- Copeland , Dale C. 2000 . The Origins of Major War , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- Waltz , Kenneth N. 1979 . Theory of International Politics , New York : Random House .
- Taliaferro , Jeffrey W. 2000/2001 . “Security Seeking under Anarchy: Defensive Realism Reconsidered,” . International Security , 25 ( 3 ) winter : 128 – 61 . 132 – 33 .
- Walt , Stephen M. 1997 . “The Progressive Power of Realism,” . American Political Science Review , 91 ( 4 ) December : 931 – 35 .
- Elman , Colin . 1996 . “Horses for Courses: Why Not Neorealist Theories of Foreign Policy?” . Security Studies , 6 ( 1 ) autumn : 7 – 53 . 49 – 50 .
- Elman , Colin and Elman , Miriam Fendius . 1995 . “Correspondence: History vs. Neo‐realism: A Second Look,” . International Security , 20 ( 1 ) summer : 182 – 89 . 183 – 4 .
- Lynn‐Jones , Sean M. and Miller , Steven E. 1995 . “Preface,” . In The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International Security , Edited by: Brown , Michael E. , Cote , Owen M. , Lynn‐Jones , Sean M. and Miller , Steven E. ix – xii . Cambridge : MIT Press .
- Franke , Benjamin . 1996 . “Restating the Realist Case: An Introduction,” . Security Studies , 5 ( 3 ) spring : xiv – xx .
- Lynn‐Jones , Sean M. 1995 . “Offense‐Defense Theory and its Critics,” . Security Studies , 4 ( 4 ) summer : 660 – 91 .
- Lynn‐Jones . 1998 . “Realism and America's Rise: A Review Essay,” . International Security , 23 ( 2 ) fall : 157 – 82 .
- Van Evera , Stephen . 1997 . Guide to Methods jor Students of Political Science , 17 – 21 . Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- King , Gary , Keohane , Robert O. and Verba , Sidney . 1994 . Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research , 100 – 15 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Betts , Richard K. 1999 . “Must War Find a Way? A Review Essay,” . International Security , 24 ( 2 ) fall : 166 – 98 . 166 – 67 .
- Levy , Jack S. 1989 . “The Causes of War: A Review of Theories and Evidence,” . In Behavior, Society and Nuclear War , Edited by: Tetlock , Philip E. , Husbands , Jo L. , Jervis , Robert , Stern , Paul C. and Tilly , Charles . vol. 1 , 209 – 333 . New York : Oxford University Press .
- Levy , Jack S. 1997 . “Prospect Theory, Rational Choice, and International Relations,” . International Studies Quarterly , 41 ( 1 ) spring : 87 – 112 .
- Levy . 2001 . “Loss Aversion, Framing Effects, and International Conflict: Perspectives from Prospect Theory,” . In Handbook of War Studies II , Edited by: Midlarsky , Manus I. 193 – 221 . Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press .
- Jervis , Robert . 1994 . “The Political Implications of Loss Aversion,” . In Avoiding Losses/Taking Risks: Prospect Theory and International Conflict , Edited by: Farnham , Barbara . 23 – 40 . Ann Aroon University of Michigan Press .
- Spirtas , Michael . 1996 . “A House Divided: Tragedy and Evil in Realist Theory,” . In Realism: Restatements and Renewal , Edited by: Frankel , Benjamin . 385 – 424 . 404 – 9 . London : Frank Cass .
- Schweller , Randall L. 1997 . Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest , New York : Columbia University Press . esp. chap. 6
- Waltz . Theory of International Politics 71 – 72 .
- Elman . “Horses for Courses,” 12–17; Taliaferro, “Security Seeking under Anarchy,” . 132 – 34 .
- Zakaria , Fareed . 1998 . From Wealth to Power. The Unusual Origins of America's World Role , 14 – 18 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Gilpin , Robert . 1981 . War and Change in World Politics , 159 – 68 . 175 – 85 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Kennedy , Paul M. 1987 . The Rise and Fall of the Gnat Powers , New York : Random House .
- Mann , Michael , ed. 1990 . The Rise and Decline of the Nation State , Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
- Nye , Joseph S. Jr. 1991 . Bound to Lead , New York : Basic Books .
- Jervis , Robert . 1999 . “Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation: Understanding the Debate,” . International Security , 24 ( 1 ) summer : 42 – 63 . 47 – 50 .
- Glaser , Charles L. 1996 . “Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self‐Help,” . Security Studies , 5 ( 3 ) spring : 122 – 66 . 131 – 40 .
- Copeland , Dale C. 2000 . “The Constructivist Challenge to Structural Realism: A Review Essay,” . International Security , 25 ( 2 ) fall : 187 – 212 . 200 n. 21.
- Brooks , Stephen G. 1997 . “Dueling Realisms,” . International Organization , 51 ( 1 ) summer : 445 – 77 .
- Glaser , Charles L. 1997 . “The Security Dilemma Revisited,” . World Politics , 50 ( 1 ) October : 171 – 201 . 195
- Jervis . “Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation,” . 47 – 50 .
- Mearsheimer , John J. 1994/95 . “The False Promise of International Institutions,” . International Security , 19 ( 3 ) winter : 5 – 49 . 9
- Mearsheimer . 1990 . “Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War,” . International Security , 15 ( 1 ) summer : 5 – 56 . 12 – 14 .
- Labs , Eric J. 1997 . “Beyond Victory: Offensive Realism and the Expansion of War Aims,” . Security Studies 6 , summer : 1 – 49 . 11
- Zakaria . From Wealth to ‘Power 20
- Layne , Christopher . 2000 . “U.S. Hegemony and the Perpetuation of NATO,” . Journal of Strategic Studies , 23 ( 3 ) September : 59 – 91 . 82 n. 32
- Lynn‐Jones . “Realism and America's Rise,” . 177 n. 47
- Mearsheimer , John J. 2001 . The Tragedy of Great Power Politics , 34 New York : Norton .
- Jervis . “Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation,” . 48
- Labs . “Beyond Victory,” . 12
- Mearsheimer . Tragedy of Great Power Politics 34 – 35 .
- Layne . “U.S. Hegemony and NATO's Perpetuation,” . 65
- Labs . “Beyond Victory,” . 13
- Zakaria , Fareed . 1992 . “Realism and Domestic Politics: A Review Essay,” . International Security , 17 ( 1 ) summer : 177 – 98 . 186 – 88 .
- Jervis . “Realism, Neoliberalism and Cooperation,” . 49
- Jervis , Robert . 1978 . “Cooperation under the Security Dilemma,” . World Politics , 30 ( 2 ) January : 167 – 214 . 180 – 81 .
- Levy , Jack S. 1987 . “Declining Power and the Preventive Motive for War,” . World Politics , 40 ( 1 ) October : 82 – 107 . 98 – 99 .
- Glaser , Charles L. 1992 . “Political Consequences of Military Strategy: Expanding and Refining the Spiral and Deterrence Models,” . World Politics , 44 ( 2 ) July : 497 – 538 .
- Posen , Barry R. 1984 . Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany between the World Wars , 59 – 60 . Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- Walt , Stephen M. 1987 . Origins of Alliances , Ithaca : Cornell University Press . chap. 2
- Glaser . “Realists as Optimists,” . 144 – 45 .
- Glaser , Charles L. and Kaufmann , Chaim . 1998 . “What is the Offense‐Defense Balance and Can We Measure It?” . International Security , 22 ( 4 ) spring : 44 – 82 .
- Liberman , Peter . 1996 . Does Conquest Pay? The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies , 18 – 35 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Goldstein , Emily O. and Andres , Richard B. 1999 . “Systemic Effects of Military Innovation ard Diffusion,” . Security Studies , 8 ( 4 ) summer : 79 – 125 .
- Glaser . “Realists as Optimists,” . 141 – 43 .
- Kydd , Andrew . 1997 . “Game Theory and the Spiral Model,” . World Politics , 49 ( 3 ) April : 371 – 400 .
- Mastanduno , Michael . 1997 . “Preserving the Unipolar Moment: Realist Theories and U.S. Grand Strategy after the Cold War,” . International Security , 21 ( 4 ) spring : 49 – 88 .
- Jervis , Robert . 1970 . The Logic of Images in International Relations , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Resende‐Santos , João . 1996 . “Anarchy and the Emulation of Military Systems,” . Security Studies , 5 ( 3 ) spring : 193 – 260 .
- Kahneman , Daniel and Tversky , Amos . 1979 . “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk,” . Econometrica , 47 ( 1 ) March : 263 – 91 .
- Quattrone , George and Tversky , Amos . 1988 . “Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analysis of Political Choice,” . American Political Science Review , 82 ( 3 ) September : 719 – 36 .
- McDermott , Rose . 1998 . Risk‐Taking in International Politics: Prospect Theory in American Foreign Policy , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
- Farnham , Barbara . “Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis: Insights from Prospect Theory” . In Avoiding Losses/Taking Risks Edited by: Farnham .
- Davis , James W. Jr. 2000 . Threats and Promises: The Pursuit of International Influence , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
- Taliaferro , Jeffrey W. 1998 . “Quagmires in the Periphery: Foreign Wars and Escalating Commitment in International Conflict,” . Security Studies , 7 ( 3 ) spring : 94 – 144 .
- Levy and Midlarsky . “Loss Aversion, Framing Effects, and International Conflict,” . In Handbook of War Studies II 193 – 221 .
- Taliaferro . “Quagmires in the Periphery,” . 105 – 7 .
- Levy . “Prospect Theory, Rational Choice, and International Relations,” . 102 – 4 .
- Levy , Jack S. “Introduction to Prospect Theory,” . In Avoiding Losses/Taking Risks Edited by: Parnham . 11
- Kahneman , Daniel . 1990 . “The Causes of Preference Reversal,” . American Economic Review , 80 ( 1 ) March : 204 – 17 .
- Tversky , Amos and Kahneman , Daniel . 1992 . “Advances in Prospect Theory: Cumulative Representation of Uncertainty,” . Journal of Risk and Uncertainty , 5 ( 4 ) October : 297 – 323 .
- Kahneman , Daniel , Knetsch , Jack L. and Thayer , Richard H. 1990 . “Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem,” . Journal of Political Economy , 98 ( 6 ) December : 1325 – 48 .
- Tversky , Amos and Kahneman , Daniel . 1991 . “Loss Aversion in Riskless Choice: A Reference Dependent Model,” . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 41 ( 4 ) November : 1039 – 69 .
- Knetsch , Jack L. 1989 . “The Endowment Effect and Evidence on Nonreversible Indifference Curves,” . American Economic Review , 79 ( 5 ) December : 1277 – 84 .
- Knetsch , Jack L. and Sinden , J. A. 1987 . “The Persistence of Evaluation Disparities,” . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 102 ( 3 ) August : 691 – 96 .
- Sen , Sankar and Johnson , Eric J. 1997 . “Mere‐Possession Effects without Possession in Consumer Choice,” . Journal of Consumer Research , 24 ( 1 ) June : 105 – 17 .
- Quattrone , George and Tversky , Amos . 1988 . “Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analysis of Political Choice,” . American Political Science Review , 82 ( 3 ) September : 719 – 36 .
- Slovic , Paul , Fischhoff , Baruch and Lichtenstein , Sara . 1982 . “Response Mode, Framing, and Information‐Processing Effects in Risk Assessment,” . In New Directions for the Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 11: Question Framing and Response Consistency , Edited by: Hogarth , Robin M. 24 – 25 . San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
- Morrow , James D. 1995 . Game Theory for Political Scientists , 28 – 32 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- de Mesquita , Bruce Bueno . 1981 . The War Trap , 33 – 36 . New Haven : Yale University Press .
- Little , Daniel . 1991 . Varieties of Social Explanation , 47 – 51 . Boulder : Westview Press .
- Taliaferro . “Quagmires in the Periphery.” . 100 – 102 .
- Vertzberger , Yaacov . 1995 . “Rethinking and Reconceptualizing Risk in Foreign Policy Decision‐making: A Socio‐cognitive Approach,” . Political Psychology , 16 ( 2 ) June : 347 – 80 .
- Boettcher , William . 1995 . “Context, Methods, Numbers and Words: Prospect Theory in International Relations,” . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 39 ( 3 ) September : 561 – 83 .
- Simon , Herbert . 1979 . “From Substantive to Procedural Rationality,” . In Philosophy and Economic Theory , Edited by: Hahn , Frank and Hollis , Martin . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Levy , Jack S. 1990–1991 . “Preferences, Constraints, and Choices in July 1914,” . International Security , 15 ( 3 ) winter : 151 – 86 .
- Steinberg , Jonathan . 1970 . “Germany and the Russo‐Japanese War,” . Journal of Modern History , 75 ( 7 ) December : 1965 – 86 . 43
- Levy . “Preferences, Constraints, and Choices in July 1914,” . 159 – 61 .
- Van Evera , Stephen . 1999 . Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict , 202 – 9 . 214 – 18 . Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- Copeland . 1993 . “Realism and the Origins of Major War” . University of Chicago . (Ph.D., diss.
- Harrison , Hope M. May 1993 . “Ulbricht and the Concrete Rose: New Archival Evidence on the Dynamics of Soviet‐East German Relations and the Berlin Crisis, 1958–1961,” . Working Paper no. 5 May , Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) .
- Zubok , Vladislav and Pleshakov , Constantine . 1996 . Inside the Kremlin's Cold War. From Stalin to Khrushchev , 194 – 98 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
- Brown , Seyom . 1994 . The Faces of Power: United States Foreign Policy from Truman to Clinton, , 2nd ed. , 104 – 15 . New York : Columbia University Press .
- Trachtenberg , Marc . 1999 . A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963 , 251 – 351 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Zubok , Vladislav . May 1993 . “Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis (1958–1962),” . CWIHP Working Paper no. 6 May ,
- Zubok and Pleshakov . Inside the Kremlin's Cold War 249
- Larson , Deborah Welch . 1997 . Anatomy of Mistrust: U.S.‐Soviet Relations during the Cold War , 122 – 25 . Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- Trachtenberg , Marc . 1991 . History and Strategy , 214 – 17 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Harrison . “Ulbricht and the Concrete Rose,” . 39 – 42 .
- Larson . Anatomy of Mistrust 126
- Harrison . “Ulbricht and the Concrete Rose,” . 34
- Copeland , Dale C. 1996 . “The Myth of Bipolar Stability,” . Security Studies , 5 ( 3 ) spring : 29 – 89 . 72 – 76 .
- Friedberg , Aaron L. 2000 . In the Shadow of the Garrison State: American Anti‐Statism and its Cold War Grand Strategy , 139 – 48 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Larson . Anatomy of Mistrust 115
- 1994 . “Estimated U.S. and Soviet/Russian Nuclear Stockpiles, 1945–94,” . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , November/December : 59
- Wohlforth , William Curti . 1993 . The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions during the Cold War , 157 – 66 . 179 – 83 . Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- Zubok and Pleshakov . Inside the Kremlin's Cold War 188 – 94 .
- Zubok and Pleshakov . Inside the Kremlin's Cold War 192 – 93 .
- Evangelista , Matthew . December 1997 . “Why Keep Such an Army? Khrushchev's Troop Reductions,” . CWIHF Working Paper no. 19 December ,
- 1995 . “New Evidence on the Cuban Missile Crisis,” . Cold War International History Project Bulletin , spring : 58 – 59 .
- Fursenko , Aleksandr and Naftali , Timothy J. 1997 . “One Hell of a Gamble”: Khrushchev, Castro, Kennedy, 1958–1964 , 191 – 93 . New York : Norton .
- May , Ernest R. and Zelikow , Philip , eds. 1997 . The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House during the Cuban Missile Crisis , 674 – 76 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
- Hass , Mark L. 2001 . “Prospect Theory and the Cuban Missile Crisis,” . International Studies Quarterly , 45 ( 2 ) June : 241 – 70 . 256
- Gilpin , Robert . 1981 . War and Change in World Politics , 137 New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Kennedy , Paul M. 1989 . Rise of Anglo‐German Antagonism, 1860–1914, , 4th ed. , 251 – 91 . London : Ashfield Press .
- Wohlforth , William C. 1987 . “The Perception of Power: Russia in the Pre‐1914 Balance,” . World Politics , 39 ( 3 ) April : 353 – 81 .
- Herwig , Holger H. 1994 . “Strategic Uncertainties of a Nation‐State: Prussia‐Germany, 1871–1918,” . In The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War , Edited by: Murray , Williamson , Knox , MacGregor and Bernstein , Alvin . 242 – 77 . 254 – 64 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Miller , Benjamin . 1995 . When Opponents Cooperate: Great Power Conflict and Collaboration in World Politics , 80 – 87 . 125 – 71 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
- Harrison . “Ulbricht and the Concrete Rose,” . 32 – 61 .
- Zubok . “Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis,” . 24 – 30 .
- Hass . “Prospect Theory and the Cuban Missile Crisis,” . 253 – 57 .
- Prozumenschikov , M. Y. 1996/1997 . “The Sino‐Indian Conflict, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Sino‐Soviet‐Split, October 1962: New Evidence from the Russian Archives,” . Cold War International History Project Bulletin , winter : 251 – 57 .
- Waltz . Theory of International Politics 165
- Levy , Jack S. “Prospect Theory and International Relations: Theoretical Applications and Analytical Problems,” . In Avoiding Losses/Taking Risks Edited by: Farnham . 123
- Hass . 1998 . “Prospect Theory and Polarity” . University of Virginia . (typescript
- Paul , T. V. 1994 . Asymmetric Conflicts: War Initiation by Weaker Powers , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Goemans , H. E. 2000 . War and Punishment: The Causes of War Termination and the First World War , 72 – 121 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Sigal , Leon V. 1988 . Fighting to the Finish: The Politics of War Termination in the United States and Japan, 1945 , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- von Clausewitz , Carl . 1968 . On War , Edited by: Rapoport , Anatol . 400 London : Penguin . bk. 5
Realism, power shifts, and major war
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.