Instrumentalising the digital: adolescents’ engagement with ICTs in low- and middle-income countries

References

• AkiraChix. n.d. “AkiraChix.” Accessed 13 October 2013. http://akirachix.com.
   Google Scholar
• Banaji, S. 2011. “Disempowering by Assumption: Digital Natives and EU Civic Web Project.” In Deconstructing Digital Natives: Young People, Technology, and the New Literacies, edited by M. Thomas, 49–66. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Banaji, S. 2015. “Behind the High-Tech Fetish: Children, Work and Media Use Across Classes in India.” International Communication Gazette 77 (6): 519–532. doi: 10.1177/1748048515597874
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banaji, S. 2017. Children and Media in India: Narratives of Class, Agency and Social Change. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bosch, T. 2008. “Wots ur ASLR? Adolescent Girls’ Use of Cellphones in Cape Town.” Commonwealth Journal of Youth Studies 6 (2): 52–69.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, C., and L. Czerniewicz. 2010. “‘Debunking the ‘Digital Native’: Beyond Digital Apartheid, Towards Digital Democracy.” Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 26 (5): 357–369. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2729.2010.00369.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, J., D. Kardefelt-Winther, S. Livingstone, and M. Stoilova. 2016. “Global Kids Online research synthesis, 2015–2016.” UNICEF Office of Research–Innocenti and London School of Economics and Political Science. Accessed June 28, 2017. www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/Misc_GKO_ExSum_2016.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Chattopadhyay, S. 2011. “Online Activism for a Heterogeneous Time: The Pink Chaddi Campaign and the Social Media in India.” PROTEUS: A Journal of Ideas 27 (1): 63–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chigona, W., G. Kamkwenda, and S. Manjoo. 2008. “The Uses and Gratifications of Mobile Internet among the South African Students.” South African Journal of Information Management 10 (3).
   Google Scholar
• Cook, P. H., C. Heykoop, A. Anuntavoraskul, and J. Vibulphol. 2012. “Action Research Exploring Information Communication Technologies (ICT) and Child Protection in Thailand.” Development in Practice 22 (4): 574–587. doi: 10.1080/09614524.2012.672960
   Google Scholar
• de Pauw, L. 2011. Girls Speak Out: Girls’ Fast-Talk on the Potential of Information and Communication Technologies in Their Empowerment and Development. London: Plan International.
   Google Scholar
• Ennew, J. 2003. “Difficult Circumstances: Some Reflections on ‘Street Children’ in Africa.” Children, Youth and Environments 13 (1): 203–210. Accessed March 6, 2016. http://cye.colorado.edu.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar, A. 2011. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ferraretto, L. A., M. Kischinhevsky, D. Cristina Lopez, Á Bufarah Júnior, L. Klöckner, M. Friere, and N. Prata. 2011. “The Use of Radio by Brazilian Teenagers and the Process of Digital Convergence.” Journal of Radio and Audio Media 18 (2): 381–396. doi: 10.1080/19376529.2011.616796
   Google Scholar
• Friere, P. 1978. Pedagogy in Process: The Letters to Guinea Bissau. London: Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative.
   Google Scholar
• Gomez, J. 2004. “Dumbing Down Democracy: Trends in Internet Regulation, Surveillance and Control in Asia.” Pacific Journalism Review 10 (2): 130–150.
   Google Scholar
• Gouws, F. E. 2014. “The Changing Life World of the Adolescent: A Focus on Technological Advances.” Journal of Communication 5 (1): 9–16. doi: 10.1080/0976691X.2014.11884820
   Google Scholar
• GSMA. 2016a. “The Mobile Economy 2016.” Accessed June 28, 2017. www.gsmaintelligence.com/research/?file=97928efe09cdba2864cdcf1ad1a2f58c&download.
   Google Scholar
• GSMA. 2016b. “The Mobile Economy: Africa 2016.” Accessed June 28, 2017. www.gsmaintelligence.com/research/?file=3bc21ea879a5b217b64d62fa24c55bdf&download.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, N., N. Koudenburg, R. Hiersemann, P. J. Tellegen, M. Kocsev, and T. Postmes. 2012. “Laptop Usage Affects Abstract Reasoning of Children in the Developing World.” Computers & Education 59 (3): 989–1000. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2012.04.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilbert, M. 2010. “When is Cheap, Cheap Enough to Bridge the Digital Divide? Modeling Income Related Structural Challenges of Technology Diffusion in Latin America.” World Development 38 (5): 756–770. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ITU (International Telecommunications Union). 2011. “The Role of ICT in Advancing Growth in Least Developed Countries: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities 2011.” Geneva: ITU. Accessed June 28, 2017. www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/LDCs/Documents/Turkey_IV/The_Role_of_ICT_in_Advancing_Growth_in_LDCs_Trends_Challenges_and_Opportunities.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• ITU (International Telecommunications Union). 2013. “Measuring the Information Society 2013: Measuring the World’s Digital Natives.” Geneva: ITU. Accessed June 28, 2017. www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/publications/mis2013/MIS2013_without_Annex_4.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• ITU. 2016. “ICT Facts and Figures 2016.” Accessed June 28, 2017. www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2016.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• James, J. 2010. “New Technology in Developing Countries: A Critique of the One-Laptop-Per-Child Program.” Social Science Computer Review 28 (3): 381–390. doi: 10.1177/0894439309346398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, C. 2004. Growing up Global: Economic Restructuring and Children’s Everyday Lives. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kleine, D., D. Hollow, and S. Poveda. 2014. “Children, ICT and Development.” Florence: UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti. Accessed June 28, 2017. https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/unicef_royalholloway_ict4dreport_final.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Larghi, S. B., M. Lemus, M. Moguillansky, and N. Welschinger Lascano. 2015. “Digital and Social Inequalities: A Qualitative Assessment of the Impact of Connecting Equality Program among Argentinean Young People.” Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries 69: 1–20. doi: 10.1002/j.1681-4835.2015.tb00496.x
