A six-step framework for participatory communication and institutionalised participation in South Africa’s municipal IDP processes

References

• Aklilu, Asha, Abenet Belete, and Theresa Moyo. 2014. “Analysing Community Participation in the Municipal Integrated Development Planning Processes in Limpopo Province, South Africa.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5 (25): 257–262. doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n25p257.
   Google Scholar
• Alvin-Silva, Ana ElizaFerreira, José Roberto Pereira, and Cibele Maria Garcia de Aguiar. 2021. “Some Contributions of Habermas to the Study of Public Communication of Science.” Trans/Form/Ação 44 (4): 21–44. doi:10.1590/0101-3173.2021.v44n4.02.p21.
   Google Scholar
• Andrade, Luis Fernando Silva, Valderí Castor Alcántara, and José Roberto Pereira. 2019. “Comunicação que Constitui e Transforma os Sujeitos: Agir Comunicativo em Jürgen Habermas, Ação Dialógica em Paulo Freire e os Estudos Organizacionais.” Cadernos EBAPE.BR 17 (1): 12–24. doi:10.1590/1679-395164054.
   Google Scholar
• Arnstein, Sherry. 1969. “A Ladder of Citizen Participation.” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 35 (4): 216–224. doi:10.1080/01944366908977225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barichievy, Kelvin, Laurence Piper, and Ben Parker. 2005. “Assessing ‘Participatory Governance’ in Local Government: A Case-Study of Two South African Cities.” Politeia 24 (3): 370–393.
   Google Scholar
• Batliwala, Srilatha. 2007. “Taking the Power Out of Empowerment – An Experiential Account.” Development in Practice 17 (4–5): 557–565. doi:10.1080/09614520701469559.
   Google Scholar
• Boafo, Kwame. 2006. “Participatory Development Communication: African Perspective.” In People, Land and Water: Participatory Development Communication for Natural Resource Management, edited by Guy Bessette, 41–48. London: International Development Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Bogopane, Lebusa Peter. 2012. “A Qualitative Analysis of Democratic Participatory Development in Ngaka Modiri Molema District, North West Province, South Africa.” Journal of Human Ecology 40 (2): 131–142. doi:10.1080/09709274.2012.11906531.
   Google Scholar
• Carpentier, Nico. 2016. “Beyond the Ladder of Participation: An Analytical Toolkit for the Critical Analysis of Participatory Media Processes.” Javnost - The Public 23 (1): 70–88. doi:10.1080/13183222.2016.1149760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpentier, Nico, Ana Duarte Melo, and Fábio Ribeiro. 2019. “Resgatar a Participação: Para uma Crítica Sobre o Lado Oculto do Conceito.” Comunicação e Sociedade 36: 17–35. doi:10.17231/comsoc.36(2019).2341.
   Google Scholar
• Chitnis, Ketan. 2005. “The Duality of Development: Recasting Participatory Communication for Development using Structuration Theory.” Investigación Y Desarrollo 13 (2): 228–249.
   Google Scholar
• Cornwall, Andrea. 2007. “Buzzwords and Fuzzwords: Deconstructing Development Discourse.” Development in Practice 17 (4–5): 471–484. doi:10.1080/09614520701469302.
   Google Scholar
• Dagron, Alfonso Gumucio. 2009. “Playing with Fire: Power, Participation, and Communication for Development.” Development in Practice 19 (4–5): 453–465. doi:10.1080/09614520902866470.
   Google Scholar
• Dervin, Brenda, and Robert Huesca. 1997. “Reaching for the Communicating in Participatory Communication.” Journal of International Communication 4 (2): 46–74. doi:10.1080/13216597.1997.9751854.
   Google Scholar
• De Souza, Patricia Verȏnica Nunes Carvalho Sobral, and Henrique Ribeiro Cardoso. 2018. “Popular participation and social control: an analysis of public advice in the light of Habermasian theory.” Brazilian Journal of Political Studies 116: 309–349. doi:10.9732/P.0034-7191.2018V116P309.
   Google Scholar
• Draai, Enaleen, and Derek Taylor. 2009. “Public Participation for Effective Service Delivery: A Local Government Perspective.” Journal of Public Administration 44 (si–1): 112–122.
   Google Scholar
• Enghel, Florencia, and Jessica Noske-Turner. eds. 2018. Communication in International Development: Doing Good or Looking Good? New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Freire, Paulo. 1970. Pedagogy of the Oppressed: 30th Anniversary Edition. Translated and Edited by Myra Bergman Ramos. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, Michael. 2008. “Foucault, Power and Participation.” The International Journal of Children's Rights 16: 395–406. doi:10.1163/157181808X311222.
   Google Scholar
• Giddens, Anthony. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giddens, Anthony. 2005. “The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration Theory. Elements of the Theory of Structuration.” In Practicing History: New Directions in Historical Writing after Linguistic Turn, edited by Gabrielle Spiegel, 119–140. New York: Routlegde.
   Google Scholar
• Govender, Jayanathan. 2006. “Citizen Participation in the Budget Process in Local Government: A Case Study of the EThekwini Municipality.” (Master’s in Public Administration Dissertation). University of the Western Cape.
   Google Scholar
• Habermas, Jügen. 1984. The Theory of Communicative Action, Volume Two: Lifeworld and Systems: A Critique of Functionalist Reason. Translated and edited by Thomas McCarthy. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haugaard, Mark. 2012. “Rethinking the Four Dimensions of Power: Domination and Empowerment.” Journal of Political Power 5 (1): 33–54. doi:10.1080/2158379X.2012.660810.
   Google Scholar
• Heleba, Siyambonga. 2008. “Implications of the Lack of Community Participation in Service Delivery.” ESR Review 9 (3): 3–7.
   Google Scholar
• Hofisi, Costa. 2014. “Making Participation Real in Integrated Development Planning in South Africa.” Journal of Public Administration 49 (4): 1126–1138.
   Google Scholar
• Huesca, Robert. 2008. “Tracing the History of Participatory Communication Approaches to Development: A Critical Appraisal.” In Communication for Development and Social Change, edited by Jan Servaes, 180–198. Los Angeles: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Huspek, Michael. 2007. “Symposium: Habermas and Deliberative Democracy: Introductory Remarks.” Communication Theory 17: 329–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, Thomas. 2003. “Participatory Communication for Social Change: The Relevance of the Theory of Communicative Action.” Annals of the International Communication Association 27 (1): 87–123. doi:10.1080/23808985.2003.11679023.
   Google Scholar
• Jenlink, Patrick, and Banathy Bela. 2005. “Dialogue: Conversation as Culture Creating and Consciousness Evolving.” In Dialogue as a Means of Collective Communication, edited by Bela Banathy, and Patrick Jenlink, 3–15. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Jiménez-Martínez, Cesar, Thomas Tufte, and AnaCristina Suzina. 2020. “Deconstructing Participatory Communication and Civil Society Development in 2020: A Perspective Inspired by Paulo Freire.” Commons 9 (2): 16–78. doi:10.25267/COMMONS.2020.v9.i2.01.
   Google Scholar
• Kafewo, Samuel Aayedime. 2009. “Giving Voice: Instigating Debate on Issues of Citizenship, Participation, and Accountability.” Development in Practice 19 (4–5): 678–687. doi:10.1080/09614520902866454.
   Google Scholar
• Kasongo, Emmanuel. 1998. “From Development by Effects to Development by Contexts via Communication.” Development in Practice 8 (1): 30–39. doi:10.1080/09614529853963.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, Zainu, and Theo Haupt. 2006. “Community Participation- a Necessary Element of Community Development Project.” Acta Structilia 13 (2): 39–61.
   Google Scholar
• Kirylo, James. ed. 2020. Reinventing Pedagogy of the Oppressed: Contemporary Critical Perspectives. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Leal, PabloAlejandro. 2007. “Participation: The Ascendancy of a Buzzword in the neo-Liberal era.” Development in Practice 17 (4–5): 539–548. doi:10.1080/09614520701469518.
   Google Scholar
• Leketanyane, Precious, Tshepang Molale, Akintayo Ogunsanya, and Moses Asak. 2021. “Deconstructing the Participation of Rural Dwellers in a Community Radio Station: A Participatory Development Communication Approach to a Radio Station in the North-West Province, South Africa.” In Radio, Public Life, and Citizen Deliberation in South Africa, edited by Sarah Chiumbu, and Gilbert Motsaathebe, 50–66. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lennie, June, and Jo Tacchi. 2013. Evaluating Communication for Development: A Framework for Social Change. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Yao. 2017. “A Zero-Sum Game? Repression and Protest in China.” Government and Opposition 54 (2): 309–335. doi:10.1017/gov.2017.24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lie, Rico, and Jan Servaes. 2015. “Disciplines in the Field of Communication for Development and Social Change.” Communication Theory 25 (2): 244–258. doi:10.1111/comt.12065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manyozo, Linje. 2006. “Manifesto for Development Communication: Nora Quebral and the Los Baños School of Development Communication.” Asian Journal of Communication 16 (1): 79–99. doi:10.1080/01292980500467632.
   Google Scholar
• Manyozo, Linje. 2008. “Communication for Development: An Historical Overview.” Paper Presented for UNESCO on the Occasion of the International Association of Media and Communication Research (IAMCR). Media, Communication, Information: Celebrating 50 Years of Theories and Practice, Paris, July 23–25, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Manyozo, Linje. 2017. Communicating Development with Communities: Rethinking Development. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Matebesi, Sethulego, and Lucius Botes. 2011. “Khutsong Cross-Boundary Protests: The Triumph and Failure of Participatory Governance?” Politeia 30 (1): 4–21.
   Google Scholar
• Mattila, Hanna. 2018. “Public participation and legitimacy management in planning: A Habermasian perspective to Finnish welfarist planning tradition.” Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography 100 (4): 309–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayekiso, Thoko, Derek Taylor, and Nondumiso Maphazi. 2013. “A Public Participation Model for Enhanced Local Government.” Africa Insight 42 (4): 186–199.
   Google Scholar
• McMillan, Rebecca, Susan Spronk, and Calais Caswell. 2014. “Popular Participation, Equity, and Co-production of Water and Sanitation Services in Caracas, Venezuela.” Water International 39 (2): 201–215. doi:10.1080/02508060.2014.886844.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mefalopulos, Paulo. 2008. Development Communication Source Book: Broadening the Boundaries of Communication. Washington DC: The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Melkote, Srinivas, and Leslie Steeves. 2015. Communication for Development: Theory and Practice for Empowerment and Social Change. 3rd ed. New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Molale, Tshepang. 2019. “Participatory Communication in South African Municipal Government: Matlosana Local Municipality’s Integrated Development Plan (IDP) Processes.” Communicare 38 (1): 57–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow, Raymond, and Carlos Alberto Torres. 2019. “Re-reading Freire and Habermas: Philosophical Anthropology and Reframing Educational Research in the Neoliberal Anthopocene.” In The Wiley Paulo Freire Handbook, edited by Carlos Alberto Torress, 241–274. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Motale, Itumeleng John. 2012. “Public Participation Strategy for Budgeting in Local Government: The Case of Tlokwe Local Municipality.” (Master’s of Arts Dissertation). North-West University.
   Google Scholar
• Msibi, Futhi, and Cecilia Penzhorn. 2010. “Participatory Communication for Local Government in South Africa: A Study of the Kungwini Local Municipality.” Information Development 26 (3): 225–236. doi:10.1177/0266666910376216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muturi, Nancy, and Samuel Mwangi. 2009. “The Theory and Practice Gap in Participatory Communication.” Journal of International Communication 15 (1): 74–91. doi:10.1080/13216597.2009.9674745.
   Google Scholar
• Ncube, Lyton, and Keyan Tomaselli. 2019. “‘Watch my Back and I Watch Yours’: Beyond Habermas’ Public Sphere Concept in Democratic and Participatory Dimensions of pre-Colonial Shona Society Public Spaces.” Journal of African Media Studies 11 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1386/jams.11.1.35_1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemi, Jari. 2005. “Jürgen Habermas’s Theory of Communicative Rationality.” Social Theory and Practice 31 (4): 513–532.
   Google Scholar
• Noske-Turner, Jessica. 2015. “10 Years of Evaluation Practice in Media Assistance: Who, When, Why and How?” Nordicom Review 36: 41–56. doi:10.1515/nor-2015-0028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noske-Turner, Jessica. ed. 2017. Rethinking Media Development through Evaluation: Beyond Freedom. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave McMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Otto, Hannelie, and Lynnette Fourie. 2016. “Theorising Participatory Communication as Communicative Action for Development and Social Change.” Communicare 35 (1): 21–39.
   Google Scholar
• Pansardi, Pamela. 2012. “Power to and Power Over: Two Distinct Concepts of Power?” Journal of Political Power 5 (1): 73–89. doi:10.1080/2158379X.2012.658278
   Google Scholar
• Pansardi, Pamela, and Marianna Bindi. 2021. “The New Concepts of Power? Power-Over, Power-to and Power-with.” Journal of Political Power 14 (1): 51–71. doi:10.1080/2158379X.2021.1877001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peruzzo, Cicillia. 2020. “Paulo Freire’s Role and Influence on the Praxis of Popular Communication in Brazil.” International Communication Gazette 82 (5): 425–439. doi:10.1177/1748048520943693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieterse, Jan Nederveen. 1998. “My Paradigm or Yours? Alternative Development, Post-Development, Reflexive Development.” Development and Change 29 (2): 343–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rattine-Flaherty, Eelizabeth, and Arvind Singhal. 2009. “Analysing Social-Change Practice in the Peruvian Amazon through a Feminist Reading of Participatory Communication Research.” Development in Practice 19 (6): 726–736. doi:10.1080/09614520903026884.
   Google Scholar
• Read, James. 2012. “Is Power Zero-sum or Variable-sum? Old Arguments and New Beginnings.” Journal of Political Power 5 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1080/2158379X.2012.659865.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy, Purshottama, and Jayanathan Govender. 2013. “Democratic Decentralisation, Citizen Engagement and Service Delivery in South Africa: A Critique of Legislative and Policy Considerations.” Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 43 (1): 78–95.
   Google Scholar
• Rist, Gilbert. 2007. “Development as a Buzzword.” Development in Practice 17 (4–5): 485–491. doi:10.1080/09614520701469328.
   Google Scholar
• Sáez, Victor Mauel Marí. 2020. “Lessons on Communication, Development, and Evaluation from a Freirean Perspective.” Development in Practice 30 (7): 862–873. doi:10.1080/09614524.2020.1755232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salia, Samuel, Javed Hussain, Ishmael Tingbani, and Oluwaseun Kolade. 2017. “Is Women Empowerment a Zero sum Game? Unintended Consequences of Microfinance for Women’s Empowerment in Ghana.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 24 (1): 273–289. doi:10.1108/IJEBR-04-2017-0114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuftan, Claudio. 1996. “The Community Development Dilemma: What is Really Empowering?” Community Development Journal 31 (3): 260–264.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, Leanne. 2005. “Participatory Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis: A New Tool for Integrated Development Planning.” Development Southern Africa 22 (5): 695–716. doi:10.1080/03768350500364232.
   Google Scholar
• Servaes, Jan. ed. 2008. Communication for Development and Social Change. Los Angeles: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Servaes, Jan, and Patchanee Malikhao. 2005. “Participatory Communication: The New Paradigm.” In Media and Global Change: Rethinking Communication for Development, edited by Oscar Hemer, and Thomas Tufte, 91–103. CLASCO: Gothenburg.
   Google Scholar
• South Africa. 1996. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996.
   Google Scholar
• South Africa. 2000. Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000.
   Google Scholar
• South Africa. 2018. Rustenburg Local Municipality: Integrated Development Plan (IDP) Review Final Report 2018/19.
   Google Scholar
• Suzina, Ana Cristina, and Tufte Thomas. 2020. “Freire’s Vision of Development and Social Change: Past Experiences, Present Challenges and Perspectives for the Future.” International Communication Gazette 82 (5): 411–424. doi:10.1177/1748048520943692.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzina, Ana Cristina, Thomas Tufte, and César Jiménez-Martínez. 2020. “Special Issue: The Legacy of Paulo Freire. Contemporary Reflections on Participatory Communication and Civil Society Development in Brazil and Beyond.” International Communication Gazette 82 (5): 407–410. doi:10.1177/1748048520943687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tacchi, Jo, and Thomas Tufte. 2020. Communicating for Change: Concepts to Think With. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Tacchi, Jo, Jerry Watkins, and Kosala Keerthirathne. 2009. “Participatory Content Creation: Voice, Communication, and Development.” Development in Practice 19 (4–5): 573–584. doi:10.1080/09614520902866389.
   Google Scholar
• Thomassen, Lasse. 2010. Habermas: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Tshabalala, Elizabeth, and Antoinette Lombard. 2009. “Community Participation in the Integrated Development Plan: A Case Study of Govan Mbeki Municipality.” Journal of Public Administration 44 (2): 396–409.
   Google Scholar
• Tufte, Thomas. 2017. Communication and Social Change: A Citizen’s Perspective. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tufte, Thomas, and Paulo Mefalopulos. 2009. Participatory Communication: A Practical Guide. Washington, D.C: The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Wallerstein, Nina, Leandro Giatti, Cláudia Maria Bógus, Marco Akerman, Pedro Roberto Jacobi, Renata Ferraz De Toledo, Rosilda Mendes, et al. 2017. “Shared Participatory Research Principles and Methodologies: Perspectives from the USA and Brazil—45 Years after Paulo Freire’s “Pedagogy of the Oppressed”.” Societies 7 (6): 6–17. doi:10.3390/soc7020006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, Sarah. 1996. “Depoliticising Development: The Uses and Abuses of Participation.” Development in Practice 6 (1): 6–15. doi:10.1080/0961452961000157564.
   Google Scholar
• White, Robert. 2004. “Is ‘Empowerment’ the Answer?” Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands) 66 (1): 7–24. doi:10.1177/0016549204039939.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkins, Karin. 2009. “What’s in a Name? Problematisinf Communication’s Shift from Development to Social Change.” Glocal Times 13. https://ojs.mau.se/index.php/glocaltimes/article/view/185/180.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, John. 2006. “Community Participation.” Policy Studies 27 (3): 197–217.
   Google Scholar