Notes
- Kean Hilda Deeds not Words Pluto Press London 1990
- Kean Hilda Searching for the past in present defeat Women's History Review 1994 3 57 80 See too Nym Mayhall Laura E. Creating the ‘suffragette spirit’: British feminism and the historical imagination Women's History Review 1995 4 319 344 which explores the way in which the suffrage narrative was developed in popular memory
- Kean, ‘Searching for the past’, p. 67 Gagnier Regenia Subjectivities: a history of self representation in Britain 1832-1920 Oxford University Press Oxford 1991 205
- Passerini Luisa Fascism in Popular Memory: the cultural experience of the Turin working-class Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1987 19
- Kean ‘Searching for the past’ 68 69
- Kean Hilda Radical adult education: the reader and the self Adult Learning: critical intelligence and social change Mayo Marjorie Thompson Jane National Institute of Adult and Continuing Education Leicester 1995 58 68
- Norquay Glenda Voices and Votes. A Literary Anthology of the Women's Suffrage Campaign Manchester University Press Manchester 1995 14
- Thurlow Richard Fascism in Britain. A History 1918-1985 Basil Blackwell Oxford 1987 photograph between pp. 142 and 143
- Richardson Mary Laugh a Defiance Weidenfeld & Nicholson London 1953 Frosh Stephen Identity Crisis, Modernity, Psychoanalysis and the Self Routledge London 1991 Giddens Anthony Modernity and Self-identity Polity Press Cambridge 1991
- Sylvia Pankhurst's entry, which declares that she has no time for any activities outside the suffrage movement, is a typical response in this collection Suffrage Annual and Women's Who's Who R. A. J. Stanley Paul & Co London 1913 Liz Stanley with ANn Morley The Life and Times of Emily Davison Women's Press London 1988 74
- Durham Martin Gender and the BUF Journal of Contemporary History 1992 27 513 529
- Giddens Modernity and Self-identity 72
- My ‘inspiration’ perhaps was taken from the style of Liz Stanley & Ann Morley in their attempts to discover the life and times of Emily Davison, in rather breathless fashion: Stanley & Morley, Life and Times of Emily Davison
- Evening Standard, 7 November 1961
- Copy of death certificate for 7 November 1961
- Obituary of Mary Richardson by Buckley Lilian Calling all Women Suffragette Fellowship London February 1962 Apparently he was the illegitimate son of a friend
- Stanley Jo Including the feelings: personal political testimony and self-disclosure Oral History 1996 Spring 60 67
- Kean, ‘Radical adult education’;
- Frosh, Identity Crisis Kean Hilda ‘Continuity and change: the identity of the political reader’ Changing English 1996 3 209 218 See too David Bakhurst & Christine Sypnowich (Eds) (1995) The Social Self (London: Sage)
- Frosh Identity Crisis 183
- Sheila Rowbotham's preface to Winslow Barbara Sylvia Pankhurst: sexual politics and political activism UCL Press London 1996 ix
- Kean, ‘Continuity and change’
- Kenney Annie Memories of a Militant Edward Arnold London 1924 289 She is talking about leaving the feminist movement after campaigning for Christabel Pankhurst as parliamentary candidate in Smethwick in 1918
- Ibid., p. vi
- Richardson, Laugh a Defiance
- Richardson Mary R. Cornish Headlands and Other Lyrics Heffer Cambridge 1920
- Kean, ‘Searching for the past’. Unfortunately Weidenfeld have no records of the circumstances surrounding the publishing of her book. Therefore whether the focus of the writing was determined by the publisher or by Mary herself is not possible to determine
- A Sylvia Pankhurst Reader Dodd Kathryn Manchester University Press Manchester 1993 20 Such an approach belies the nature of the autobiographical genre for it is not this form which Sylvia Pankhurst uses. Rather, it is seeking to give an authority and objectivity to a movement by using a different form and one which was not common amongst ex-suffrage feminists. Indeed Strachey's Ray ‘The Cause’. A Short History of the Women's Movement in Great Britain G. Bell & Sons London 1928 is significant not simply for its intervention on behalf of new feminists by rewriting a suffrage past to the former constitutionalists' advantage but because it was not autobiography. See Kean, ‘Searching for the past’. Perhaps Dodd might also need to consider the context of the morality of the 1920s for the non-disclosure of affairs with married men or of lesbian relationships