   Google Scholar
• Lemphane, P., and M. Prinsloo. 2014. “Children’s Digital Literacy Practices in Unequal South African Settings.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 35 (7): 738–753. doi: 10.1080/01434632.2014.908894
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone, S., and M. Bulger. 2014. “A Global Research Agenda for Children’s Rights in the Digital Age.” Journal of Children and Media 8 (4): 317–335. doi: 10.1080/17482798.2014.961496
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone, S., J. Carr, and J. Byrne. 2015. “One in Three: The Task for Global Internet Governance in Addressing Children’s Rights.” Global Commission on Internet Governance: Paper Series. London: CIGI and Chatham House. Accessed June 28, 2017. www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/no22_2.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone, S., A. Nandi, S. Banaji, and M. Stoilova. In Press. Young Adolescents and Digital Media Uses, Risks and Opportunities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Rapid Evidence Review. London: GAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Manyozo, L. 2012. Media, Communication and Development: Three Approaches. New Delhi: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Mazzarella, W. 2010. “The Beautiful Balloon: The Digital Divide and the Charisma of New Media in India.” American Ethnologist 37 (4): 783–804. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-1425.2010.01285.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melkote, S. R., and H. L. Steeves. 2001. Communication for Development in the Third World: Theory and Practice for Empowerment. New Delhi: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, K. J., S. Bull, J. Kiwanuka, and M. L. Ybarra. 2011. “Cell Phone Usage among Adolescents in Uganda: Acceptability for Relaying Health Information.” Health Education Research 26 (5): 770–781. doi: 10.1093/her/cyr022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nwalo, K.I.N.i, and S. Anasi. 2012. “Access to and Use of Reproductive Health Information among In-School Adolescent Girls in Lagos State, Nigeria.” Health Education Journal 71 (1): 90–101. doi: 10.1177/0017896910386525
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathak-Shelat, M., and C. DeShano. 2014. “Digital Youth Cultures in Small Town and Rural Gujarat, India.” New Media & Society 16 (6): 983–1001. doi: 10.1177/1461444813496611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer, C., M. Kleeb, A. Mbelwa, and C. Ahorlu. 2014. “The use of Social Media among Adolescents in Dar es Salaam and Mtwara, Tanzania.” Reproductive Health Matters 22 (43): 178–186. doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(14)43756-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, G., K. Hampshire, A. Abane, A. Munthali, E. Robson, M. Mashiri, and A. Tanle. 2012. “Youth, Mobility and Mobile Phones in Africa: Findings from a Three-Country Study.” Information Technology for Development 18 (2): 145–162. doi: 10.1080/02681102.2011.643210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raftree, L., and K. Bachan. 2013. Integrating Information and Communication Technologies into Communication for Development Strategies to Support and Empower Marginalized Adolescent Girls. New York: UNICEF. Accessed June 28, 2017. www.unicef.org/cbsc/files/ICTPaper_Web.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Rijsdijk, L. E. 2013. “The World Starts with Me: Promoting Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights of Adolescents in Uganda.” Diepenveen: University of Maastrich. Accessed June 28, 2017. https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/portal/files/762170/guid-a9bd1144-2f16-4146-891f-a538f5a1650c-ASSET1.0.
   Google Scholar
• Sachs, J. D., V. Modi, H. Figueroa, M. Machado Fantacchiotti, K. Sanyal, F. Khatun, and A. Shah. 2015. “How information and communication technology can achieve the sustainable development goals: ICT and SDGs.” Columbia University’s Earth Institute and Ericsson. Accessed June 28, 2017. www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2015/ict-and-sdg-interim-report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sen, H. 2014. “Time-out” in the Land of Apu: Childhoods, Bildungsmoratorium and the Middle Classes in Urban West Bengal. Freiburg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, I., and M. Prinsloo. 2007. “Young People’s Engagement with Digital Literacies in Marginal Contexts in a Globalised World.” Language and Education 21 (3): 171–179. doi: 10.2167/le745.0
   Google Scholar
• Third, A., and P. Collin. 2016. “Rethinking (Children’s and Young People’s) Citizenship through Dialogues on Digital Practice.” In Negotiating Digital Citizenship: Control, Contest and Culture, edited by A. McCosker, S. Vivienne, and A. Johns, 41–60. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• UN Population Division. 2015. “2017 Revision of World Population Prospects.” Accessed June 28, 2017. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Demographic-Profiles/index.shtm.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. 2015. “The Big Picture.” Accessed October 28, 2016. www.unicef.org/cbsc/index_42328.html.
   Google Scholar
• Walton, M., and N. Pallitt. 2012. “‘Grand Theft South Africa’: Games, Literacy and Inequality in Consumer Childhoods.” Language and Education 26 (4): 347–361. doi: 10.1080/09500782.2012.691516
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2016. “World Development Report: Digital Dividends.” Washington, DC: World Bank. Accessed June 28, 2017. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/896971468194972881/pdf/102725-PUB-Replacement- PUBLIC.pdf.
   Google Scholar