- Key , V. O. 1961 . Public Opinion and American Democracy , 97 New York : Knopf .
- Deudney , Daniel . 1995 . “The Philadelphia System: Sovereignty, Arms Control, and Balance of Power in the American States‐union, circa 1787–1861” . International Organization , 49 ( 2 ) spring : 197 – 99 .
- Risse‐Kappen , Thomas . 1991 . “Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies” . World Politics , 43 ( 4 ) July : 479 – 512 .
- Morgan , T. Clifton and Campbell , Sally Howard . 1991 . “Domestic Structure, Decisional Constraints, and War: So Why Kant Democracies Fight?” . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 35 ( 1 ) June : 187 – 211 .
- Ripsman , Norrin M. 1994 . “The Conduct of Foreign Policy by Democracies: A Critical Review” . paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association . September 1994 .
- Peterson , Susan . 1995 . “How Democracies Differ. Public Opinion, State Structure, and the Lessons of the Fashoda Crisis” . Security Studies , 5 ( 1 ) autumn : 3 – 37 .
- Milner , Helen V. 1997 . Interests, Institutions, and Information , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Elman , Miriam Fendius . 2000 . “Unpacking Democracy: Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Theories of Democratic Peace” . Security Studies , 9 ( 4 ) summer : 97 – 135 .
- Putnam , Robert D. 1988 . “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two‐Level Games” . International Organization , 42 ( 3 ) summer : 449
- Evans , Peter B. , Jacobson , Harold K. and Putnam , Robert D. , eds. 1993 . “Building an Integrative Approach to International and Domestic Politics” . In Double‐Edged Diplomacy , Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California .
- Posen , Barry R. 1984 . The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain and Germany Between the World Wars , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- Niebuhr , Reinhold . 1959 . The Structure of Nations and Empires , 197 New York : Scribner .
- Lippmann , Walter . 1955 . Essays in the Public Philosophy , 21 Boston : Little, Brown .
- Morgenthau , Hans J. 1958 . Dilemmas of Politics , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Niebuhr , Reinhold and Sigmund , Paul E. 1969 . The Democratic Experience: Past and Prospects , New York : Praeger .
- Kennan , George F. 1977 . The Cloud of Danger , Boston : Little, Brown .
- Kennan , George F. 1978 . “Foreign Policy and the Professional Diplomat” . In Foreign Policy and the Democratic Process: The Geneva Papers , Edited by: Halle , Louis J. and Thompson , Kenneth W. 14 – 26 . Lanham : University Press of America .
- Morgenthau . Dilemmas 326
- Levy , Jack S. 1988 . “Domestic Politics and War” . Journal of Interdisciplinary History , 18 ( 4 ) spring : 653 – 73 .
- Nincic , Miroslav . 1992 . Democracy and Foreign Policy , 6 – 11 . New York : Columbia University Press .
- Kant , Immanuel . 1972 . Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay , Edited by: Smith , M. Campbell . New York : Garland .
- de Montesquieu , Baron . 1977 . The Political Theory of Montesquieu , Edited by: Richter , Melvin . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Maoz , Zeev and Abdolai , Nasrin . 1989 . “Regime Types and International Conflict” . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 33 ( 1 ) March : 3 – 35 .
- Bremer , Stuart A. 1993 . “Democracy and Militarized Interstate Conflict, 1816–1965” . International Interactions , 18 ( 3 ) February : 231 – 50 .
- Oneal , John R. and Russett , Bruce M. 1997 . “The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950–1985” . International Studies Quarterly , 41 ( 2 ) June : 267 – 94 .
- Doyle , Michael . 1986 . “Liberalism and World Politics” . American Political Science Review , 80 ( 4 ) : 1151 – 61 .
- Russett , Bruce M. 1993 . Grasping the Democratic Peace , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Owen , John M. 1994 . “How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace” . International Security , 19 ( 2 ) fall : 87 – 125 .
- Dixon , William J. 1994 . “Democracy and the Peaceful Settlement of International Conflict” . American Political Science Review , 88 ( 1 ) March : 14 – 32 .
- Layne , Christopher . 1994 . “Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace” . International Security , 19 ( 2 ) fall : 5 – 49 .
- Cohen , Raymond . 1994 . “Pacific Unions: A Reappraisal of the Theory that ‘Democracies Do Not Go to War with Each Other’” . Review of International Studies , 20 ( 2 ) April : 207 – 23 .
- Gowa , Joanne . 1995 . “Democratic States and International Disputes” . International Organization , 49 ( 3 ) summer : 511 – 22 .
- Lake , David A. 1992 . “Powerful Pacifists: Democratic States and War” . American Political Science Review , 86 ( 1 ) March : 30 – 31 .
- Friedberg , Aaron . 1992 . “Why Didn't the United States Become a Garrison State?” . International Security , 16 ( 4 ) spring : 109 – 42 .
- Gaubatz , Kurt Taylor . 1996 . “Democratic States and Commitment in International Relations” . International Organization , 50 ( 1 ) winter : 109 – 39 .
- Fearon , James D. 1984 . “Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes” . American Political Science Review , 88 ( 3 ) September : 577 – 92 .
- Risse‐Kappen , Thomas . 1995 . Cooperation Among Democracies , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Moravcsik , Andrew . “Introduction: Integrating International and Domestic Theories of International Bargaining” . In Double‐Edged Diplomacy Edited by: Evans .
- Waltz , Kenneth N. 1967 . Foreign Policy and Democratic Politics: The American and British Experience , 306 – 11 . Boston : Little, Brown .
- Waltz , and . 1979 . Theory of International Politics , New York : McGraw Hill .
- 1991 . Myths of Empire , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- Zakaria , Fareed . 1992 . “Realism and Domestic Politics: a Review Essay” . International Security , 17 ( 1 ) summer : 177 – 98 .
- Nordlinger , Eric A. 1981 . On the Autonomy of the Democratic State , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
- Heclo , Hugh . 1974 . Social Policy in Britain and Sweden , New Haven : Yale University Press .
- Samuels , Richard J. 1987 . The Business of the Japanese State , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- Levy , Jonah . 1999 . Tocqueville's Revenge , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
- Milner , Helen . 1988 . Resisting Protectionism , Princeton : Princeton University Press . chap. 8
- Evans , Peter B. , Rueschemeyer , Dietrich and Skocpol , Theda , eds. 1985 . “Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research” . In Bringing the State Back In , 9 – 20 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Ripsman , Norrin M. Democracies and Peacemaking: Domestic Structure, Executive Autonomy, and Peace Making after Two World Wars , University Park, PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . forthcoming
- Nordlinger . On the Autonomy 8 92 – 94 . 131 – 32 .
- Lijphart , Arend . 1984 . Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty‐One Countries , New Haven : Yale University Press .
- Shugart , Matthew Soberg and Carey , John M. 1992 . Presidents and Assemblies , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Stepan , Alfred C. and Skach , Cindy . 1993 . “Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarism versus Presidentialism” . World Politics , 46 ( 1 ) October : 1 – 22 .
- Linz , Juan J. 1994 . “Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does it make a difference?” . In The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives , Edited by: Linz , Juan J. and Valenzuela , Arturo . Vol. I , 3 – 87 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
- Downs , Anthony . 1957 . An Economic Theory of Democracy , New York : Harper and Row .
- 1987 . “Trade and the Variety of Democratic Institutions” . International Organization , 41 ( 2 ) spring : 203 – 23 .
- Williams , Robin M. Jr. 1968 . “The Concept of Norms” . In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences , Edited by: Sills , David L. vol. 11 , 204 – 8 . New York : Macmillan .
- Ullmann‐Margolit , Edna . 1977 . The Emergence of Norms , 12 Oxford : Clarendon .
- Krasner , Stephen D. 1983 . “Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables” . In International Regimes , Edited by: Krasner , Stephen D. 2 Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- Sinclair , Barbara . 1989 . The Transformation of the U.S. Senate , 14 Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
- Collier , Ellen C. , ed. 1991 . Bipartisanship and the Making of Foreign Policy , 50 – 51 . Boulder : Westview .
- Hermann , Tamar . 1993 . “Grassroots Activism as a Factor in Foreign Policy‐Making” . In The Limits of State Autonomy , Edited by: Skidmore , David and Hudson , Valerie M. 127 – 47 . Boulder : Westview .
- Goldstein , Judith . 1993 . Ideas, Interests and American Trade Policy , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- Peterson , Susan . 1996 . Crisis Bargaining and the State , 28 – 29 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
- Katzenstein , Peter J. , ed. 1996 . “Norms, Identity and Their Limits: A Theoretical Reprise” . In The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics , 453 – 54 . New York : Columbia University Press .
- Yee , Albert S. 1996 . “The Causal Effects of Ideas on Politics” . International Organization , 50 ( 1 ) winter : 69 – 108 .
- Kappen , Risse . “Public Opinion” . 484 – 86 .
- Peterson . “How Democracies Differ” . 16 – 18 .
- Peterson . Crisis Bargaining and the State 24 – 30 .
- Destler , I. M. , Gelb , Leslie H. and Lake , Anthony . 1984 . Our Own Worst Enemy: The Unmaking of American Foreign Policy , 61 New York : Simon & Schuster .
- Collier , and . Bipartisanship 28 – 30 .
- Katzenstein , Peter J. 1978 . “Conclusion: Domestic Structures and Strategies of Foreign Economic Policy” . In Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies in Advanced Industrial States , Edited by: Katzenstein , Peter J. 295 – 336 . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press .
- Dahl , Robert A. 1982 . Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy: Autonomy vs. Control , 21 – 22 . 26 New Haven : Yale University Press .
- Krasner , Stephen . 1978 . Defending the National Interest , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Ikenberry , G. John . 1988 . Reasons of State: Oil Politics and the Capacities of American Government , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- Evangelista , Matthew . 1995 . “The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union” . International Organization , 49 ( 1 ) winter : 1 – 38 .
- Barnett , Michael N. 1992 . Confronting the Costs of War , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Buzan , Barry . 1988 . “Peoples, States, and Fear: The National Security Problem in the Third World” . In National Security in the Third World , Edited by: Azar , E. and Moon , C. Hants : Edward Elger .
- Miller , Benjamin . 1995 . When Opponents Cooperate , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . chap. 4
- Zakaria , Fareed . 1998 . From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Sapolsky , Harvey M. , Gholz , Eugene and Kaufman , Allen . 1999 . “Security Lessons from the Cold War” . Foreign Affairs , 78 ( 4 ) July/August : 77 – 89 .
- Corwin , Edward S. 1957 . The President Office and Powers, 1787–1957 , New York : University Press .
- Sparrow , Bartholomew H. 1996 . From the Outside In: World War II and the American State , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Foster , H. Schuyler . 1983 . Activism Replaces Isolationism , 19 – 20 . Washington : Foxhall .
- Brodie , Bernard . 1959 . Strategy in the Missile Age , 390 – 409 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Yergin , Daniel . 1977 . Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
- Paterson , Thomas G. 1979 . “Presidential Foreign Policy, Public Opinion, and Congress: The Truman Yeats” . Diplomatic History , 3 ( 1 ) : 14 – 17 .
- Acheson , Dean . 1969 . Present at the Creation , 442 New York : Norton .
- Carstairs , Charles and Ware , Richard . 1991 . “Introduction” . In Parliament and International Relations , Edited by: Carstairs , Charles and Ware , Richard . 3 Buckingham : Open University Press .
- Vital , David . 1968 . The Making of British Foreign Policy , 54 London : Allen & Unwin .
- Richards , Peter G. 1967 . Parliament and Foreign Affairs , 29 London : Allen & Unwin .
- Ware , Richard . “Parliament and Treaties” . In Parliament and International Relations Edited by: Carstairs and Ware . 38 – 39 .
- Smith , Michael , Smith , Steve and White , Brian , eds. 1988 . “The Policy‐Making Process” . In British Foreign Policy: Tradition, Change and Transformation , 72 London : Unwin Hyman .
- Furniss , Edgar S. Jr. 1954 . Weaknesses in French Foreign Policy‐making , 4 Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Katzenstein . “Conclusion” . 306 – 23 .
- Zysman , John . “The French State in the International Economy” . In Power and Plenty Edited by: Katzenstein . 255 – 93 .
- Krasner , Stephen D. “United States Commercial and Monetary Policy: Unraveling the Paradox of External Strength and Internal Weakness” . In Power and Plenty Edited by: Katzenstein . 51 – 87 .
- Putnam . “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics” . 449
- Ikenberry , G. John . 1986 . “The Irony of State Strength: Comparative Responses to the Oil Shocks in the 1970s” . International Organization , 40 ( 1 ) winter : 105 – 37 .
- Evans . “Integrative Approach” . 402 – 3 .
- Eichengreen , Barry and Uzan , Marc . “The 1933 World Economic Conference as an Instance of Failed Cooperation” . Edited by: Evans . 171 – 206 . “Double‐Edged Diplomacy”
- Elman , Colin . 1996 . “Horses for Courses: Why Not a Neorealist Theory of Foreign Policy” . Security Studies , 6 ( 1 ) autumn : 17 – 18 .
- Evera , Stephen Van . 1997 . A Guide to Methodology for Students of Political Science , 58 – 67 . Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- George , Alexander and McKeown , Timothy J. 1985 . “Case Studies and Theories of Organizational Decision Making” . Advances in Information Processes in Organizations , 2 : 21 – 58 .
- Ripsman , Norrin M. and Blanchard , Jean‐Marc F. 2000 . “Contextual Information and the Study of Trade and Conflict: The Utility of an Interdisciplinary Approach” . In Beyond Boundaries? Disciplines, Paradigms, and Theoretical Integration in International Studies , Edited by: Sil , Rudra and Doherty , Eileen M. 57 – 85 . Albany : SUNY Press .
- Large , David Clay . 1996 . Germans to the Front: West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era , 32 – 38 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press .
- McGeehan , Robert . 1971 . The German Rearmament Question , 16 – 17 . Urbana : University of Illinois Press .
- Dockrill , Saki . 1991 . Britain's Policy for West German Rearmament, 1950–55 , 7 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- 1980 . Documents of the National Security Council, 1947–1977 , Maryland : University Publications of America . (DNSC)
- Soutou , Georges‐Henri . 1993 . “France and the German Rearmament Problem, 1945–1955” . In The Quest for Stability: Problems of West European Security, 1918–1957 , Edited by: Ahmann , R. , Birke , A. M. and Howard , M. 497 London : Oxford .
- Guillen , Pierre . 1983 . “Les Chefs militaires francais, le réarmement de l'Allemagne et la CED, 1950–1954” . Revue d'histoire de la deuxième guerre mondiale et des conflits contemporains , 33 : 3 – 33 .
- 1949 . “Le Bulletin de l'Etranger” . Le Monde , 7 December
- Elgey , Georgette . 1968 . La République des contradictions, 1951–1954 , 215 Paris : Fayard .
- McGeehan . German Rearmament 17
- Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) , 5th series vol. 473 ,
- Gallup , George H. 1976 . The Gallup International Public Opinion Polls: Great Britain, 1937–1975 , 229 New York : Random House .
- Crossman . 1950 . “Open Letter” . Times (London) , 10 April
- Dalton , Hugh . 1986 . The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1918–40, 1945–60 , Edited by: Pimlott , Ben . 425 London : Jonathan Cape .
- Foot , Michael . 1973 . Aneurin Bevin , vol. 2 , 305 – 7 . 319 London : Davis‐Poynter .
- Poidevin , Raymond . 1986 . Robert Schuman , 306 – 9 . Paris : Imprimerie Nationale .
- Auriol , Vincent . 1977 . Journal de Septennat, 1947–1954 , 1949 463 – 64 . Paris : Librarie Armand Colin .
- Gallup , George . 1976 . The Gallup International Public Opinion Polls: France, 1939, 1944–1975 , 141 New York : Random House .
- Gallup , George H. 1972 . The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1935–71 , 914 New York : Random House .
- Gallup . The Gallup Poll 932
- Bullen , Roger and Pelly , M. E. , eds. Documents on British Policy Overseas (DBPO) , ser. 2 vol. 3 , 9 – 13 . London : Her Majesty's Stationery Office .
- DBPO , ser. 2 vol. 3 , 5
- Gallup . Gallup International Polls: France 144
- DOS . 1950 . Weekly Review , 30 August : 16
- Gallup . Gallup International Polls: Great Britain 229
- DBPO Vol. 3 , 63
- DBPO , ser. 2 vol. 3 , 89 – 97 .
- Soutou . “France and German Rearmament” . 499
- United States Department of State . 1950 . Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) , vol. 3 , 471 – 72 . Washington : United States Printing Office .
- DBPO , ser. 2 vol. 3 , 274 – 77 .
- DBPO , ser. 2 vol. 3 , 354 – 56 .
- Acheson . Present at the Creation 552
- 1951 . FRUS , 3 : 782
- 1951 . FRUS , 3 : 803
- 1951 . FRUS , 3 : 805 – 12 .
- 1951 . FRUS , 3 : 760 – 62 .
- 1951 . FRUS , 3 : 781 – 82 .
- 1951 . FRUS , 3 : 801 – 05 .
- 1951 . FRUS , 3 : 878 – 79 .
- 1951 . FRUS , 3 : 883 – 85 .
- Fauvet , Jacques . 1957 . “Birth and Death of a Treaty” . In France Defeats EDC , Edited by: Lerner , Daniel and Aron , Raymond . 128 – 29 . New York : Praeger .
- Auriol . Journal , 1952 105 – 6 .
- Poidevin . “Robert Schuman 320 – 26 .
- Soutou . “France and German Rearmament” . 500 – 501 .
- 1951 . FRUS , 3 : 1730 – 32 .
- DBPO , ser. 2 vol. 1 , 723 – 24 .
- Eden , Sir Anthony . 1960 . Full Circle: The Memoirs of Sir Anthony Eden , 31 – 35 . London : Cassell .
- Alphand , Hervé . 1977 . L'Etonnement d'être , 227 Paris : Fayard .
- Eden . Full Circle 44
- Poidevin . Robert Schuman 327 – 28 .
- Soutou . “France and German Rearmament” . 504 – 5 .
- Soutou , Georges‐Henri . 1988 . “La France et les notes soviétiques de 1952 sur l'Allemagne” . Revue d'Allemagne , 20 : 261 – 73 .
- Poidevin . Robert Schuman 329
- 1952–1954 . FRUS , 5 : 696 – 98 .
- 1952–1954 . FRUS , 5 : 690 – 92 .
- Fauvet . “Birth and Death” . 137
- 1952–1954 . FRUS , 5 : 773 – 75 .
- 1952–1954 . FRUS , 5 : 820 – 21 .
- 1952–1954 . FRUS , 5 : 781 – 84 .
- 1952–1954 . FRUS , 5 : 775
- 1952–1954 . FRUS , 5 : 811
- 1952–1954 . FRUS , 5 : 956 – 57 .
- 1952–1954 . FRUS , 5 : 868
- 1952–1954 . FRUS , 5 : 796
- Lerner and Aron . France Defeats EDC 84
- Werth , Alexander . 1980 . Lost Statesman: The Strange Case of Pierre Mendès‐France , 183 Ann Arbor : UMI .
- Eden . Full Circle 162 – 64 .
- 1952–1954 . FRUS , 5 : 1378 – 84 .
- 1952–1954 . FRUS , 5 : 1281 – 83 .
- 1952–1954 . FRUS , 5 : 1338 – 66 .
- Massigli . 1978 . Une comédie des erreurs , 489 – 91 . Paris : Plon .
- Eden , and . Full Circle 170 – 71 .
- Large . Germans to the Front 223
- Massigli . Une comédie 495
- Walt , Stephen M. 1987 . The Origins of Alliances , 21 – 27 . Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- 1995 . “Democratization and the Danger of War” . International Security , 20 ( 1 ) summer : 5 – 38 .
The curious case of German rearmament democracy, structural autonomy, and foreign security policy
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.