Can Origanum be a hope for cancer treatment? A review on the potential of Origanum species in preventing and treating cancers

References

• Abdel-Massih RM, Fares R, Bazzi S, El-Chami N, Baydoun E. 2010. The apoptotic and anti-proliferative activity of Origanum majorana extracts on human leukemic cell line. Leuk Res. 34(8):1052–1056. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2009.09.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Dhaheri Y, Eid A, Arafat K, Khasawna M, Hisaindee S, Attoub S, Iratni R, 2012. 971 Origanum majorana extract induces apoptosis and suppresses migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line through inactivation of the NFkB pathway. Eur J Cancer, 22nd Biennial Congr Eur Assoc Cancer Res. 48, S233–S234. 10.1016/S0959-8049(12)71589-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altintas A, Tabanca N, Tyihák E, Ott PG, Móricz ÁM, Mincsovics E, Wedge DE. 2013. Characterization of volatile constituents from Origanum onites and their antifungal and antibacterial activity. J AOAC Int. 96(6):1200–1208. doi:10.5740/jaoacint.SGEAltintas.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen A. 2006. Final report on the safety assessment of sodium p-chloro-m-cresol, p-chloro-m-cresol, chlorothymol, mixed cresols, m-cresol, o-cresol, p-cresol, isopropyl cresols, thymol, o-cymen-5-ol, and carvacrol. Int J Toxicol. 25(Suppl 1):29–127. doi:10.1080/10915810600716653.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arabaci O, Sönmez Ç, Taghiloofar AH, Tan U, Bayram E. 2019. Characterization of Origanum vulgare SUBSP. hirtum (LINK) Iestwaart population and determination of a clones. Curr Perspect Med Aromat Plants. 2:66–75. doi:10.38093/cupmap.652518
   Google Scholar
• Arunasree KM. 2010. Anti-Proliferative effects of carvacrol on a human metastatic breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB 231. Phytomedicine. 17(8–9):581–588. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2009.12.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assiri A, Elbanna K, Althubiani A, Hassanien M. 2016. Assessment of lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin concentrations in dietary supplements by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. Eur Food Res Technol. 242:242. doi:10.1007/s00217-015-2607-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avola R, Granata G, Geraci C, Napoli E, Graziano ACE, Cardile V. 2020. Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil provides anti-inflammatory activity and facilitates wound healing in a human keratinocytes cell model. Food Chem Toxicol. 144:111586. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayaz F, Köngül Şafak E, Erkan Türkmen K, Şeker Karatoprak G, Katırcıoğlu H, Küçükboyacı N. 2021. Assessment of antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities, and characterization of phenolic compounds of Origanum haussknechtii. Food Meas. 15(5):4267–4276. doi:10.1007/s11694-021-00984-w.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayesh BM, Abed AA, Faris DM. 2014. In vitro inhibition of human leukemia THP-1 cells by Origanum syriacum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. extracts. BMC Res Notes. 7(1):612. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-612.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Babili FE, Bouajila J, Souchard JP, Bertrand C, Bellvert F, Fouraste I, Moulis C, Valentin A. 2011. Oregano: chemical analysis and evaluation of its antimalarial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities. J Food Sci. 76(3):C512–C518. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02109.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartol T, Baricevic D. 2002. The biological/pharmacological activity of the Origanum genus. In: Somerville G, editor. The design life of structures. Spon Press. doi:10.4324/9780203168875.ch8
   Google Scholar
• Baser KHC, Ozek T, Tumen G, Sezik E. 1993. Composition of the essential oils of Turkish Origanum species with commercial importance. J Essent Oil Res. 5(6):619–623. doi:10.1080/10412905.1993.9698294.
   Google Scholar
• Basli A, Delaunay J-C, Pedrot E, Bernillon S, Madani K, Monti J-P, Mérillon J-M, Chibane M, Richard T. 2014. New cyclolignans from Origanum glandulosum active against β-amyloid aggregation. Rec Nat Prod. 9.
   Google Scholar
• Bayramoglu G, Senturk H, Bayramoglu A, Uyanoglu M, Colak S, Ozmen A, Kolankaya D. 2014. Carvacrol partially reverses symptoms of diabetes in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Cytotechnology. 66(2):251–257. doi:10.1007/s10616-013-9563-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernarth J, editor. 1996. Some scientific and practical aspects of production and utilization of oregano in central Europea. Proceedings of the IPGRI International Workshop on Oregano. Presented at the International Workshop on Oregano, Proceedings of the IPGRI International Workshop on Oregano; CIHEAM, Valenzano, Bari, Italy. p. 75–91.
   Google Scholar
• Bostancıoğlu RB, Kürkçüoğlu M, Başer KHC, Koparal AT. 2012. Assessment of anti-angiogenic and anti-tumoral potentials of Origanum onites L. essential oil. Food Chem Toxicol. 50(6):2002–2008. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2012.03.074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouhtit F, Najar M, Moussa Agha D, Melki R, Najimi M, Sadki K, Boukhatem N, Bron D, Meuleman N, Hamal A et al. 2021. New anti-leukemic effect of carvacrol and thymol combination through synergistic induction of different cell death pathways. Molecules. 26(2):E410. doi:10.3390/molecules26020410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouyahya A, Chamkhi I, Benali T, Guaouguaou F-E, Balahbib A, El Omari N, Taha D, Belmehdi O, Ghokhan Z, El Menyiy N. 2021. Traditional use, phytochemistry, toxicology, and pharmacology of Origanum majorana L. J Ethnopharmacol. 265:113318. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouyahya A, Jamal A. 2016. Origanum compactum Benth: a review on phytochemistry and pharmacological properties. Med Aromat Plants. 5(4). doi:10.4172/2167-0412.1000252.
   Google Scholar
• Can Baser KH. 2008. Biological and pharmacological activities of carvacrol and carvacrol bearing essential oils. Curr Pharm Des. 14(29):3106–3119. doi:10.2174/138161208786404227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celik A, Herken EN, Arslan İ, Özel MZ, Mercan N. 2010. Screening of the constituents, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of endemic Origanum hypericifolium O. Schwartz & P.H.Davis. Nat Prod Res. 24(16):1568–1577. doi:10.1080/14786419.2010.496366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerutti PA. 1994. Oxy-Radicals and cancer. Lancet (Br. ed.). 344(8926):862–863. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92832-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çetin B, Çakmakçi S, Çakmakçi R. 2011. The investigation of antimicrobial activity of thyme and oregano essential oils. Turk J Agric For. 35:145–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaouki W, Leger DY, Eljastimi J, Beneytout J-L, Hmamouchi M. 2010. Anti proliferative effect of extracts from Aristolochia baetica and Origanum compactumon human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Pharm Biol. 48(3):269–274. doi:10.3109/13880200903096588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheikhyoussef A, Cheikhyoussef N, Ramadan MF. 2020. Chapter 25 - Cold pressed oregano (Origanum vulgare) oil. In: Ramadan MF, editor. Cold pressed oils. Academic Press; p. 289–293. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-818188-1.00025-6.
   Google Scholar
• Chinou I, Liolios C, Moreau D, Roussakis C. 2007. Cytotoxic activity of Origanum dictamnus. Fitoterapia. 78(5):342–344. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2007.02.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chishti S, Kaloo ZA, Sultan P. 2013. Medicinal importance of genus Origanum: a review. JPP. 5:170–177. doi:10.5897/JPP2013.0285.
