In vitro evaluation of the immunomodulatory activity of the nutraceutical formulation AminoDefence

References

• Addey D, Shephard A. 2012. Incidence, causes, severity and treatment of throat discomfort: a four-region online questionnaire survey. BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 12(1):1. doi: 10.1186/1472-6815-12-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aki T, Funakoshi T, Noritake K, Unuma K, Uemura K. 2020. Extracellular glucose is crucially involved in the fate decision of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. Sci Rep. 10(1):10581. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67396-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alba G, Dakhaoui H, Santa-Maria C, Palomares F, Cejudo-Guillen M, Geniz I, Sobrino F, la Paz S, Lopez-Enriquez S. 2023. Nutraceuticals as potential therapeutic modulators in immunometabolism. Nutrients. 15(2):411. doi: 10.3390/nu15020411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arango Duque G, Descoteaux A. 2014. Macrophage cytokines: involvement in immunity and infectious diseases. Front Immunol. 5:491. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bock FJ, Chang P. 2015. Macrophage activation: on par with LPS. Chem Biol. 22(4):432–433. doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.04.006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brunelli L, Arnoldo L, Mazzilis G, d’Angelo M, Colautti L, Cojutti PG, Parpinel M., 2022. The knowledge and attitudes of pharmacists related to the use of dietary supplements: an observational study in northeastern Italy. Prev Med Rep. 30:101986. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101986.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burlou-Nagy C, Bănică F, Jurca T, Vicaș LG, Marian E, Muresan ME, Bácskay I, Kiss R, Fehér P, Pallag A. 2022. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench: biological and Pharmacological Properties. A Review. Plants. 11(9):1244. doi: 10.3390/plants11091244.
   Google Scholar
• Chen C, Xie X, Li X. 2021. Immunomodulatory effects of four polysaccharides purified from Erythronium sibiricum bulb on macrophages. Glycoconj J. 38(4):517–525. doi: 10.1007/s10719-021-10005-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho Y-H, Kim N-H, Khan I, Yu JM, Jung HG, Kim HH, Jang JY, Kim HJ, Kim D-I, Kwak J-H, et al. 2016. Anti-inflammatory potential of quercetin-3-O-β-D-(‘2’-galloyl)-glucopyranoside and quercetin isolated from diospyros kaki calyx via suppression of MAP signaling molecules in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Food Sci. 81(10):C2447–C2456. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.13497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi HJ, Song JH, Park KS, Kwon DH. 2009. Inhibitory effects of quercetin 3-rhamnoside on influenza A virus replication. Eur J Pharm Sci. 37(3-4):329–333. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.03.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi J-S, Park J-W, Park J-S. 2019. Design of coenzyme Q10 solid dispersion for improved solubilization and stability. Int J Pharm. 572:118832. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118832.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crawford C, Avula B, Lindsey AT, Walter A, Katragunta K, Khan IA, Deuster PA. 2022. Analysis of select dietary supplement products marketed to support or boost the immune system. JAMA Netw Open. 5(8):e2226040–e2226040. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford C, Brown LL, Costello RB, Deuster PA. 2022. Select dietary supplement ingredients for preserving and protecting the immune system in healthy individuals: a systematic review. Nutrients. 14(21):4604. doi: 10.3390/nu14214604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui S, Wu Q, Wang J, Li M, Qian J, Li S. 2019. Quercetin inhibits LPS-induced macrophage migration by suppressing the iNOS/FAK/paxillin pathway and modulating the cytoskeleton. Cell Adh Migr. 13(1):1–12. doi: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1486142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djaoudene O, Romano A, Bradai YD, Zebiri F, Ouchene A, Yousfi Y, Amrane-Abider M, Sahraoui-Remini Y, Madani K. 2023. A global overview of dietary supplements: regulation, market trends, usage during the COVID-19 pandemic, and health effects. Nutrients. 15(15):3320. doi: 10.3390/nu15153320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobrange E, Peshev D, Loedolff B, Van den Ende W. 2019. Fructans as immunomodulatory and antiviral agents: the case of Echinacea. Biomolecules. 9(10):615. doi: 10.3390/biom9100615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fantacone ML, Lowry MB, Uesugi SL, Michels AJ, Choi J, Leonard SW, Gombart SK, Gombart JS, Bobe G, Gombart AF. 2020. The effect of a multivitamin and mineral supplement on immune function in healthy older adults: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Nutrients. 12(8):2447. doi: 10.3390/nu12082447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald KA, Kagan JC. 2020. Toll-like receptors and the control of immunity. Cell. 180(6):1044–1066. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu A, Wang Y, Wu Y, Chen H, Zheng S, Li Y, Xu X, Li W. 2017. Echinacea purpurea extract polarizes M1 macrophages in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages through the activation of JNK. J Cell Biochem. 118(9):2664–2671. doi: 10.1002/jcb.25875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier T, Chen W. 2022. Modulation of macrophage immunometabolism: a new approach to fight infections. Front Immunol. 13:780839. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.780839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S. 2020. A review of micronutrients and the immune system-working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients. 12(1):236. doi: 10.3390/nu12010236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernáez Á, Sanllorente A, Castañer O, Martínez-González MÁ, Ros E, Pintó X, Estruch R, Salas-Salvadó J, Corella D, Alonso-Gómez ÁM, et al. 2019. Increased consumption of virgin olive oil, nuts, legumes, whole grains, and fish promotes HDL functions in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res. 63(6):e1800847. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201800847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz DA, Fahmy TM, Piccirillo CA, La Cava A. 2019. Rebalancing immune homeostasis to treat autoimmune diseases. Trends Immunol. 40(10):888–908. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2019.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ipsos, European Public Affairs. 2022. Consumer survey on food supplements in the EU.
   Google Scholar
• Kim H, Calderón AI. 2022. Rational and safe use of the top two botanical dietary supplements to enhance the immune system. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 25(7):1129–1130. doi: 10.2174/1386207325666220207112937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y-J, Park W. 2016. Anti-inflammatory effect of quercetin on RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages induced with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Molecules. 21(4):450. doi: 10.3390/molecules21040450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubiliene L, Jekabsone A, Zilius M, Trumbeckaite S, Simanaviciute D, Gerbutaviciene R, Majiene D. 2018. Comparison of aqueous, polyethylene glycol-aqueous and ethanolic propolis extracts: antioxidant and mitochondria modulating properties. BMC Complement Altern Med. 18(1):165. doi: 10.1186/s12906-018-2234-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar V. 2019. Macrophages: the potent immunoregulatory innate immune cells. In: K.H. Bhat, ed. Macrophage Activation. Rijeka: IntechOpen.
   Google Scholar
• Lakshmikanth T, Muhammad SA, Olin A, Chen Y, Mikes J, Fagerberg L, Gummesson A, Bergström G, Uhlen M, Brodin P. 2020. Human immune system variation during 1 year. Cell Rep. 32(3):107923. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaLone CA, Rizshsky L, Hammer KDP, Wu L, Solco AKS, Yum M, Nikolau BJ, Wurtele ES, Murphy PA, Kim M, et al. 2009. Endogenous levels of Echinacea alkylamides and ketones are important contributors to the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production in cultured macrophages. J Agric Food Chem. 57(19):8820–8830. doi: 10.1021/jf901202y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HN, Shin SA, Choo GS, Kim HJ, Park YS, Kim BS, Kim SK, Cho SD, Nam JS, Choi CS, et al. 2018. Anti‑inflammatory effect of quercetin and galangin in LPS‑stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and DNCB‑induced atopic dermatitis animal models. Int J Mol Med. 41(2):888–898. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Zhang W-J, Frei B. 2016. Quercetin inhibits LPS-induced adhesion molecule expression and oxidant production in human aortic endothelial cells by p38-mediated Nrf2 activation and antioxidant enzyme induction. Redox Biol. 9:104–113. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.06.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Yao J, Han C, Yang J, Chaudhry MT, Wang S, Liu H, Yin Y. 2016. Quercetin, Inflammation and Immunity. Nutrients. 8(3):167. doi: 10.3390/nu8030167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munné-Bosch S. 2007. Alpha-tocopherol: a multifaceted molecule in plants. Vitam Horm. 76:375–392. doi: 10.1016/S0083-6729(07)76014-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagoor Meeran MF, Javed H, Sharma C, Goyal SN, Kumar S, Jha NK, Ojha S. 2021. Can Echinacea be a potential candidate to target immunity, inflammation, and infection - The trinity of coronavirus disease 2019. Heliyon. 7(2):e05990. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park DR, Ko R, Kwon SH, Min B, Yun SH, Kim MH, Minatelli J, Hill S, Lee SY. 2016. FlexPro MD, a mixture of krill oil, astaxanthin, and hyaluronic acid, suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory cytokine production through inhibition of NF-κB. J Med Food. 19(12):1196–1203. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paynter S, Ware RS, Sly PD, Williams G, Weinstein P. 2015. Seasonal immune modulation in humans: observed patterns and potential environmental drivers. J Infect. 70(1):1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.09.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perelló-Oliver S. 2023. Evidence from irresponsible communication in a health-related industry: presenter(s): Ana García-Arranz, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain. Patient Education and Counseling. 109:14–15. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2022.10.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauš K, Pleschka S, Klein P, Schoop R, Fisher P. 2015. Effect of an Echinacea-based hot drink versus oseltamivir in influenza treatment: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter, noninferiority clinical trial. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 77:66–72. doi: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2015.04.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rininger JA, Kickner S, Chigurupati P, McLean A, Franck Z. 2000. Immunopharmacological activity of Echinacea preparations following simulated digestion on murine macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Leukoc Biol. 68(4):503–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rondanelli M, Miccono A, Lamburghini S, Avanzato I, Riva A, Allegrini P, Faliva MA, Peroni G, Nichetti M, Perna S. 2018. Self-care for common colds: the pivotal role of vitamin d, vitamin c, zinc, and echinacea in three main immune interactive clusters (physical barriers, innate and adaptive immunity) involved during an episode of common colds-practical advice on dosages a. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018:5813095. doi: 10.1155/2018/5813095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Rosa N, Giampaolino P, Lavitola G, Morra I, Formisano C, Nappi C, Bifulco G. 2019. Effect of immunomodulatory supplements based on echinacea angustifolia and echinacea purpurea on the posttreatment relapse incidence of genital condylomatosis: a prospective randomized study. Biomed Res Int. 2019:3548396–3548397. doi: 10.1155/2019/3548396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shabbir U, Rubab M, Daliri EB-M, Chelliah R, Javed A, Oh D-H. 2021. Curcumin, quercetin, catechins and metabolic diseases: the role of gut microbiota. Nutrients. 13(1):206. doi: 10.3390/nu13010206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma M, Arnason JT, Hudson JB. 2006. Echinacea extracts modulate the production of multiple transcription factors in uninfected cells and rhinovirus-infected cells. Phytother Res. 20(12):1074–1079. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheu KM, Hoffmann A. 2022. Functional hallmarks of healthy macrophage responses: their regulatory basis and disease relevance. Annu Rev Immunol. 40(1):295–321. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-101320-031555.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh S, Anshita D, Ravichandiran V. 2021. MCP-1: function, regulation, and involvement in disease. Int Immunopharmacol. 101(Pt B):107598. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swathi Krishna S, Thennavan A, Kanthlal SK. 2022. Dietary foods containing nitric oxide donors can be early curators of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a possible role in the immune system. J Food Biochem. 46(3):e13884. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.13884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang J, Diao P, Shu X, Li L, Xiong L. 2019. Quercetin and quercitrin attenuates the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells: in vitro assessment and a theoretical model. Biomed Res Int. 2019:7039802–7039808. doi: 10.1155/2019/7039802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira SF, Gonçalves V, MF, Llaguno CP, Macías F, Tiritan ME, Reis RL, Ferreira H, Neves NM. 2022. On the bioactivity of Echinacea purpurea extracts to modulate the production of inflammatory mediators. Int J Mol Sci. 23(21):13616. doi: 10.3390/ijms232113616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vignesh R, Velu V, Sureban SM. 2021. Could nutraceutical approaches possibly attenuate the cytokine storm in COVID-19 Patients? Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 11:667733. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.667733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue Q, Yan Y, Zhang R, Xiong H. 2018. Regulation of iNOS on immune cells and its role in diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 19(12):3805. doi: 10.3390/ijms19123805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi L, Li Z, Yuan K, Qu X, Chen J, Wang G, Zhang H, Luo H, Zhu L, Jiang P, et al. 2004. Small molecules blocking the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus into host cells. J Virol. 78(20):11334–11339. doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.20.11334-11339.2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshino Y, Wakabayashi Y, Kitazawa T. 2021. The clinical effect of seasonal flu vaccination on health-related quality of life. Int J Gen Med. 14:2095–2099. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S309920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarmpi P, Flanagan T, Meehan E, Mann J, Fotaki N. 2020. Impact of magnesium stearate presence and variability on drug apparent solubility based on drug physicochemical properties. Aaps J. 22(4):75. doi: 10.1208/s12248-020-00449-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai Z, Solco A, Wu L, Wurtele ES, Kohut ML, Murphy PA, Cunnick JE. 2009. Echinacea increases arginase activity and has anti-inflammatory properties in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, indicative of alternative macrophage activation. J Ethnopharmacol. 122(1):76–85. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.11.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Lang W, Wang S, Li B, Li G, Shi Q. 2020. Echinacea polysaccharide alleviates LPS-induced lung injury via inhibiting inflammation, apoptosis and activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 88:106974. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar