury in whole blood and urine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy. 54:1141–1153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman R, Bradshaw D, Lewin S, Cairncross E, Nannan N, Vos T. 2010. Estimating the burden of disease attributable to four selected environmental risk factors in South Africa. Rev Environ Health. 25:87–119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orisakwe OE, Nduka JK. 2009. Lead and cadmium levels of commonly administered pediatric syrups in Nigeria: a public health concern? Sci Total Environ. 407:5993–5996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos CL, Barros HM, Stein AT, Da Costa JS. 2010. Risk factors contributing to childhood poisoning. J Pediatr (Rio J). 86:435–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley NE. 2010. Lead poisoning from Burmese medicines. Minn Med. 93:6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SAS Institute. 2002–2010. SAS v9.3. Carey, NC: SAS Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Shannon M, Rifai N. 1997. The accuracy of a portable instrument for analysis of blood lead in children. Ambulatory Child Health. 3: 249–254.
   Google Scholar
• Shi H, Jiang YM, Li JY, Liu F, Wang H, Yu F, Yang H. 2011. Environmental lead exposure among children in Chengdu, China, 2007–2009. Biol Trace Elem Res. 143:97–102.
   Google Scholar
• Stanton NV, Fritsch T, Geraghty C, Verostek MF, Weiner B, Parsons PJ. 2006. The role of proficiency testing in the detection and resolution of calibration bias in the LeadCare (R) blood lead analyzer; limitations of peer-group assessment. Accredit Qual Assur. 11:590–592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor L, Jones RL, Kwan L, Deddens JA, Ashley K, Sanderson WT. 2001. Evaluation of a portable blood lead analyzer with occupationally exposed populations. Am J Ind Med. 40:354–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Lindern IH, Von Braun MC, Tirima S, Bartrem C. 2011. Zamfara, Nigeria lead poisoning epidemic emergency environmental response, May 2010–March 2011, Final Report to the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) [Internet]. In: UNICEF Fund, editor. UNICEF programme cooperation agreement: YW-303(01). Available from: http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/files/FileUpload/files/Additional%20Reports/Zamfara-Nigeria-Report.pdf
   Google Scholar