   Google Scholar
• Crowell PL. 1999. Prevention and therapy of cancer by dietary monoterpenes. J Nutr. 129(3):775S–778S. doi:10.1093/jn/129.3.775S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis PH, Davis P. 1982. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean islands, Vol. 7. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davis PH, Mill RR, Tan K. 1988. Flora of Turkey. Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• DemirezerLÖ. 2017. FFD Monografları Bitkiler ve Etkileri. 3rd ed. Akademisyen Kitabevi
   Google Scholar
• Desai MA, Soni KA, Nannapaneni R, Schilling MW, Silva JL. 2012. Reduction of listeria monocytogenes biofilms on stainless steel and polystyrene surfaces by essential oils†. J Food Prot. 75(7):1332–1337. doi:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-11-517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirmenci T, Yazici T, Özcan T, Çelenk S, Martin E. 2018. A new species and a new natural hybrid of Origanum L. (Lamiaceae) from the west of Turkey. Turkish J Bot. 42:73–90. doi:10.3906/bot-1704-35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman HJD, Bachmayer O, Kosar M, Hiltunen R. 2004. Antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts from selected Lamiaceae species grown in Turkey. J Agric Food Chem. 52(4):762–770. doi:10.1021/jf034908v.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbe H, Yigitturk G, Cavusoglu T, Baygar T, Ozgul Onal M, Ozturk F. 2020. Comparison of ultrastructural changes and the anticarcinogenic effects of thymol and carvacrol on ovarian cancer cells: which is more effective? Ultrastruct Pathol. 44(2):193–202. doi:10.1080/01913123.2020.1740366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elshafie HS, Armentano MF, Carmosino M, Bufo SA, De Feo V, Camele I. 2017. Cytotoxic activity of Origanum Vulgare L. on hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 and evaluation of its biological activity. Molecules. 22(9):1435. doi:10.3390/molecules22091435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezhumalai M, Radhiga T, Pugalendi KV. 2014. Antihyperglycemic effect of carvacrol in combination with rosiglitazone in high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic C57BL/6J mice. Mol Cell Biochem. 385(1–2):23–31. doi:10.1007/s11010-013-1810-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feig DI, Reid TM, Loeb LA. 1994. Reactive oxygen species in tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 54:1890s–1894s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figuérédo G, Chalchat J-C, Pasquier B. 2006. Studies of Mediterranean oregano populations IX: chemical composition of essential oils of seven species of Oregano of various origins. J Essent Oil Res. 18(4):411–415. doi:10.1080/10412905.2006.9699128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gîrd CE, Costea T, Mitran V. 2021. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity and anticancer potential of indigenous Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) dry extracts on MG-63 bone osteosarcoma human cell line. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 62:525–535. doi:10.47162/RJME.62.2.19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gozzi C, Angélique A, Ae C, Mélanie H. 2009. Heterogeneous acid-catalysed isomerization of carvone to carvacrol. React Kinet Catal Lett. 97(2):301. doi:10.1007/s11144-009-0030-4.
   Google Scholar
• Grbović F, Stanković MS, Ćurčić M, Đorđević N, Šeklić D, Topuzović M, Marković S. 2013. In vitro cytotoxic activity of Origanum vulgare L. on HCT-116 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Plants. 2(3):371–378. doi:10.3390/plants2030371.
   Google Scholar
• Güner A, Özhatay N, Ekim T, Başer KHC. 2000. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. In: Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, (Supplement II). Vol. 11. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guyton KZ, Kensler TW. 1993. Oxidative mechanisms in carcinogenesis. Br Med Bull. 49(3):523–544. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajlaoui H, Mighri H, Aouni M, Gharsallah N, Kadri A. 2016. Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxicity and anti-acetylcholinesterase properties of Tunisian Origanum majorana L. essential oil. Microb Pathog. 95:86–94. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2016.03.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han X, Parker TL. 2017. Anti-Inflammatory, tissue remodeling, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activities of oregano (Origanum vulgare) essential oil in a human skin disease model. Biochim Open. 4:73–77. doi:10.1016/j.biopen.2017.02.005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herrera-Calderon O, Yepes-Pérez AF, Quintero-Saumeth J, Rojas-Armas JP, Palomino-Pacheco M, Ortiz-Sánchez JM, Cieza-Macedo EC, Arroyo-Acevedo JL, Figueroa-Salvador L, Peña-Rojas G et al. 2020. Carvacrol: an in silico approach of a candidate drug on HER2, PI3Kα, mTOR, hER-α, PR, and EGFR receptors in the breast cancer. Evidence Based Complementary Altern Med 2020. e8830665. doi:10.1155/2020/8830665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseini SF, Zandi M, Rezaei M, Farahmandghavi F. 2013. Two-Step method for encapsulation of oregano essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and in vitro release study. Carbohydr Polym. 95(1):50–56. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.02.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotta M, Nakata R, Katsukawa M, Hori K, Takahashi S, Inoue H. 2010. Carvacrol, a component of thyme oil, activates PPARα and γ and suppresses COX-2 expression[s]. J Lipid Res. 51:132–139. doi:10.1194/jlr.M900255-JLR200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim EH, Alshahrani MY, Ghramh HA, Alothaid H, Kilany M, Morsy K, El-Kott AF, Taha R, El-Mekkawy HI, EL-Shaboury GA et al. 2022. Origanum majorana harvested from Al-Soda, Saudi Arabia promotes mitotic arrest and apoptosis in colon cancer cells. J King Saud Univ Sci. 34(3):101878. doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101878.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ili P, Keskin N. 2013. A histochemical study of ultraviolet B irradiation and Origanum hypericifolium oil applied to the skin of mice. Biotechnic Histochem. 88(5):272–279. doi:10.3109/10520295.2013.773077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ipek E, Zeytinoglu H, Okay S, Tuylu BA, Kurkcuoglu M, Baser KHC. 2005. Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of Origanum oil and carvacrol evaluated by Ames Salmonella/microsomal test. Food Chem. 93(3):551–556. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.12.034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaafari A, Tilaoui M, Mouse HA, M’-Bark LA, Aboufatima R, Chait A, Lepoivre M, Zyad A. 2012. Comparative study of the antitumor effect of natural monoterpenes: relationship to cell cycle analysis. Rev Bras de Farmacognosia. 22(3):534–540. doi:10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000021.
   Google Scholar
• Kaska A. 2018. The phenolic content, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Origanum sipyleum from Turkey. Int J Secondary Metabolite. 5:343–352. doi:10.21448/ijsm.468418.
   Google Scholar
• Kaskatepe B, Aslan Erdem S, Ozturk S, Safi Oz Z, Subasi E, Koyuncu M, Vlainić J, Kosalec I. 2022. Antifungal and anti-virulent activity of Origanum majorana L. essential oil on candida albicans and in vivo toxicity in the galleria mellonella larval model. Molecules. 27(3):663. doi:10.3390/molecules27030663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemertelidze E, Sagareishvili T, Syrov V, Khushbaktova Z, Tsutskiridze L, Kurashvili R. 2012. Saturin - effective vegetative remedy in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Georgian Med News. (203):47–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keskin N, Ili P, Sahin B. 2012. Histochemical demonstration of mucosubstances in the mouse gastrointestinal tract treated with Origanum hypericifolium O. Schwartz and P.H. Davis extract. AJB. 11:2436–2444. doi:10.5897/AJB11.1930
   Google Scholar
• Khaleghi S, Khayatzadeh J, Neamati A. 2022. Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles using Origanum majorana L. leaf extract, its antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Mater Technol. 0:1–10. doi:10.1080/10667857.2022.2044218.
   Google Scholar
• Khan F, Khan I, Farooqui A, Ansari IA. 2017. Carvacrol induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis along with cell cycle arrest at G 0 /G 1 in Human prostate cancer cells. Nutr Cancer. 69(7):1075–1087. doi:10.1080/01635581.2017.1359321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintzios SE. 2002. Oregano: the genera Origanum and Lippia. CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kokkini S. 1997. Taxonomy, diversity and distribution of Origanum species. Oregano Proceedings of the IPGRI International Workshop on Oregano; May 8-12 1996; Valenzano (Bari, Italy): CIHEAM. p. 2–12.
   Google Scholar
• Koleva II, van Beek TA, Linssen JPH, de Groot A, Evstatieva LN. 2002. Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods. Phytochem Anal. 13:8–17. doi:10.1002/pca.611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koparal AT, Zeytinoğlu M. 2003. Effects of Carvacrol on a human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line, A549. Cytotechnology. 43(1–3):149–154. doi:10.1023/B:CYTO.0000039917.60348.45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulišić T, Kriško A, Dragović-Uzelac V, Miloš M, Pifat G. 2007. The effects of essential oils and aqueous tea infusions of oregano (Origanum vulgare L. spp. hirtum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) on the copper-induced oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 58(2):87–93. doi:10.1080/09637480601108307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurkcuoglu M, Tumen G, Baser KHC. 2001. Essential oil constituents of Satureja boissieri from Turkey. Chem Nat Compd. 37(4):329–331. doi:10.1023/A:1013714316862.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letswaart JH. 1980. A taxonomic revision of the genus Origanum (Labiatae). Netherlands, Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-9156-9.
   Google Scholar
• Liang W-Z, Chou C-T, Lu T, Chi C-C, Tseng L-L, Pan C-C, Lin K-L, Kuo C-C, Jan C-R. 2013. The mechanism of carvacrol-evoked [Ca2+]i rises and non-Ca2± triggered cell death in OC2 human oral cancer cells. Toxicology. 303:152–161. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2012.10.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang WZ, Lu CH. 2012. Carvacrol-Induced [Ca2+]i rise and apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells. Life Sci. 90(17–18):703–711. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2012.03.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makrane H, El Messaoudi M, Melhaoui A, El Mzibri M, Benbacer L, Aziz M. 2018. Cytotoxicity of the aqueous extract and organic fractions from Origanum majorana on human breast cell line MDA-MB-231 and human colon cell line HT-29. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2018:e3297193. doi:10.1155/2018/3297193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcos-Arias C, Eraso E, Madariaga L, Quindós G. 2011. In vitro activities of natural products against oral Candida isolates from denture wearers. BMC Complement Altern Med. 11(1):119. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-11-119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Obaidat MM, Frank JF. 2009. Inactivation of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on sliced and whole tomatoes by allyl isothiocyanate, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde in vapor phase. J Food Prot. 72(2):315–324. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-72.2.315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öke Altuntaş F, Demirtaş İ. 2017. Real-time cell analysis of the cytotoxicity of Origanum acutidens essential oil on HT-29 and HeLa cell lines. Turk J Pharm Sci. 14(1):29–33. doi:10.4274/tjps.40427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozdemir N, Ozgen Y, Kiralan M, Bayrak A, Arslan N, Ramadan MF. 2018. Effect of different drying methods on the essential oil yield, composition and antioxidant activity of Origanum vulgare L. and Origanum onites L. Food Meas. 12(2):820–825. doi:10.1007/s11694-017-9696-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özer Z, Gören AC, Kılıç T, Öncü M, Çarıkçı S, Dirmenci T. 2020. The phenolic contents, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity of section Amaracus (Gled.) Vogel and Anatolicon Ietsw. of Origanum L. species. Arabian J Chem. 13(4):5027–5039. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.01.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özhatay FN, Kültür Ş, Gürdal MB. 2011. Check-List of additional taxa to the supplement flora of Turkey V.
   Google Scholar
• Ozkan A, Erdogan A. 2012. A comparative study of the antioxidant/prooxidant effects of carvacrol and thymol at various concentrations on membrane and DNA of parental and drug resistant H1299 cells. Nat Prod Commun. 7(12):1934578X1200701201. doi:10.1177/1934578X1200701201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özkan A, Erdoğan A. 2011. A comparative evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activity of essential oil from Origanum onites (Lamiaceae) and its two major phenolic components. Turk J Biol. 35:735–742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özkan G, Özcan MM. 2014. Some phenolic compounds of extracts obtained from Origanum species growing in Turkey. Environ Monit Assess. 186(8):4947–4957. doi:10.1007/s10661-014-3750-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez Gutierrez RM. 2012. Inhibition of advanced glycation end-product formation by Origanum majorana L. in vitro and in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012:1–8. doi:10.1155/2012/598638.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips M 1924. The sulfonation of para-cymene. J Am Chem Soc. 46(3):686–694 doi:10.1021/ja01668a01.
   Google Scholar
• Ravishankar S, Zhu L, Reyna-Granados J, Law B, Joens L, Friedman M. 2010. Carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde inactivate antibiotic-resistant salmonella enterica in buffer and on celery and oysters. J Food Prot. 73(2):234–240. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-73.2.234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritter JJ, Ginsburg D. 1950. Preparation of chlorination of alpha-pinene with tert-butyl hypochlorite. J Am Chem Soc. 72:2381–2384. doi:10.1021/ja01162a009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojo-Ruvalcaba BE, García-Cobián TA, Pascoe-González S, Campos-Bayardo TI, Guzmán-García LM, Gil-Gálvez MC, Escobar-Millán Z, Huerta-García E, García-Iglesias T. 2020. Dose-dependent cytotoxicity of the Origanum vulgare and carvacrol on triple negative breast cancer cell line. Proceedings. 61:6. doi:10.3390/IECN2020-07000
   Google Scholar
• Sağıroğlu M, Dalgıccedil S, Toksoy S. 2013. Medicinal plants used in Dalaman (Muğla), Turkey. Jmpr. 7:2053–2066. doi:10.5897/JMPR2013.2590.
   Google Scholar
• Saleem M. 2000. Chemical and biological screening of some relatives of Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family and marine alga codium iyengarii [ PhD Thesis]. University of Karachi.
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki YF, Kawaguchi S, Kamaya A, Ohshita M, Kabasawa K, Iwama K, Taniguchi K, Tsuda S. 2002. The comet assay with 8 mouse organs: results with 39 currently used food additives. Mutat Res/genet Toxicol Env Mutagen. 519(1–2):103–119. doi:10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00128-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savini I, Arnone R, Catani MV, Avigliano L. 2009. Origanum Vulgare induces apoptosis in human colon cancer caco2 cells. Nutr Cancer. 61(3):381–389. doi:10.1080/01635580802582769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharifi-Rad M, Berkay Yılmaz Y, Antika G, Salehi B, Tumer TB, Kulandaisamy Venil C, Das G, Patra JK, Karazhan N, Akram M et al. 2021. Phytochemical constituents, biological activities, and health-promoting effects of the genus Origanum. Phytother Res. 35(1):95–121. doi:10.1002/ptr.6785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla Y, Singh M. 2007. Cancer preventive properties of ginger: a brief review. Food Chem Toxicol. 45(5):683–690. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.11.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivas H, Tomsuk Ö. 2011. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of the essential oil of Origanum onites and carvacrol on Hep-G2 cells. Anadolu Unıv J Scı Technol. 1:171–180.
   Google Scholar
• Sokmen A, Abdel-Baki A-A-S, Al-Malki ES, Al-Quraishy S, Abdel-Haleem HM. 2020. Constituents of essential oil of Origanum minutiflorum and its in vitro antioxidant, scolicidal and anticancer activities. J King Saud Univ Sci. 32(4):2377–2382. doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2020.03.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sozmen F, Uysal B, Oksal BS, Kose EO, Deniz IG. 2011. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Origanum saccatum P.H. Davis essential oil obtained by solvent-free microwave extraction: comparison with hydrodistillation. J AOAC Int. 94(1):243–250. doi:10.1093/jaoac/94.1.243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spyridopoulou K, Fitsiou E, Bouloukosta E, Tiptiri-Kourpeti A, Vamvakias M, Oreopoulou A, Papavassilopoulou E, Pappa A, Chlichlia K. 2019. Extraction, chemical composition, and anticancer potential of Origanum onites L. Essent Oil Mol. 24:2612. doi:10.3390/molecules24142612
   Google Scholar
• Stadtman ER. 1992. Protein oxidation and aging. Science. 257:1220–1224. doi:10.1126/science.1355616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suntres ZE, Coccimiglio J, Alipour M. 2015. The bioactivity and toxicological actions of carvacrol. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 55(3):304–318. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.653458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunca H, Yeşilyurt ME. 2017. DÜNYADA ve TÜRKİYE’DE KEKİK RAPORU (DTB raporu). Denizli. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.33743.02725
   Google Scholar
• Tuncer E, Unver-Saraydin S, Tepe B, Karadayi S, Ozer H, Sen M, Karadayi K, Inan D, Elagoz S, Polat Z et al. 2013. Antitumor effects of Origanum acutidens extracts on human breast cancer. J Buon. 18(1):77–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upadhyay A, Johny AK, Amalaradjou MAR, Ananda Baskaran S, Kim KS, Venkitanarayanan K. 2012. Plant-Derived antimicrobials reduce listeria monocytogenes virulence factors in vitro, and down-regulate expression of virulence genes. Int J Food Microbiol. 157(1):88–94. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.04.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Alphen LB, Burt SA, Veenendaal AKJ, Bleumink-Pluym NMC, van Putten JPM. 2012. The natural antimicrobial carvacrol inhibits campylobacter jejuni motility and infection of epithelial cells. Plos One. 7(9):e45343. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wettasinghe M, Shahidi F. 1999. Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging properties of ethanolic extracts of defatted borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds. Food Chem. 67(4):399–414. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00137-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yabalak E, Emire Z, Adıgüzel AO, Adıgüzel SK, Gizir AM. 2020. Wide-Scale evaluation of Origanum munzurense KitTan & Sorger using different extraction techniques: antioxidant capacity, chemical compounds, trace element content, total phenolic content, antibacterial activity and genotoxic effect. Flavour Fragrance J. 35(4):394–410. doi:10.1002/ffj.3574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav GD, Kamble SB. 2009. Synthesis of carvacrol by Friedel–Crafts alkylation of o-cresol with isopropanol using superacidic catalyst UDCaT-5. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 84(10):1499–1508. doi:10.1002/jctb.2210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaldiz G, Şekeroğlu N, Özgüven M, Kirpik M. 2005. Seasonal and diurnal variability of essential oil and its components in Origanum onites L. grown in the ecological conditions of çukurova. Grasas y Aceites. 4. doi:10.3989/gya.2005.v56.i4.89
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarlılar ŞG, Yabalak E, Yetkin D, Gizir AM, Mazmancı B. 2022. Anticancer potential of Origanum munzurense extract against MCF-7 breast cancer cell. Int J Environ Health Res. 0:1–9. doi:10.1080/09603123.2022.2042495.
   Google Scholar
• Yılmaz H, Çarıkçı S, Kılıç T, Dirmenci T, Arabacı T, Gören AC. 2017. Screening of chemical composition, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity of section brevifilamentum of Origanum (L.) species. Nat Prod. 11:439–455. doi:10.25135/rnp.56.17.04.029.
   Google Scholar
• Zeytinoglu H, Incesu Z, Baser KHC. 2003. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by Carvacrol in mouse myoblast cells bearing a human N-RAS oncogene. Phytomedicine. 10(4):292–299. doi:10.1078/094471103322004785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinoviadou KG, Koutsoumanis KP, Biliaderis CG. 2009. Physico-chemical properties of whey protein isolate films containing oregano oil and their antimicrobial action against spoilage flora of fresh beef. Meat Sci. 82(3):338–345. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.02.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar