Giardiasis in wild and captive bird populations: High prevalence in herons and budgerigars

References

• American Ornithologists’ Union . 1983 . Check‐list of North American Birds , 6th ed. , Lawrence, Kansas : Allen Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ansari , M.A.R. 1952 . Contribution a I'etude du genre Giardia, Kunstler, 1882 (Mastigophora, Octomitidae) . Ann Parasitol. Hum. Comp. , 27 : 421 – 79 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bent , A.C. 1964 . Life Histories of North American Wood ‘Warblers , U.S. National Museum Bulletin No. 203 Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bent , A.C. 1968 . Life Histories of North American Cardinals, Grosbeaks, Buntings, Towhees, Finches, Sparrows and Allies , U.S. National Museum Bulletin No. 237 Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Box , E.D. 1981 . Observations on Giardia of budgerigars . J. Protozool , 28 : 491 – 4 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell , S.R. , van Keulen , H. , Erlandsen , S.L. , Senturia , J.B. and Jarroll , E.L. 1990 . Giardia spp.: comparison of electrophoretic karyotypes . Exp. Parasitol. , 71 : 470 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carini , A. 1943 . “ Uma giardia do intestino do tucano ” . In Arq. de. Biol. Vol. 27 , 1 – 4 . Sao Paulo
   Google Scholar
• Craun , G.F. 1990 . “ Waterborne giardiasis ” . In Human Parasitic Diseases, Vol. 3. Giardiasis , Edited by: Meyer , E.A. 267 – 93 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Craun , G.F. and Jakubowski , W. . Status of waterborne giardiasis outbreaks and monitoring methods . Proceedings, International Symposium on Water Related Health Issues . Edited by: Tate , C.L. Jr. pp. 167 – 74 . Bethesda : American Water Resources Association . TPS 87–3
   Google Scholar
• da Cunha , A.M. and Muniz , J. 1922 . Sobre os fragellados intestinaes das aves . Brazil Medico , 36 : 386 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• da Cunha , A.M. and Muniz , J. 1925 . Contribution a I'etude des Flagelles Intestinaux des Oiseaux du Bresil . Sc. Med. , 3 : 505 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Erlandsen , S.L. and Feely , D.E. 1984 . “ Trophozoite motility and the mechanism of attachment ” . In Giardia and Giardiasis , Edited by: Erlandsen , S.L. and Meyer , E.A. 33 – 64 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Erlandsen , S.L. and Bemrick , W.J. 1987 . SEM evidence for a new species, Giardia psittaci . J. Parasitol , 73 : 623 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlandsen , S.L. and Bemrick , W.J. 1988 . “ Waterborne giardiasis: sources of Giardia cysts and evidence pertaining to their implication in human infection ” . In Advances in Giardia Research , Edited by: Wallis , P.M. and Hammond , B.R. 227 – 36 . Calgary : University of Calgary Press .
   Google Scholar
• Erlandsen , S.L. , Bemrick , W.J. , Wells , C.L. , Feely , D.E. , Knudson , L. , Campbell , S.R. , van Keulen , H. and Jarroll , E.L. 1990 . Axenic culture and characterization of Giardia ardeae from the great blue heron (Ardeae herodias) . J. Parasitol , 76 : 717 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlandsen , S.L. , Sherlock , L.A. and Bemrick , W.J. 1990 . The detection of Giardia muris and Giardia lamblia cysts by immunoflourescence in animal tissues and fecal samples subjected to cycles of freezing and thawing . J. Parasito , l76 : 267 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Erlandsen , S.L. , Sherlock , L.A. , Bemrick , W.J. , Ghobrial , H. and Jakubowski , W. 1990 . Prevalence of Giardia spp. in beaver and muskrat populations in northeastern states and Minnesota: detection of intestinal trophozoites at necropsy provides greater sensitivity than detection of cysts in fecal samples . Appl. Environ. Microbiol , 56 : 31 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgi , M.E. , Carlisle , M.S. and Smiley , L.E. 1986 . Giardiasis in a great blue heron (Ardea herodias) in New York state: another potential source of waterborne giardiasis . Amer. J. Epidemiol , 123 : 916 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonder , R. 1911 . Lamblia sanguinis n. sp. . Archiv. F. Protist , 21 : 209 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Hancock , J. and Kushlan , J. 1984 . The Herons Handbook , New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Hegner , R.W. 1925 . Giardia felis n. sp., from the domestic cat and giardias from birds . Amer. J. Hyg. , 5 : 258 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Hirai , K. , Sawa , H. , Yamashita , T. , Shimakura , S. and Hashimoto , A. 1980 . Giardia infection in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. , 42 : 615 – 17 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kotlan , A. 1922 . Giardien (Lamblien) in Vogeln . Centralbl. f. Bakt. Parasit. u. Infekt. Orig. , 88 : 54 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Kotlan , A. 1923 . Zur Kenntnis der Darmflagellaten aus der Hausente und anderen Wasservogeln . Centralbl. f. Bakt. Parasit. u. Infekt. Orig. , 90 : 24 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Kulda , J. and Nohynkova , E. 1978 . “ Flagellates of the human intestine and of intestines of other species ” . In Parasitic Protozoa, vol. 2. Intestinal Flagellates, Histomonads, Trichomonads, Amoeba, Opalinids, and Ciliates , Edited by: Kreier , J.P. 1 – 138 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Larenas , M.R. 1944 . Giardia beltrani sp. n. del gorrion ingles Passer domestkus (L.) . Rev. Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat. , 5 : 43 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , E.A. , Erlandsen , S.L. and Radulescu , S. 1984 . “ Animal models for giardiasis ” . In Giardia & Giardiasis , Edited by: Erlandsen , S.L. and Meyer , E.A. 233 – 40 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Noller , W. 1920 . Kleine Beobachtungen an parasitischen Protozoen . Archiv. fur Protiskenkd , 41 : 169 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Panigrahy , B. , Grimes , J.E. and Clark , F.D. 1984 . Zoonoses in psittacine birds . J. Infect. Dis. , 149 : 123 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stabler , R.M. 1944 . Giardia sanguinis (Gonder, 1911) not from a “Falcon” . J. Parasitol , 30 : 202
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan , P.S. , Supont , H.L. , Arafat , R.R. , Thornton , S.A. , Selwyn , B.J. , El Alamy , M.A. and Zaki , A.M. 1988 . Illness and reservoirs associated with Giardia lamblia infections in rural Egypt: the case against treatment in developing world environments of high endemicity . Am. J. Epidemiol , 127 : 1272 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis , B.V. 1939 . Descriptions of five new species of flagellate protozoa of the genus Giardia . J. Parasitol , 25 : 11 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Weisbrod , A.R. and Johnson , R.C. 1989 . Lyme disease and migrating birds in the Saint Croix River Valley . Appl. Environ. Microbiol , 55 : 1921 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, 4–135 Jackson Hall, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
   Google Scholar