References
- Abdelouahab N, Langlois MF, Lavoie L, Corbin F, Pasquier J-C, Takser L. 2013. Maternal and cord-blood thyroid hormone levels and exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls during early pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol. 178(5):701–713. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt141.
- Adamsson A, Simanainen U, Viluksela M, Paranko J, Toppari J. 2008. The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on foetal male rat steroidogenesis. Int J Androl. 32:575–585. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00900.x.
- Araki A, Miyashita C, Mitsui T, Goudarzi H, Mizutani F, Chisaki Y, Itoh S, Sasaki S, Cho K, Moriya K, et al. 2018. Prenatal organochlorine pesticide exposure and the disruption of steroids and reproductive hormones in cord blood: the hokkaido study. Environ Int. 110:1–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.006.
- Baccarelli A, Giacomini SM, Corbetta C, Landi MT, Bonzini M, Consonni D, Grillo P, Patterson DG, Pesatori AC, Bertazzi PA, et al. 2008. Neonatal thyroid function in seveso 25 years after maternal exposure to dioxin. PLoS. 5(7):e161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050161.
- Bannister R, Davis D, Zacherewski T, Tizard I, Safe S. 1987. Aroclor 1254 as a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin antagonist: effects on enzyme induction and immunotoxicity. Toxicology. 46:29–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-483X(87)90135-1.
- Bansal R, Tighe D, Danai A, Rawn DFK, Gaertner DW, Arnold DL, Gilbert ME, Zoeller RT. 2014. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (DE-71) interferes with thyroid hormone action independent of effects on circulating levels of thyroid hormone in male rats. Endocrinology. 155(10):4104–4112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1154.
- Banu SK, Samuel JB, Arosh JA, Burghardt RC, Aruldhas MM. 2008. Lactational exposure to hexavalent chromium delays puberty by impairing ovarian development, steroidogenesis and pituitary hormone synthesis in developing wistar rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 232(2):180–189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.06.002.
- Berg V, Nøst TH, Pettersen RD, Hansen S, Veyhe AS, Jorde R, Odland JØ, Sandanger TM. 2017. Persistent organic pollutants and the association with maternal and infant thyroid homeostasis: a multipollutant assessment. Environ Health Perspect. 125(1):127–133. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP152.
- Bielmeier SR, Best DS, Guidici DL, Narotsky MG. 2001. Pregnancy loss in the rat caused by bromodichloromethane. Toxicol Sci. 59(2):309–315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/59.2.309.
- Bielmeier SR, Best DS, Narotsky MG. 2004. Serum hormone characterization and exogeneous hormone rescue of bromodichloromethane-induced pregnancy loss in the F344 rat. Toxicol Sci. 77(1):101–108. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfh017.
- Bielmeier SR, Murr AS, Best DS, Harrison RA, Pegram RA, Goldman JM, Narotsky MG. 2007. Effects of bromodichloromethane on ex vivo and in vitro luteal function and bromodichloromethane tissue dosimetry in the pregnant F344 rat. Toxicol In Vitro. 21(5):919–928. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2007.01.017.
- Bjerke DL, Peterson RE. 1994. Reproductive toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in male rats: different effects of in utero versus lactational exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 127:241–249. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1994.1158.
- Blanco J, Mulero M, Heredia L, Pujol A, Domingo JL, Sánchez DJ. 2013. Perinatal exposure to BDE-99 causes learning disorders and decreases serum thyroid hormone levels and BDNF gene expression in hippocampus in rat offspring. Toxicology. 308:122–128. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2013.03.010.
- Bondy GS, Gaertner D, Cherry W, MacLellan E, Coady L, Arnold DL, Doucet J, Rowsell PR. 2011. Brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) levels in liver, adipose, and milk from adult and juvenile rats exposed by gavage to the DE-71 technical mixture. Environ Toxicol. 26(6):677–690. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20603.
- Bondy GS, Lefebvre DE, Aziz S, Cherry W, Coady L, MacLellan E, Armstrong C, Barker M, Cooke G, Gaertner D, et al. 2013. Toxicologic and immunologic effects of perinatal exposure to the brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) mixture DE-71 in the sprague-dawley rat. Environ Toxicol. 28(4):215–228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20713.
