Assessing the environmental performance of buildings: trends, lessons and tensions

References

• Architecture 2030. (2017a). The 2030 challenge. Retrieved from http://architecture2030.org/2030_challenges/2030-challenge/.
   Google Scholar
• Architecture 2030. (2017b). Adopters – firms and organizations. Retrieved from http://architecture2030.org/2030_challenges/adopters/adopters_firms_organizations/.
   Google Scholar
• Balouktsi, M., Lützkendorf, T., Seongwon, S., & Foliente, G. (2016). Embodied energy and global warming potential in construction – perspectives and interpretations, CESB16 Prague. Proceedings.
   Google Scholar
• Bare, J. C., & Gloria, T. P. (2008). Environmental impact assessment taxonomy providing comprehensive coverage of midpoints, endpoints, damages, and areas of protection. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(10), 1021–1035. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayer, C., Gamble, M., Gentry, R., & Joshi, S. (2010). AIA guide to building life cycle assessment in practice. Washington, DC: The American Institute of Architects. [PDF]. Retrieved from http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2016-04/Building-Life-Cycle-Assessment-Guide.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bluyssen, P. M. (2009). The Indoor environment handbook: How to make buildings healthy and comfortable. London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• BMUB. (2016). Klimaschutzplan 2050 [Climate Action Plan 2050], Klimaschutzpolitische Grundsätze und Ziele der Bundesregierung, Bundesministerium für Umwelt. Berlin: Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit.
   Google Scholar
• Boonstra, C., & Pettersen, T. D. (2003). Tools for environmental assessment of existing buildings. UNEP Industry and Environment, 26(2-3), 80–83. [PDF]. Retrieved from http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsaia/fulltext/tools.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bordass, B., & Leaman, A. (2013). A new professionalism: Remedy or fantasy? Building Research & Information, 41(1), 1–7. doi: 10.1080/09613218.2012.750572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bragança, L., Vieira, S. M., & Andrade, J. B. (2014). Early stage design decisions: The way to achieve sustainable buildings at lower costs. The Scientific World Journal. doi: 10.1155/2014/365364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockmann, T., Kusche, O., & Rössig, S. (2014). Life cycle assessment within BNB – Online-Tool eLCA and materials database ÖKOBAU. DAT. WSB14 Barcelona. Retrieved from http://wsb14barcelona.org/programme/pdf_poster/P-086.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Brunner, P. H. (2011). Urban mining a contribution to reindustrializing the city. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 15(3), 339–341. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00345.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Building Research & Information, Special Issue: Green Building Challenge 98 (1999). vol. 27, no 4-5.
   Google Scholar
• Building Research & Information, Special Issue: Building Environmental Assessment: Changing the Culture of Practice (2006). vol. 34, no 4.
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Standards Association. (2006). Z782-06 Guideline for design for disassembly and adaptability in buildings. Ontario: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Casals, X. G. (2006). Analysis of building energy regulation and certification in Europe: Their role, limitations and differences. Energy and Buildings, 38(5), 381–392. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CEN/TR 17005:2016. Sustainability of construction works – Additional environmental impact categories and indicators – Background information and possibilities – Evaluation of the possibility of adding environmental impact categories and related indicators and calculation methods for the assessment of the environmental performance of buildings.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, P. F., & Faculty, S. (1975). 4. The energy costs of materials. Energy Policy, 3(1), 47–57. doi: 10.1016/0301-4215(75)90053-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, D. H. (2013). What colour is your building? Measuring and reducing the energy and carbon footprint of buildings. UK: RIBA Enterprises Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, R. J. (1997). Prioritizing environmental criteria in building design and assessment. In P.S. Brandon, P.L. Lombardi, & V. Bentivegna (Eds), Evaluation of the Built Environment for Sustainability (pp. 183–199). London: E & FN Spon.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, R. J. (1998a). Energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the construction of alternative structural systems. Building and Environment, 34(3), 335–348. doi: 10.1016/S0360-1323(98)00020-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, R. J. (1998b). Emerging trends in building environmental assessment methods. Building Research & Information, 26(1), 3–16. doi: 10.1080/096132198370065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, R. J. (1999). Building environmental assessment methods: Clarifying intentions. Building Research & Information, 27(4-5), 230–246. doi: 10.1080/096132199369354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, R. J. (2000). Editorial: Cost and value in building green. Building Research & Information, 28(5-6), 304–309. doi: 10.1080/096132100418456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, R. J. (2004). Changing context for environmental knowledge. Building Research & Information, 32(2), 91–109. doi: 10.1080/0961321042000211396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, R. J. (2006). Shared markets: coexisting building environmental assessment methods. Building Research & Information, 34(4), 357–371. doi: 10.1080/09613210600724624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, R. J. (2010a). Environmental assessment: Shifting scales. In Edward Ng (Eds.), Designing high-density cities for social and environmental sustainability (pp. 273–282). Abingdon: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, R. J. (2010b). Building environmental assessment in a global market. International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development, 1(1), 11–14. doi: 10.5390/SUSB.2010.1.1.011
   Google Scholar
• Cole, R. J. (2011). Motivating stakeholders to deliver environmental change. Building Research & Information, 39(5), 431–435. doi: 10.1080/09613218.2011.599057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, R. J. (2012). Transitioning from green to regenerative design. Building Research & Information, 40(1), 39–53. doi: 10.1080/09613218.2011.610608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, R. J. (2016). Regenerative development: Reframing the role of buildings. Prague: Grada.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, R. J., Cooper, I., Kohler, N., Lützkendorf, T., & Smith, P. (1992, September). Buildings and the environment. In Proceedings of the International Research Workshop, Cambridge (Vol. 27).
   Google Scholar
• Cole, R. J., & Larsson, N. K. (1999). GBC ‘98 and GBTool: Background. Building Research & Information, 27(4-5), 221–229. doi: 10.1080/096132199369345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, R. J., Lindsey, G., & Todd, J. A. (2000). Assessing life cycles: Shifting from green to sustainable design. Proceedings of the International Conference for Sustainable Building, 22–23 October, Maastricht, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, R. J., & Rousseau, D. (1992). Environmental auditing for building construction: Energy and air pollution indices for building materials. Building and Environment, 27(1), 23–30. doi: 10.1016/0360-1323(92)90004-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, R. H. (2011). Life cycle assessment in the built environment. London: Spon Press.
   Google Scholar
• de Klijn-Chevalerias, M., & Javed, S. (2017). The Dutch approach for assessing and reducing environmental impacts of building materials. Building and Environment, 111, 147–159. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DG Grow. (2016). Building Passport, Agenda of DG Grow Workshop, 27 September 2016, BREY 5/B, Brussels. [PDF]. Retrieved from http://globalabc.org/uploads/media/default/0001/01/a5d1904d946db64be7f55567dfd1621f7bd65f39.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ding, G. K. (2008). Sustainable construction–The role of environmental assessment tools. Journal of Environmental Management, 86(3), 451–464. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.12.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge Data & Analytics, & United Technologies. (2016). World green building trends 2016. Developing markets accelerate global green growth. Dodge Data & Analytics. [PDF]. Retrieved from http://fidic.org/sites/default/files/World%20Green%20Building%20Trends%202016%20SmartMarket%20Report%20FINAL.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Eichholtz, P., Kok, N., & Quigley, J. M. (2010). Doing well by doing good? Green office buildings. American Economic Review, 100(5), 2492–2509. doi: 10.1257/aer.100.5.2492
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichholtz, P., Kok, N., & Quigley, J. M. (2013). The economics of green building. Review of Economics and Statistics, 95(1), 50–63. doi: 10.1162/REST_a_00291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eley, J. (2011). The client’s role in the sustainable building project. NBS. Retrieved from https://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/the-clients-role-in-the-sustainable-building-project.
   Google Scholar
• EN 15643-1:2010. Sustainability of construction works – Sustainability assessment of buildings – Part 1: General framework.
   Google Scholar
• EN 15643-2:2011. Sustainability of construction works – Assessment of buildings – Part 2: Framework for the assessment of environmental performance.
   Google Scholar
• EN 15643-3:2012. Sustainability of construction works – Assessment of buildings – Part 3: Framework for the assessment of social performance.
   Google Scholar
• EN 15804:2012. Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations – Core rules for the product category of construction products.
   Google Scholar
• EN 16309:2014+A1:2014. Sustainability of construction works – Assessment of social performance of buildings – Calculation methodology.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2011). The development of the PEF and OEF methods [Web page]. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/dev_methods.htm.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2014). Resource efficiency opportunities in the building sector. COM (2014) 445 Final. Brussels, 1.7.2014. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52014DC0445.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament. (2011). Regulation (EU) No 305/2011 of the EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT and of the COUNCIL of 9 March 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of construction products. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32011R0305&from=EN.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer, J. D., & Lafond, F. (2016). How predictable is technological progress? Research Policy, 45(3), 647–665. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2015.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawcett, W., Hughes, M., Krieg, H., Albrecht, S., & Vennström, A. (2012). Flexible strategies for long-term sustainability under uncertainty. Building Research & Information, 40(5), 545–557. doi: 10.1080/09613218.2012.702565
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Environment Agency. (1999). Valuation as an element of life cycle assessments [PDF]. Retrieved from https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/publikation/long/3620.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Environment Agency. (2016). The Blue Angel [Web page]. Retrieved from https://www.blauer-engel.de/en/blue-angel/what-is-behind-it/the-logo.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Ministry for the Environment. (2016). Klimaschutzplan 2050 [PDF]. Retrieved from http://www.bmub.bund.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Klimaschutz/klimaschutzplan_2050_bf.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Statistical Office of Germany. (2014). Sustainable Development in Germany: Indicator Report 2014 [PDF]. Retrieved from https://www.destatis.de/EN/Publications/Specialized/EnvironmentalEconomicAccounting/Indicators2014.pdf?__blob=publicationFile.
   Google Scholar
• Fiès, B., & Lützkendorf, T. (2013). Life Cycle Sustainable Assessment and BIM. SBE13 Graz, Proceedings. Retrieved from http://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB_DC27913.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Flager, F. L. (2003). The design of building structures for improved life-cycle performance (Master dissertation), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF]. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e293/0fd9bbe5ebccbb9c06f3fd7be54cd5ee77a5.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• French Ministry of the Environment, Energy and Marine Affairs (French: Ministère de l’Environnement, de l’Energie et de la Mer). (2016). Référentiel « Energie-Carbone » pour les bâtiments neufs – Niveaux de performance « Energie-Carbone » pour les bâtiments neufs, (‘Carbon-Energy’-performance levels for new buildings), [PDF]. Retrieved from http://www.batiment-energiecarbone.fr/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/referentiel-energie-carbone-methode-evaluation.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Frischknecht, R., & Knöpfel, S. B. (2014). Ecological scarcity 2013–new features and its application in industry and administration–54th LCA forum, Ittigen/Berne, Switzerland, December 5, 2013. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 19(6), 1361–1366. doi: 10.1007/s11367-014-0744-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georges, L., Haase, M., Houlihan Wiberg, A., Kristjansdottir, T., & Risholt, B. (2015). Life cycle emissions analysis of two nZEB concepts. Building Research & Information, 43(1), 82–93. doi: 10.1080/09613218.2015.955755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosling, J., Naim, M., Sassi, P., Iosif, L., & Lark, R. (2008). Flexible buildings for an adaptable and sustainable future. In A. Dainty (Eds.), Proceedings of the 24th Annual ARCOM Conference, 1-3 September 2008 (pp. 115–124). Cardiff: Association of Researchers in Construction Management.
   Google Scholar
• Graabak, I., & Feilberg, N. (2011). CO2 emissions in different scenarios of electricity generation in Europe (Vol. 7058) (SINTEF Energy Research, report TR).
   Google Scholar
• Gundes, S. (2016). The use of life cycle techniques in the assessment of sustainability. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, 916–922. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.088
   Google Scholar
• Haes, H. A. U. D., Jolliet, O., Norris, G., & Saur, K. (2002). UNEP/SETAC life cycle initiative: background, aims and scope. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 7(4), 192–195. doi: 10.1007/BF02978872
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasselaar, E., Klunder, G., & Morawska, L. (2003). Integrating health and sustainability in life cycle assessment. In T. Wai, C. Sekhar, & D. Cheong (Eds.), Proceedings of the 7th International Conference Healthy Buildings (pp. 467–473). Singapore: Stallion Press, National University.
   Google Scholar
• Hellweg, S., Hofstetter, T. B., & Hungerbuhler, K. (2003). Discounting and the environment should current impacts be weighted differently than impacts harming future generations? The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 8(1), 8–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heymann, E., Frank, H. J., & Walter, N. (2007). Climate change and sectors: Some like it hot. Frankfurt am Main: Deutsche Bank Research. Retrieved from http://www.dbresearch.ru/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000212401.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Huppes, G., & van Oers, L. (2011). Background review of existing weighting approaches in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) (JRC Scientific and Technical Reports. EUR 24997), Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Hyde, R. A. (2005). The environmental brief: pathways for advancing green design. In Fabricating Sustainability’ 39th Annual Conference of the Australian and New Zealand Architectural Science Association (ANZAScA) (Vol. 39, pp. 1–8). Wellington: Australia and New Zealand Architectural Science Ass.
   Google Scholar
• ISO. (2012). Environmental labels and declarations [PDF]. Retrieved from http://www.iso.org/iso/environmental-labelling.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• ISO 21930:2007. Sustainability in building construction – Environmental declaration of building products.
   Google Scholar
• ISO 15392:2008. Sustainability in building construction – General principles.
   Google Scholar
• ISO 15686-5:2008. Buildings and constructed assets – Service-life planning – Part 5: Life-cycle costing.
   Google Scholar
• ISO 21931-1:2010. Sustainability in building construction – Framework for methods of assessment of the environmental performance of construction works – Part 1: Buildings.
   Google Scholar
• ISO 21929-1:2011. Sustainability in building construction – Sustainability indicators – Part 1: Framework for the development of indicators and a core set of indicators for buildings.
   Google Scholar
• ISO/TS 14067:2013. Greenhouse gases – Carbon footprint of products – Requirements and guidelines for quantification and communication.
   Google Scholar
• Kalbar, P. P., Birkved, M., Karmakar, S., Nygaard, S. E., & Hauschild, M. (2017). Can carbon footprint serve as proxy of the environmental burden from urban consumption patterns? Ecological Indicators, 74, 109–118. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakubo, S., Murakami, S., Ikaga, T. and Asami, Y. (2017) Sustainability assessment of cities: SDGs and GHG emissions. Building Research & Information. this issue. doi:10.1080/09613218.2017.1356120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawazu, Y., Shimada, N., Yokoo, N., & Oka, T. (2005, September). Comparison of the assessment results of BREEAM, LEED, GBTool and CASBEE. In Proc. of Int. Conf. on the Sustainable Building (SB05) (pp. 1700–1705).
   Google Scholar
• Kestner, D. M., & Webster, M. D. (2010, March). Achieving sustainability through durability, adaptability, and deconstructability. Structure’ magazine. [PDF]. Retrieved from: http://www.structuremag.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/C-StrucSustainability-Kestner-March101.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kibert, C. J., & Fard, M. M. (2012). Differentiating among low-energy, low-carbon and net-zero-energy building strategies for policy formulation. Building Research & Information, 40(5), 625–637. doi: 10.1080/09613218.2012.703489
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinglmair, M., Sala, S., & Brandão, M. (2014). Assessing resource depletion in LCA: A review of methods and methodological issues. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 19(3), 580–592. doi: 10.1007/s11367-013-0650-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasvaux, S., Achim, F., Garat, P., Peuportier, B., Chevalier, J., & Habert, G. (2016). Correlations in life cycle impact assessment methods (LCIA) and indicators for construction materials: What matters? Ecological Indicators, 67, 174–182. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.01.056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasvaux, S., Habert, G., Peuportier, B., & Chevalier, J. (2015). Comparison of generic and product-specific life cycle assessment databases: Application to construction materials used in building LCA studies. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 20(11), 1473–1490. doi: 10.1007/s11367-015-0938-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroy, Y., Cluzel, F., Zaraket, T., Lasvaux, S., & Bentos, M. (2013). Integrating LCA-based models into design process for buildings: A study of the existing practices in France. 6th International Conference on Life Cycle Management – LCM 2013, Gothenburg, Sweden, Paper no. 327. Retrieved from https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01144335/document.
   Google Scholar
• Levasseur, A., Lesage, P., Margni, M., Deschenes, L., & Samson, R. (2010). Considering time in LCA: dynamic LCA and its application to global warming impact assessments. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(8), 3169–3174. doi: 10.1021/es9030003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz, D., & Lützkendorf, T. (2008). Next generation decision support instruments for the property industry – understanding the financial implications of sustainable building. World Sustainable Building Conference, Vancouver 2008, proceedings.