- Joannou Maroula She who would be free herself must strike the blow Suffragette autobiography and suffragette militancy The Uses of Autobiography Swindells Julia Taylor & Francis London 1995 38
- See in particular Tickner Lisa The Spectacle of Women. Imagery of the Suffrage Campaign 1907-1914 Chatto& Windus London 1987
- Kean, ‘Searching for the past’, p. 68; Norquay, Voices and Votes, p. 14
- Purvis June Doing feminist Women's history: researching the lives of women in the suffrage movement in Edwardian England Researching Lives from a Feminist Perspective Maynard Mary Purvis June Taylor & Francis London 1994 171 178 Marcus Jane Suffrage and the Pankhursts Routledge & Kegan Paul London 1987 5 16
- Felman Shosana Laub Dori Testimony. Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis and History Routledge London 1992 69 See also Felman Shoshana What Does a Woman Want: reading and sexual difference Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore 1993
- Leaflet in Suffragette Fellowship collection, Museum of London
- Richardson Laugh a Defiance ix xii
- Ibid., p. 6
- See similar events in Cicely Hale and Mary Conway's accounts Hale Cicely A Good Long Time: the autobiography of an octogenarian Regency Press London 1973 Woman Teacher, 5 October 1928, p. 4
- Richardson Laugh a Defiance 20
- Ibid., pp. 25-26
- Ibid., pp. 46-48
- Sharp Evelyn Unfinished Adventure John Lane London 1933 Hamilton Cicely Life Errant Dent London 1933 Rhondda Viscountess This Was my World Macmillan London 1933
- The Vote, 24 September 1926
- In 1926 she had been adopted as prospective parliamentary candidate for Bury St Edmunds against Col. Guinness, although she never actually stood against him and did not contest the 1929 election. In 1920 she lived in Cambridge in The Red House, Haslingfield, from where she published a book of terrible poetry called Cornish Headlands and Other Lyrics with a foreword by Edith Picton Turberville
- Aldershot Gazette, 15 October 1931, p. 8
- At the time of her slashing Christabel Pankhurst had declared “the Rokeby Venus has because of Miss Richardson's act, acquired a new human and historic interest. For ever more, this picture will be a sign and a memorial of Women's determination to be free” The Suffragette, 20 March 1914, quoted in Fowler Rowena Why did suffragettes attack works of art? Journal of Women's History 1991 2 122 Although, some 80 odd years later, no mention of the slashing is recorded in the information panel accompanying the picture in the National Gallery, nevertheless in the new CD-ROM of the gallery's works there are illustrations of the slashing and the statement that they were undertaken by a (nameless) suffragette. It is in this most modern creation of the past that Christabel's hyperbole has become a reality
- Middlesex County Times, 4 November 1922, p. 7; 18 November 1922, p. 5
- The Vote, 24 September 1926
- Ibid.
- Ibid. (Black Friday, 18 November 1910, when a deputation of 500 against the shelving of the Conciliation Bill were subject to police brutality Morrell Caroline Black Friday. Violence against Women in the Suffrage Movement Women's Research & Resources Centre London 1981
- The Vote, 24 September 1926
- Aldershot Gazette, 15 October 1931, p. 8
- Ibid., p. 9
- Fowler, ‘Why did suffragettes attack works of art?’, p. 112ff
- Woman's Dreadnought, 8 March 1914, as published in Dodd, pp. 53-55
- Aldershot Gazette, 15 October 1931, pp. 8-9
- Hurrah for the Blackshirts, Daily Mail, January 1934, as reprinted in The Blackshirt, 19-25 January 1934
- Thurlow Fascism in Britain 122
- Like other BUF members, Mary Richardson had also been a member of the New Party Durham Martin Women and the BUF 1932-1940 Immigrants and Minorities 1989 8 11
- Benewick Robert The Fascist Movement in Britain Allen Lane London 1972 113 114 Thurlow Fascism in Britain 101
- Cullen Stephen Four women for Mosley: women in the British Union of Fascists, 1932-40 Oral History 1996 24 49 59
- ‘Pauline’ as quoted in ibid., p. 57
- Mary Richardson, My reply to Sylvia Pankhurst, The Blackshirt, 29 June 1934, p. 3
- As the East London Federation of Suffragettes (ELFS) paper Woman's Dreadnought of 8 March 1914 explained it, Sylvia Pankhurst, Mary Richardson and four others were arrested after a rally in Bromley public hall in Bow Road in July 1913. The article of the time expressed the horror of the ELFS when they learnt that Mary Richardson and Rachel Peace were being forcibly fed in prison
- Winslow Sylvia Pankhurst 188
- The Blackshirt, 29 June 1934, p. 3
- Morrell, Black Friday
- She also used historical references to look at Rome old and new. The Blackshirt, 21 September 1934, p. 9; The Blackshirt, 28 September 1934, p. 8
- Hamilton Life Errant 226
- Hamilton Cicely Modern England J. M. Dent & Sons London 1938 72
- The Blackshirt reports in October (5 October 1934, p. 8) that she suffered a motoring accident on the way back from speaking at a meeting in Bedford and would be out of action for 2 weeks. After November 1934, where she is reported to have spoken at a Liberal Women's Association meeting in Hampstead Garden Suburb, there is no further mention of her involvement (16 November 1934, p. 9). See also Mosley Nicholas Beyond the Pale. Sir Oswald Mosley & Family 1933-1980 Secker & Warburg London 1983 92 for an account of the acrimony between Mary Richardson and Lady Mosley, Oswald's mother. For discussion of the fascist position on women see Tony Kushner (1989) Politics and race, gender and class: refugees, fascists and domestic service in Britain 1933-1940, Immigrants and Minorities, 8, pp. 49-58 Durham Martin Woman and Fascism Routledge London 1998 Norah Elam (1935) Fascism, women and democracy, Fascist Quarterly, 3, July, p. 290ff.; Anne Brock Griggs (n.d.) Women and fascism, BUF; Olive Hawks (1934) On the ideal of womanhood, The Blackshirt, 5 October, p. 8; Jenny Linton, in The Blackshirt, 2 November 1934, p. 9: “Fascist women do not want equal rights with men. They desire only the true woman's place in the community”
- Fascist organiser quits in disgust, The Star, Monday 11 February 1935, p. 9
- The Blackshirt, 7 February 1935
- Minutes of Executive Committee of Six Point Group, 11 February 1936, p. 1 (Fawcett Library). Unfortunately Mary's letter is not included in the file
- By December 1935 the Six Point Group was already organising on anti-fascist issues. It had published, for example, the pamphlet ‘Women behind Nazi Bars’. It had organised an exhibition against fascism through the joint committee which became ‘British Women against Fascism and War’. It had protested to theGerman Embassy, held meetings about the plight of Abyssinia, and participated in a demonstration in May 1936 against fascism (Minutes of Executive Committee of Six Point Group). When it organised subsequent petitions and telegrams to Hitler, for example in October 1937, concerning Lisalotte Herman and a boy of 3 sentenced to death, Mary Richardson's signature does not appear, nor does her name as a contributor to their financial international appeal
- Woman Today, November 1936, p. 3
- See absence of material in Suffragette Fellowship collection at Museum of London! See too Mayhall, ‘Creating the “suffragette spirit”’, for an account of the activities of the Suffragette Fellowship
- She did live abroad at some stage (Laugh a Defiance, p. ix)
- She did not take part, I believe, in many ex-suffrage activities in the 1930s or after. She was not present at major suffrage celebrations in the early 1960s such as the unveiling of a plaque in Manchester Free Hall in July 1960
- Calling all Women, July 1960. Unfortunately Smith College has no information on Mary Richardson depositing papers nor, apparently, any of her papers. Correspondence with Hilda Kean, 8 February 1996
- Kean Hilda Challenging the State? The Socialist and Feminist Educational Experience 1900-1930 Falmer Press London 1990 149 150 Kean, Deeds not Words, pp. 127-136
- WFL bulletin, 17 November 1961
- Sharp, Unfinished Adventure Lawrence Emmeline Pethick My Part in a Changing World Victor Gollancz London 1938 Rhonnda, This Was my World; Hamilton, Life Errant. I am not suggesting that other autobiographies were not published after this date but that the examples cited here were part of a collective suffrage genre written by women still active in the feminist movement