- Bowers WJ, Wall PM, Nakai JS, Yagminas A, Wade M, Li N. 2015. Behavioral and thyroid effects of in utero and lactational exposure of sprague-dawley rats to the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture DE71. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 52(Pt B):127–142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2015.08.002.
- Brechner RJ, Parkhurst GD, Humble WO, Brown MB, Herman WH. 2000. Ammonium perchlorate contamination of colorado river drinking water is associated with abnormal thyroid function in newborns in Arizona. J Occup Environ Med. 42(8):777–782. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-200008000-00002.
- Buser MC, Abadin HG, Irwin JL, Pohl HR. 2018. Windows of sensitivity to toxic chemicals in the development of reproductive effects: an analysis of ATSDR’s toxicological profile database. Int J Environ Health Res. 28(5):553–578. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2018.1496235.
- Buser MC, Pohl HR. 2015. Windows of sensitivity to toxic chemicals in the development of cleft palates. J Toxicol Environ Health Part B: Crit Rev. 18(5):242–257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2015.1068719.
- Calsolaro V, Pasquletti NF, Caraccio N, Monzani F. 2017. Thyroid disrupting chemicals. Int J Med Sci. 18:2583–2600.
- Cao Y, Winneke G, Wilhelm M, Wittsiepe J, Lemm F, Fürst P, Ranft U, Imöhl M, Kraft M, Oesch-Bartlomowicz B, et al. 2008. Environmental exposure to dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls reduce levels of gonadal hormones in newborns: results from the duisburg cohort study. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 211(1–2):30–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.04.005.
- Caride A, Lafuente A, Cabaleiro T. 2010. Endosulfan effects on pituitary hormone and both nitrosative and oxidative stress in pubertal male rats. Toxicol Lett. 197(2):106–112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.05.006.
- Carlton BD, Habash DL, Basaran AH, George EL, Smith MK. 1987. Sodium chlorite administration in long-evans rats: reproductive and endocrine effects. Environ Res. 42:238–245. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(87)80025-7.
- Cassidy RA, Vorhees CV, Minnema DJ, Hastings L. 1994. The effects of chlordane exposure during pre- and postnatal periods at environmentally relevant levels on sex steroid-mediated behaviors and functions in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 126(2):326–337. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1994.1123.
- Chaffin CL, Peterson RE, Hutz RJ. 1996. In utero and lactational exposure of female holtzman rats to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: modulation of the estrogen signal. Biol Reprod. 55:62–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod55.1.62.
- Chapin RE, Harris MW, Davis BJ,Ward SM, Wilson RE, Mauney MA, Lockhart AC, Smialowicz RJ, Moser VC, Burka LT, Collins BJ. 1997. The effects of perinatal/juvenile methoxychlor exposure on adult rat nervous, immune, and reproductive system function. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 40:138–157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/faat.1997.2381.
- Chevrier J, Harley KG, Bradman A, Sjödin A, Eskenazi B. 2011. Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants and neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the CHAMACOS study. Am J Epidemiol. 174(10):1166–1174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr223.
- Corey DA, Juarez de Ku LM, Bingman VP, Meserve LA. 1996. Effects of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) from conception on growth, and development of endocrine, neurochemical, and cognitive measures in 60 day old rats. Growth Dev Aging. 60:131–143.
- Costella JC, Virgo BB. 1980. Is dieldrin-induced congenital inviability mediated by central nervous system hyperstimulation or altered carbohydrate metabolism. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 58:633–637. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/y80-104.
- Crofton KM, Kodavanti PRS, Derr-Yellin EC, Casey AC, Kehn LS. 2000. PCBs, thyroid hormones, and ototoxicity in rats: cross-fostering experiments demonstrate the impact of postnatal lactation exposure. Toxicol Sci. 57:131–140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/57.1.131.
- Crump C, Michaud P, Tellez R, Reyes C, Gonzalez G, Montgomery EL, Crump KS, Lobo G, Becerra C, Gibbs JP, et al. 2000. Does perchlorate in drinking water affect thyroid function in newborns or school-age children? J Occup Environ Med. 42(6):603–612. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-200006000-00009.
- Cummings AM, Rhodes BE, Cooper RL. 2000. Effect of atrazine on the implantation and early pregnancy in 4 strains of rats. Toxicol Sci. 58:135–143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/58.1.135.
- Dalsenter PR, Faqi AS, Webb J, Merker H-J, Chahoud I. 1997. Reproductive toxicity and toxicokinetics of lindane in the male offspring of rats exposed during lactation. Hum Exp Toxiol. 16:146–153. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/096032719701600303.
- Davis D, Safe S. 1989. Dose-response immunotoxicities of commercial polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their interaction with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Lett. 48:35–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(89)90183-5.
- Deskin R, Bursian SJ, Edens FW. 1981. The effect of chronic manganese administration on some neurochemical and physiological variables in neonatal rats. Gen Pharmacol. 12:279–280. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-3623(81)90058-6.
- Dufour P, Pirard C, Seghaye MC, Charlier C. 2018. Association between organohalogenated pollutants in cord blood and thyroid function in newborns and mothers from Belgian population. Environ Pollut. 238:389–396. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.058.
- Eggesbo M, Thomsen C, Jorgensen JV, Becher G, Øyvind Odland J, Longnecker MP. 2011. Associations between brominated flame retardants in human milk and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in neonates. Environ Res. 111(6):737–743. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.004.
- Ellis-Hutchings RG, Cherr GN, Hanna LA, KEEN C. 2006. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)-induced alterations in vitamin A and thyroid hormone concentrations in the rat during lactation and early postnatal development. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 215(2):135–145. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2006.02.008.
- Fenton SE, Hamm JT, Birnbaum LS, Youngblood GL. 2002. Persistent abnormalities in the rat mammary gland following gestational and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Toxicol Sci. 67(1):63–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/67.1.63.
- Franczak A, Nynca A, Valdez KE, Mizinga KM, Petroff BK. 2006. Effects of acute and chronic exposure to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the transition to reproductive senescence in female sprague-dawley rats. Biol Reprod. 74(1):125–130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.105.044396.
- Freire C, Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Fernández M, Molina-Molina JM, Prada R, Olea N. 2011. Prenatal exposure to organochlorine pesticides and TSH status in newborns from Southern Spain. Sci Total Environ. 409(18):3281–3287. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.037.
- Fuhr U. 2000. Induction of drug metabolizing enzyme: pharamcokinetic and toxicological consequences in humans. Clin Pharmacokinet. 38(6):493–504. doi:https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200038060-00003.
- Goldey ES, Kehn LS, Lau C, Rehnberg GL, Crofton KM. 1995. Development exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) reduces circulating thyroid hormone concentrations and causes hearing deficits in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 135:77–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1995.1210.
- Golstein J, Corvilain B, Lamy F, Paquer D, Dumont JE. 1988. Effects of a selenium deficient diet on thyroid function of normal and perchlorate treated rats. Acta Endocrinol. 118:495–502. doi:https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1180495.
- Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, Flaws JA, Nadal A, Prins GS, Toppari J, Zoeller RT. 2015. EDC-2: the endocrine society’s second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocr Rev. 36(6):E1–E150.
- Grandjean P, Grønlund C, Kjær IM, Jensen TK, Sørensen N, Andersson AM, Juul A, Skakkebæk NE, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Weihe P. 2012. Reproductive hormone profile and pubertal development in 14-year-old boys prenatally exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. Reprod Toxicol. 34(4):498–503. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.07.005.
- Gray LE Jr, Wilson V, Noriega N, Lambright C, Furr J, Stoker TE, Laws SC, Goldman J, Cooper RL, Foster PMD, et al. 2004. Use of the laboratory rat as a model in endocrine disruptor screening and testing. Ilar J. 45(4):425–437. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.45.4.425.
- Guyton AC, Hall JE. 2000. Textbook of medical physiology. 10th ed. Philadelphia (PA): W.B. Saunders Company.
- Haake JM, Safe S, Mayura K, Phillips TD. 1987. Aroclor 1254 as an antagonist of the teratogenicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Lett. 38:299–306. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(87)90012-9.
- Haavisto T, Nurmela K, Pohjanvirta R, Huuskonen H, El-Gehani F, Paranko J. 2001. Prenatal testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels in male rats exposed during pregnancy to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and diethylstilbestrol. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 178(1–2):169–179. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00425-7.
- Herbstman JB, Sjodin A, Apelberg BJ, Witter FR, Halden RU, Patterson DG, Panny SR, Needham LL, Goldman LR. 2008. Birth delivery mode modifies the associations between prenatal polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and neonatal thyroid hormone levels. Environ Health Perspect. 116(10):1376–1382. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11379.
- Husain R, Dixit R, Das M, SETH PK. 1987. Neurotoxicity of acrylamide in developing rat brain: changes in the levels of brain biogenic amines and activities of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholine esterase. Ind Health. 25(1):19–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.25.19.
- Ingber SZ, Pohl HR. 2016. Windows of sensitivity to toxic chemicals in the motor effects development. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 74:93–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.018.
- Kelce WR, Lambright CR, Gray LE, Roberts KP. 1997. Vinclozolin and p,p’-DDE alter androgen-dependent gene expression: in vivo confirmation of an androgen receptor-mediated mechanism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 142:192–200. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1996.7966.
- Kelce WR, Stone CR, Laws SC, Gray LE, Kemppainen JA, Wilson EM. 1995. Persistent DDT metabolite p,p ‘–DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist. Nature. 375:581–585. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/375581a0.
- Kelsh MA, Buffler PA, Daaboul JJ, Rutherford GW, Lau EC, Barnard JC, Exuzides AK, Madl AK, Palmer LG, Lorey FW, et al. 2003. Primary congenital hypothyroidism, newborn thyroid function, and environmental perchlorate exposure among residents of a Southern California community. J Occup Environ Med. 45:1116–1127. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000091683.25325.55.
- Kern CH, Smith DR. 2011. Preweaning Mn exposure leads to prolonged astrocyte activation and lasting effects on the dopaminergic system in adult male rats. Synapse. 65(6):532–544. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/syn.20873.
- Kim S, Park J, Kim HJ, Lee JJ, Choi G, Choi S, Kim S, Kim SY, Moon H-B, Kim S, et al. 2015. Association between several persistent organic pollutants and thyroid hormone levels in cord blood serum and bloodspot of the newborn infants of Korea. PLoS One. 10(5):e0125213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125213.
- Kim TH, Bang Du Y, Lim HJ, Jin Won A, Ahn MY, Patra N, Chung KK, Kwack SJ, Park KL, Han SY, et al. 2012a. Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ethers levels in paired South Korean cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk samples. Chemosphere. 87(1):97–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.074.
- Kim UJ, Kim MY, Hong YH, Lee D-H, Oh J-E. 2012b. Assessment of impact of internal exposure to PBDEs on human thyroid function-comparison between congenital hypothyroidism and normal paired blood. Environ Sci Technol. 46(11):6261–6268. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/es2038678.
- Kobayashi K, Miyagawa M, Wang RS, Suda M, Sekiguchi S, Honma T. 2008. Effects of in utero exposure to 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) on somatic growth and endocrine status in rat offspring. Congenit Anom (Kyoto). 48(4):151–157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4520.2008.00199.x.
- Kodavanti PR, Coburn CG, Moser VC, MacPhail RC, Fenton SE, Stoker TE, Rayner JL, Kannan K, Birnbaum LS. 2010. Developmental exposure to a commercial PBDE mixture, DE-71: neurobehavioral, hormonal, and reproductive effects. Toxicol Sci. 116(1):297–312. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfq105.
- Koopmanesseboom C, Morse DC, Weigsglaskuperus N, Brouwer A, Sauer PJ, Tuinstra LGMT, Brouwer A, Sauer PJJ. 1994. Effects of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls on thyroid hormone status of pregnant women and their infants. Pediatr Res. 36:468–473. doi:https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199410000-00009.
- Kuriyama SN, Wanner A, Fidalgo-Neto AA, Talsness CE, Koerner W, Chahoud I. 2007. Developmental exposure to low-dose PBDE99: tissue distribution and thyroid hormone levels. Toxicology. 242(1–3):80–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.011.
- Lafuente A, Pereiro N. 2013. Neurotoxic effects induced by endosulfan exposure during pregnancy and lactation in female and male rat striatum. Toxicology. 311(1–2):35–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2013.05.001.
- Lamm SH. 2003. Letters to the editor: perchlorate exposure does not explain differences in neonatal thyroid function between Yuma and Flagstaff. J Occup Environ Med. 45(11):1131–1132. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000094991.31330.d3.
- Lamm SH, Doemland M. 1999. Has perchlorate in drinking water increased the rate of congenital hypothyroidism? J Occup Environ Med. 41(5):409–411. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199905000-00011.
- Laskey JW, Rehnberg GL, Hein JF, Carter SD. 1982. Effects of chronic manganese (Mn3O4) exposure on selected reproductive parameters in rats. J Toxicol Environ Health. 9:677–687. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287398209530195.
- Lau C, Thibodeaux JR, Hanson RG, Rogers JM, Grey BE, Stanton ME, Butenhoff JL, Stevenson LA. 2003. Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate during pregnancy in rat and mouse. II: postnatal evaluation. Toxicol Sci. 74(2):382–392. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfg122.
- Lee E, Kim TH, Choi JS, Nabanata P, Kim NY, Ahn MY, Jung KK, Kang IH, Kim TS, Kwack SJ, et al. 2010. Evaluation of liver and thyroid toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats after exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether BDE-209. J Toxicol Sci. 35(4):535–545. doi:https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.35.535.
- Li FX, Byrd DM, Deyhle GM, Sesser DE, Skeels MR, Katkowsky SR, Lamm SH. 2000a. Neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone level and perchlorate in drinking water. Teratology. 62:429–431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9926(200012)62:6<429::AID-TERA10>3.0.CO;2-I.
- Lignell S, Aune M, Darnerud PO, Stridsberg M, Hanberg A, Larsson SC, Glynn A. 2016. Maternal body burdens of PCDD/Fs and PBDEs are associated with maternal serum levels of thyroid hormones in early pregnancy: A cross-sectional study. Environ Health. 15(1):55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0139-7.
- Lin SM, Chen FA, Huang YF, Hsing -L-L, Chen -L-L, Wu L-S, Liu T-S, Chang-Chien G-P, Chen K-C, Chao H-R, et al. 2011. Negative associations between PBDE levels and thyroid hormones in cord blood. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 214(2):115–120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.10.002.
- Loeffler IK, Peterson RE. 1999. Interactive effects of TCDD and p,p’-DDE on male reproductive tract development in in utero and lactationally exposed rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 154:28–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1998.8572.
- Luo D, Pu Y, Tian H, Wu W, Sun X, Zhou T, Tao Y, Yuan J, Shen X, Feng Y, et al. 2017. Association of in utero exposure to organochlorine pesticides with thyroid hormone levels in cord blood of newborns. Environ Pollut. 231(Pt 1):78–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.091.
- Mably TA, Moore RW, Peterson RE. 1992a. In utero and lactational exposure of male rats to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin. 1. Effects on androgenic status. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 114(1):97–107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(92)90101-W.
- Mably TA, Moore RW, Peterson RE. 1992b. In utero and lactational exposure of male rats to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin. 3. Effects on spermatogenesis and reproductive capability. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 114(1):118–126. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(92)90103-Y.
- Mahle DA, Yu KO, Narayanan L, Mattie DR, Fisher JW. 2003. Changes in cross-fostered Sprague-Dawley rat litters exposed to perchlorate. Int J Toxicol. 22:87–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10915810305088.
- Makita Y, Tanaka A, Omura M, Ogata R. 2003. Effects of simultaneous administration of tributyltin (TBT) and p,p’-DDE on female offspring of Wistar rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 66:2337–2347. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/716100642.
- Malaviya M, Husain R, Seth PK, Husain R. 1993. Perinatal effect of two pyrethroid insecticides on brain neurotransmitter function in the neonatal rat. Vet Hum Toxicol. 35(2):119–122.
- Mazdai A, Dodder NG, Abernathy MP, Hites RA, Bigsby RM. 2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples. Environ Health Perspect. 111:1249–1252. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6146.
- Meerts IA, Hoving S, van den Berg JHJ, Weijers BM, Swarts HJ, van der Beek EM, Bergman A, Koeman JH, Brouwer A. 2004. Effects of in utero exposure to 4-hydroxy2,3,3ʹ,4ʹ,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (4-OH-CB107) on developmental landmarks steroid hormone levels, and female estrous cyclicity in rats. Toxicol Sci. 82(1):259–267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfh251.
- Meserve LA, Murray BA, Landis JA. 1992. Influence of maternal ingestion of aroclor 1254 (PCB) or FireMaster BP-6 (PBB) on unstimulated and stimulated corticosterone levels in young rats. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 48(5):712–720. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00195992.
- Miller VM, Sanchez-Morrissey S, Brosch KO, Seegal RF. 2012. Developmental coexposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers has additive effects on circulating thyroxine levels in rats. Toxicol Sci. 127(1):76–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfs089.
- Moreno JA, Yeomans EC, Streifel KM, Brattin BL, Taylor RJ, Tjalkens RB. 2009. Age-dependent susceptibility to manganese-induced neurological dysfunction. Toxicol Sci. 112(2):394–404. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfp220.
- Morse DC, Wehler EK, Wesseling W, Koeman JH, Brouwer A. 1996. Alterations in rat brain thyroid hormone status following pre- and postnatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 136:269-79.
- Nagaraja TN, Desiraju T. 1994. Brain regional variations in the levels of biogenic amines, glutamate, GABA and glutamate decarboxylase activity in developing and adult rats exposed chronically to hexachlorocyclohexane. Biog Amines. 10:141–149.
- Nishimura N, Yonemoto J, Miyabara Y, Sato M, Tohyama C. 2003. Rat thyroid hyperplasia induced by gestational and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Endocrinology. 144(5):2075–2083. doi:https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2002-220737.
- O’Rahilly R. 1983. The timing and sequence of events in the development of the human endocrine system during the embryonic period proper. Anat Embryol (Berl). 166:439–451. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00305929.
- Omura M, Ogata R, Kubo K, Shimasaki Y, Aou S, Oshima Y, Tanaka A, Hirata M, Makita Y, Inoue N. 2001. Two-generation reproductive toxicity study of tributyltin chloride in male rats. Toxicol Sci. 64:224–232. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/64.2.224.
- Orme J, Taylor DH, Laurie RD, Bull RJ. 1985. Effects of chlorine dioxide on thyroid function in neonatal rats. J Toxicol Environ Health. 15:315–322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287398509530657.
- Pan FC, Wright C. 2011. Pancreas organogenesis: from bud to plexus to gland. Dev Dyn. 240(3):530–565. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.22584.
- Parks LG, Ostiby JS, Lambright CR,Abbott BD, Klinefelter GR, Barlow NJ, Gray Jr. LE. 2000. The plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate induces malformations by decreasing fetal testosterone synthesis during sexual differentiation in the male rat. Toxicol Sci. 58:339–349. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/58.2.339.
- Poon E, Powers BE, McAlonan RM, Ferguson DC, Schantz SL. 2011. Effects of developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and/or polybrominated diphenyl ethers on cochlear function. Toxicol Sci. 124(1):161–168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr214.
- Provost TL, Juarez De Ku LM, Zender C, Meserve LA. 1999. Dose- and age-dependent alterations in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, learning and memory, and thyroid hormones in 15- and 30-day old rats exposed to 1.25 or 12.5 ppm polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) beginning at conception. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiat. 23:915–928. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5846(99)00035-4.
- Rice DC, Reeve EA, Herlihy A, Thomas Zoeller R, Douglas Thompson W, Markowski VP. 2007. Developmental delays and locomotor activity in the C57BL6/J mouse following neonatal exposure to the fully-brominated PBDE, decabromodiphenyl ether. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 29(4):511–520. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2007.03.061.
- Rogers JM, Kavlock RI. 2010. Developmental Toxicology. In: Klaassen CD, Watkins JB III, editors. Casarette & doull’s essentials of toxicology. China: McGraw Hill; p. 135–146.
- Roman BL, Timms BG, Prins GS, Peterson RE. 1998. In utero and lactational exposure of the male rat to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin impairs prostrate development: 2. Effects on growth and cytodifferentiation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 150:254–270. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1998.8395.
- Romano RM, Romano MA, Bernardi MM, Furtado PV, Oliveira CA. 2010. Prepubertal exposure to commercial formulation of the herbicide glyphosate alters testosterone levels and testicular morphology. Arch Toxicol. 84(4):309–317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-009-0494-z.
- Salisbury TB, Marcinkiewicz JL. 2002. In utero and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran reduces growth and disrupts reproductive parameters in female rats. Biol Reprod. 66(6):1621–1626. doi:https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod66.6.1621.
- Samuel JB, Stanley JA, Roopha DP, Vengatesh G, Anbalagan J, Banu SK, Aruldhas MM. 2011. Lactational hexavalent chromium exposure-induced oxidative stress in rat uterus is associated with delayed puberty and impaired gonadotropin levels. Hum Exp Toxicol. 30(2):91–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327110364638.
- Schuur AG, Cenjin PH, van Toor H, Visser T, Brouwer A. 1998. Effect of Aroclor 1254 on thyroid hormone sulfation in fetal rats. Organohalogen compounds.37. p. 249–252.
- Schwartz J 2001. Gestational exposure to perchlorate is associated with measures of decreased thyroid function in a population of California neonates. Thesis. Berkely (CA): University of California.
- Seo B-W, Li M-H, Hansen LG, Moore RW, Peterson RE, Schantz SL. 1995. Effects of gestational and lactational exposure to coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on thyroid hormone concentrations in weanling rats. Toxicol Lett. 78:253–262. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(95)03329-J.
- Seo BW, Meserve LA. 1995. Effects of maternal ingestion of aroclor 1254 (PCB) on the developmental pattern of oxygen consumption and body temperature in neonatal rats. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 55:22–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00212384.
- Shi Z, Valdez KE, Ting AY, Franczak A, Gum SL, Petroff BK. 2007. Ovarian endocrine disruption underlies premature reproductive senescence following environmentally relevant chronic exposure to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Biol Reprod. 76(2):198–202. doi:https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.106.053991.
- Shy CG, Huang HL, Chao HR, Chang-Chien G-P. 2012. Cord blood levels of thyroid hormones and IGF-1 weakly correlate with breast milk levels of PBDEs in Taiwan. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 215(3):345–351. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.004.
- Skarman E, Darnerud PO, Ohrvik H, Oskarsson A. 2005. Reduced thyroxine levels in mice perinatally exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 19(2):273–281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2004.08.001.
- Skrajny B, Hannah RS, Roth SH. 1992. Low concentrations of hydrogen sulphide alter monoamine levels in the developing rat central nervous system. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 70:1515–1518. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/y92-215.
- Stoker TE, Laws SC, Crofton KM, Hedge JM, Ferrell JM, Cooper RL. 2004. Assessment of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture, in the EDSP male and female pubertal protocols. Toxicol Sci. 78(1):144155. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfh029.
- Stoker TE, Laws SC, Guidici DL, Cooper RL. 2000. The effect of atrazine on puberty in male wistar rats: an evaluation in the protocol for the assessment of pubertal development and thyroid function. Toxicol Sci. 58:50–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/58.1.50.
- Szabo DT, Richardson VM, Ross DG, Diliberto JJ, Kodavanti PRS, Birnbaum LS. 2009. Effects of perinatal PBDE exposure on hepatic phase I, phase II, phase III, and deiodinase 1 gene expression involved in thyroid hormone metabolism in male rat pups. Toxicol Sci. 107(1):27–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfn230.
- Téllez RT, Chacon PM, Abarca CR, Blount BC, Landingham CBV, Crump KS, Gibbs JP. 2005. Long-term environmental exposure to perchlorate through drinking water and thyroid function during pregnancy and the neonatal period. Thyroid. 15(9):963–975. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2005.15.963.
- Toth GP, Long RE, Mills TS, Smith MK. 1990. Effects of chlorine dioxide on the developing rat brain. J Toxicol Environ Health. 31:29–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287399009531435.
- Tran TT, Chowanadisai W, Lonnerdal B, Le L, Parker M, Chicz-Demet A, Crinella FM. 2002. Effects of neonatal dietary manganese exposure on brain dopamine levels and neurocognitive functions. Neurotoxicology. 23(4–5):645–651. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-813X(02)00068-2.
- US Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. Special report on environmental endocrine disruption: an effects assessment and analysis. EPA/630/R-96/012. https://archive.epa.gov/raf/web/pdf/endocrine.pdf. [Accessed September 6, 2019].
- Valdez KE, Shi Z, Ting AY, Petroff BK. 2009. Effect of chronic exposure to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in female rats on ovarian gene expression. Reprod Toxicol. 28(1):32–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.03.004.
- van Birgelen APJM, Fase KM, van der Kolk J, Poiger H, Brouwer A, Seinen W, van den Berg M. 1996. Synergistic effect of 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on hepatic porphyrin levels in the rat. Environ Health Perspect. 104(5):550–557. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.96104550.
- van Birgelen APJM, van der Kolk J, Poiger H, van den Berg M, Brouwer A. 1992. Interactive effects of 2,2ʹ,4,4ʹ,5,5ʹ-hexachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on thyroid hormone, Vitamin A, and Vitamin K metabolism in the rat. Chemosphere. 25:7–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(92)90136-F.
- Wan Y, Choi K, Kim S, Ji K, Chang H, Wiseman S, Jones PD, Khim JS, Park S, Park J, et al. 2010. Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers and bisphenol A in pregnant women and their matching fetuses: placental transfer and potential risks. Environ Sci Technol. 44(13):5233–5239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/es1002764.
- Wang F, Liu W, Jin Y, Dai J, Zhao H, Xie Q, Liu X, Yu W, Ma J. 2011. Interaction of PFOS and BDE-47 co-exposure on thyroid hormone levels and TH-related gene and protein expression in developing rat brains. Toxicol Sci. 121(2):279–291. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr068.
- Wang SL, Su PH, Jong SB, Guo YL, Chou W-L, Päpke O. 2005. In utero exposure to dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls and its relations to thyroid function and growth hormone in Newborns. Environ Health Perspect. 113(11):1645–1650. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7994.
- Wilhelm M, Wittsiepe J, Lemm F, Ranft U, Kramer U, Furst P, Roseler S, Greshake M, Imohl M, Eberwein G, et al. 2008. The duisburg birth cohort study: influence of the prenatal exposure to PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs on thyroid hormone status in newborns and neurodevelopment of infants until the age of 24 months. Mutat Res. 659(1–2):83–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.11.002.
- York RG, Barnett J, Brown WR, Garman RH, Mattie DR, Dodd D. 2004. A rat neurodevelopmental evaluation of offspring, including evaluation of adult and neonatal thyroid, from mothers treated with ammonium perchlorate in drinking water. Int J Toxicol. 23:191–214. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10915810490475835.
- York RG, Brown WR, Girard MF,Dollarhide JS. 2001. Two-generation reproduction study of ammonium perchlorate in drinking water in rats evaluates thyroid toxicity. Int J Toxicol. 20(4):183–197. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/109158101750408019.
- York RG, Lewis E, Brown WR, Girard MF, Mattie DR, Funk KA, Strawson JS. 2005. Refining the effects observed in a developmental neurobehavioral study of ammonium perchlorate administered orally in drinking water to rats. I. Thyroid and reproductive effects. Int J Toxicol. 24(6):403–418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10915810500366765.
- Yu WG, Liu W, Jin YH, Liu X-H, Wang F-Q, Liu L, Nakayama SF. 2009. Prenatal and postnatal impact of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on rat development: A cross-foster study on chemical burden and thyroid hormone system. Environ Sci Technol. 43(21):8416–8422. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/es901602d.
- Zhang J, Yoshinaga J, Hisada A, Shiraishi H, Shimodaira K, Okai T, Koyama M, Watanabe N, Suzuki E, Shirakawa M, et al. 2014. Prenatal pyrethroid insecticide exposure and thyroid hormone levels and birth sizes of neonates. Sci Total Environ. 488-489:275–279. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.104.
- Zhou T, Taylor MM, DeVito MJ, Crofton KM. 2002. Developmental exposure to brominated diphenyl ethers results in thyroid hormone disruption. Toxicol Sci. 66:105–116. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/66.1.105.
- Zoeller RT, Dowling ALS, Vas AA. 2000. Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls exerts thyroid hormone-like effects on the expression of RC3/neurogranin and myelin basic protein messenger ribonucleic acids in the developing rat brain. Endocrinology. 141(1):181–189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.141.1.7273.