   Google Scholar
• Lützkendorf, T., Fan, W., & Lorenz, D. (2011). Engaging financial stakeholders: Opportunities for a sustainable built environment. Building Research & Information, 39(5), 483–503. doi: 10.1080/09613218.2011.597206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lützkendorf, T., Hajek, P., Lupíšek, A., Immendörfer, A., Nibel, S., & Häkkinen, T. (2012). New trends in sustainability assessment systems – based on top-down approach and stakeholders needs. International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development, 3(4), 256–269. doi: 10.1080/2093761X.2012.747113
   Google Scholar
• Lützkendorf, T., & Lorenz, D. (2007). Integrating sustainability into property risk assessments for market transformation. Building Research & Information, 35(6), 644–661.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lützkendorf, T., & Lorenz, D. (2009). Key financial indicators for sustainable buildings. In C. Lowe & A. Ponce (Eds.), UNEP-FI/SBCI’s financial & sustainability metrics report. An international review of sustainable building performance indicators & benchmarks. [PDF]. Retrieved from http://www.unepfi.org/fileadmin/documents/metrics_report_01.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lützkendorf, T., & Lorenz, D. (2010). Socially responsible property investment – background, trends and consequences. In G. Newell and K. Sieracki (Eds.), Global Trends in Real Estate Finance (pp. 191–238). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Lützkendorf, T., & Lorenz, D. (2011). Capturing sustainability-related information for property valuation. Building Research & Information, 39(3), 256–273. doi: 10.1080/09613218.2011.563929
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majeau-Bettez, G., Strømman, A. H., & Hertwich, E. G. (2011). Evaluation of process- and Input–output-based life cycle inventory data with regard to truncation and aggregation issues. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(23), 10170–10177. doi: 10.1021/es201308x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markelj, J., Kitek Kuzman, M., Grošelj, P., & Zbašnik-Senegačnik, M. (2014). A simplified method for evaluating building sustainability in the early design phase for architects. Sustainability, 6(12), 8775–8795. doi: 10.3390/su6128775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao, X., Lu, H., & Li, Q. (2009, September). A comparison study of mainstream sustainable/green building rating tools in the world. Management and Service Science, 2009. MASS’09. International Conference on (pp. 1–5). IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. H., Randers, J., & Behrens III, W. (1972). The limits to growth: A report to the club of Rome. New York: Universe Books.
   Google Scholar
• Mizsey, P., Delgado, L., & Benko, T. (2009). Comparison of environmental impact and external cost assessment methods. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 14(7), 665–675. doi: 10.1007/s11367-009-0098-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mummé, J. (2017). The training of Canadian architects for the challenges of climate change. Adapting Canadian Work and Workplaces Project (ACW). [PDF]. Retrieved from: http://www.adaptingcanadianwork.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/the-training-of-architects_Mumme.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Nordic Council of Ministers. (1995). Environmental data for building materials in the Nordic countries. Copenhagen: TemaNord.
   Google Scholar
• Norgaard, R. B., & Howarth, R. B. (1991). Sustainability and discounting the future. In R. Costanza (Ed.) Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability (pp. 88–101). New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pandey, D., Agrawal, M., & Pandey, J. S. (2011). Carbon footprint: Current methods of estimation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 178(1), 135–160. doi: 10.1007/s10661-010-1678-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomponi, F., D’Amico, B., & Moncaster, A. M. (2017). A method to facilitate uncertainty analysis in LCAs of buildings. Energies, 10(4), 524. doi: 10.3390/en10040524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roland Berger Strategy Consultants. (2011). Trend compendium 2030 [PDF]. Retrieved from https://www.rolandberger.com/gallery/trend-compendium/tc2030/content/assets/trendcompendium2030.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, B. E., Chen, D. A., Conejos, S., & Khademi, A. (2016). Enabling adaptable buildings: Results of a preliminary expert survey. Procedia Engineering, 145, 420–427. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.04.009
   Google Scholar
• Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). (2011). Green overlay to the RIBA outline plan of work [PDF]. Retrieved from https://www.architecture.com/files/ribaprofessionalservices/practice/general/greenoverlaytotheribaoutlineplanofwork2007.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS). (2013). Sustainability and commercial property valuation, RICS guidance note (2nd ed.) [PDF]. Retrieved from http://www.rics.org/Global/Sustainability_and_commercial_property_valuation_2nd_edition_PGguidance_2013.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Runde, T., & Thoyre, S. (2010). Integrating sustainability and green building into the appraisal process. Journal of Sustainable Real Estate, 2(1), 221–248.
   Google Scholar
• Sanguinetti, P. (2012). Integrated performance framework to guide facade retrofit (Doctoral dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology), p. 54. Retrieved from https://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/45814.
   Google Scholar
• Säynäjoki, A., Heinonen, J., Junnila, S., & Horvath, A. (2017). Can life-cycle assessment produce reliable policy guidelines in the building sector? Environmental Research Letters, 12(1), 013001. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aa54ee
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schebek, L., Schnitzer, B., Blesinger, D., Köhn, A., Miekley, B., Linke, H. J., … Seemann, A. (2017). Material stocks of the non-residential building sector: The case of the Rhine-Main area. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 123, 24–36. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholten, N. P., & van Ewijk, H. A. (2013). Environmental performance regulations in the Netherlands. Proceedings of the 4^th International Conference of Civil Engineering, 4 (1), 245–249.
   Google Scholar
• Silvestre, J. D., De Brito, J., & Pinheiro, M. D. (2014). Environmental impacts and benefits of the end-of-life of building materials – calculation rules, results and contribution to a ‘cradle to cradle’ life cycle. Journal of Cleaner Production, 66, 37–45. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, N. H. (2007). The economics of climate change: The Stern review. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sundfors, D., & Lind, H. (2017). Sustainability metrics and property value: The need for a standardized sustainability description. [PDF] Retrieved from http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1068052/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Szalay, A. Z. Z. (2007). What is missing from the concept of the new European building directive? Building and Environment, 42(4), 1761–1769. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanzil, D., & Beloff, B. R. (2006). Assessing impacts: Overview on sustainability indicators and metrics. Environmental Quality Management, 15(4), 41–56. doi: 10.1002/tqem.20101
   Google Scholar
• TEGoVA. (2003). European property and market rating [PDF]. Retrieved from http://www.tegova.org/data/bin/a56efb621c7ae1_EPMR1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Thormark, C. (2001). Recycling potential and design for disassembly in buildings. Lund: Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University.
   Google Scholar
• Thormark, C. (2006). The effect of material choice on the total energy need and recycling potential of a building. Building and Environment, 41(8), 1019–1026. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.04.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tritthart, W., Staller, H., Zabalza, I., Malmqvist, T., Peuportier, B., Wetzel, C., … Krigsvoll, G. (2010). State of the art report -Use of Life cycle assessment Methods and tools. LoRe-LCA-WP2-D2.1a+b-IFZ-report. [PDF]. Retrieved from: https://www.sintef.no/globalassets/project/lore-lca/deliverables/lore-lca-wp2-d2.1-ifz-report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Trusty, W. B., Meil, J. K., & Norris, G. A. (1998). Athena: A LCA decision support tool for the building community. Green Building Challenge, 98, 39–46.
   Google Scholar
• Uhl, D. M. A. (2012). In J. Grin & A. Grunwald (Eds.), Vision assessment: Shaping technology in 21st century society: towards a repertoire for technology assessment (Vol. 4). Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• UK Green Building Council. (2017). Developing an embodied carbon brief for clients.[PDF]. Retrieved from http://www.ukgbc.org/sites/default/files/UK-GBC%20EC%20Developing%20Client%20Brief.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2016). Sustainable development goals [Web page]. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Finance Initiative. (2014). Sustainability metrics: Translation and impact on property investment and management. Retrieved from http://www.unepfi.org/fileadmin/documents/UNEPFI_SustainabilityMetrics_Web.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Vilches, A., Garcia-Martinez, A., & Sanchez-Montañes, B. (2017). Life cycle assessment (LCA) of building refurbishment: A literature review. Energy and Buildings, 135, 286–301. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.11.042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddell, H. (2008). Sustainable construction and UK legislation and policy. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Management, Procurement and Law, 161(3), 127–132. doi: 10.1680/mpal.2008.161.3.127
   Google Scholar
• Weng, C. L., & Yashiro, T. (2003). Urban mining: The city as a source for re-usable building materials. Retrieved from http://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB12279.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Webster, M. D. (2007). Structural design for adaptability and deconstruction: A strategy for closing the materials loop and increasing building value. In Structures Congress 2007: New Horizons and better Practices (pp. 1–6). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). (2016). The business case for the use of life cycle metrics in construction & real estate. Geneva: WBCSD. Retrieved from http://www.wbcsd.org/contentwbc/download/1930/24581.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, W., Sun, L., Zhang, Y., Liu, S., & Mu, Y. Y. (2016). Environmental and social concerns in architectural education: Experience of School of Architecture, Tianjin University. SBE16 Hamburg, proceedings, pp. 496–504. doi(KIT):10.5445/IR/1000051699.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, W., Li, B., Yang, X., & Wang, Q. (2015). A development of a rating method and weighting system for green store buildings in China. Renewable Energy, 73, 123–129. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2014.06.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar