Putting adversity in perspective: purpose in life moderates the link between childhood emotional abuse and neglect and adulthood depressive symptoms

References

• Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, White women. Health Psychology, 19(6), 586–592. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alison, H. E., & Cohen, S. R. (1998). Getting “stuck” in the past: Temporal orientation and coping with trauma. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1146–1163. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, T. A., Carey, B. E., McBride, C., Bagby, R. M., DeYoung, C. G., & Quilty, L. C. (2018). Big Five aspects of personality interact to predict depression. Journal of Personality, 86(4), 714–725. doi:10.1111/jopy.12352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Anand, P., Esposito, L., & Villaseñor, A. (2018). Depression and economic status: Evidence for non-linear patterns in women from Mexico. Journal of Mental Health, 27(6), 529–551. doi:10.1080/09638237.2018.1521918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonovsky, A. (1993). Complexity, conflict, chaos, coherence, coercion and civility. Social Science & Medicine, 37(8), 969–974. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90427-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardelt, M. (2003). Effects of religion and purpose in life on elders’ subjective well-being and attitudes toward death. Journal of Religious Gerontology, 14(4), 55–77. doi:10.1300/J078v14n04_04
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., & Fink, L. (1998). Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A retrospective self-report. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., … Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 169–190. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664–678. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1982.tb01456.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle, P. A., Buchman, A. S., Barnes, L. L., & Bennett, D. A. (2010). Effect of a purpose in life on risk of incident Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older persons. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(3), 304–310. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronk, K. C., Leontopoulou, S., & McConchie, J. (2018). Youth purpose during the great recession: A mixed-methods study. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(4): 405–416. doi:10.1080/17439760.2018.1484942
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 316–366. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craighead, W. E., Miklowitz, D. J., & Craighead, L. W. (Eds.). (2013). Psychopathology: History, diagnosis, and empirical foundations. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons
   Google Scholar
• DeCharms, R. C. (1968). Personal causation: The internal affective determinants of behavior. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Felitti, V. J. (1991). Long-term medical consequences of incest, rape, and molestation. Southern Medical Journal, 84(3), 328–331. doi:10.1097/00007611-199103000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernando, S. C., Beblo, T., Schlosser, N., Terfehr, K., Otte, C., Löwe, B., … Wingenfeld, K. (2014). The impact of self-reported childhood trauma on emotion regulation in borderline personality disorder and major depression. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 15(4), 384–401. doi:10.1080/15299732.2013.863262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankl, V. E. (1985). Man’s search for meaning. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Gibb, B. E., Chelminski, I., & Zimmerman, M. (2007). Childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders in adult psychiatric outpatients. Depression and Anxiety, 24(4), 256–263. doi:10.1002/da.20238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer, P. M., Heckhausen, H., & Steller, B. (1990). Deliberative and implemental mind-sets: Cognitive tuning toward congruous thoughts and information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1119–1127. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.59.6.1119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, S., Langan-Fox, J., & Anglim, J. (2009). The big five traits as predictors of subjective and psychological well-being. Psychological Reports, 105(1), 205–231. doi:10.2466/PR0.105.1.205-231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, S. N. (1988). Psychological maltreatment: Emphasis on prevention. School Psychology International, 9(4), 243–255. doi:10.1177/0143034388094002
   Google Scholar
• Hartanto, A., Lee, S. T., & Yong, J. C. (2019). Dispositional gratitude moderates the association between socioeconomic status and interleukin-6. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 802. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37109-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 4–40. doi:10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, P. L., Allemand, M., & Roberts, B. W. (2013). Examining the pathways between gratitude and self-rated physical health across adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(1), 92–96. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, P. L., Turiano, N. A., & Burrow, A. L. (2018). Early life adversity as a predictor of sense of purpose during adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 42(1), 143–147. doi:10.1177/0165025416681537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishida, R., & Okada, M. (2006). Effects of a firm purpose in life on anxiety and sympathetic nervous activity caused by emotional stress: Assessment by psycho-physiological method. Stress and Health, 22(4), 275–281. doi:10.1002/smi.1095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Mroczek, D., Ustun, B., & Wittchen, H. U. (1998). The World Health Organization composite international diagnostic interview short‐form (CIDI‐SF). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 7(4), 171–185. doi:10.1002/mpr.47
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., DuPont, R. L., Berglund, P., & Wittchen, H. U. (1999). Impairment in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression at 12 months in two national surveys. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 156(12), 1915–1923. doi:10.1002/mpr.128
   Google Scholar
• Kim, E. S., Strecher, V. J., & Ryff, C. D. (2014). Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(46), 16331–16336. doi:10.1073/pnas.1414826111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotov, R., Gamez, W., Schmidt, F., & Watson, D. (2010). Linking “big” personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(5), 768–821. doi:10.1037/a0020327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotter-Grühn, D., Scheibe, S., Blanchard-Fields, F., & Baltes, P. B. (2009). Developmental emergence and functionality of Sehnsucht (life longings): The sample case of involuntary childlessness in middle-aged women. Psychology and Aging, 24(3), 634–644. doi:10.1037/a0016359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachman, M. E., & Weaver, S. L. (1997). The Midlife Development Inventory (MIDI) personality scales: Scale construction and scoring (Technical Report). Waltham, MA: Brandeis University, Department of Psychology.
   Google Scholar
• Little, R. J., & Rubin, D. B. (1989). The analysis of social science data with missing values. Sociological Methods & Research, 18(2–3), 292–326. doi:10.1177/0049124189018002004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705–717. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.57.9.705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews, A., Mogg, K., May, J., & Eysenck, M. (1989). Implicit and explicit memory bias in anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98(3), 236–240. doi:10.1037//0021-843X.98.3.236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKnight, P. E., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Purpose in life as a system that creates and sustains health and well-being: An integrative, testable theory. Review of General Psychology, 13(3), 242–251. doi:10.1037/a0017152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller, T. P., Bachmann, G. A., & Moeller, J. R. (1993). The combined effects of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse during childhood: Long-term health consequences for women. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17(5), 623–640. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(93)90084-I
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mroczek, D. K., & Kolarz, C. M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(5), 1333–1349. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.5.1333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, J., Klumparendt, A., Doebler, P., & Ehring, T. (2017). Childhood maltreatment and characteristics of adult depression: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(2), 96–104. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.180752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paredes, P. P., & Calvete, E. (2014). Cognitive vulnerabilities as mediators between emotional abuse and depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(5), 743–753. doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9828-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2017). Meaning in life and adjustment to daily stressors. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(4), 333–341. doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1209542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poon, C. Y., & Knight, B. G. (2011). Impact of childhood parental abuse and neglect on sleep problems in old age. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66(3), 307–310. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reidy, J., & Richards, A. (1997). Anxiety and memory: A recall bias for threatening words in high anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(6), 531–542. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00001-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickwood, D. J., Deane, F. P., & Wilson, C. J. (2007). When and how do young people seek professional help for mental health problems? Medical Journal of Australia, 187(S7), S35–S9. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01334.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, R. E., & Vernon, S. W. (1983). The center for epidemiological studies depression scale: Its use in a community sample. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 140(1), 41–46. doi:10.1176/ajp.140.1.41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, A. S. (2001). Caring and doing for others: Social responsibility in the domains of family, work, and community. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
   Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.57.6.1069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. D. (2017). The benefits of purposeful life engagement on later-life physical function. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(10), 1046–1047. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C., Almeida, D., Ayanian, J., Binkley, N., Carr, D., Coe, C., … Lachman, M. (2016). Midlife in the United States (MIDUS Refresher), 2011–2014. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].
   Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. D., Seeman, T., & Weinstein, M. (2010). Midlife in the United States (MIDUS 2): Biomarker Project, 2004-2009. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].
   Google Scholar
• Salokangas, R. K. R., Schultze-Lutter, F., Schmidt, S. J., Pesonen, H., Luutonen, S., Patterson, P., … Hietala, J. (2019). Childhood physical abuse and emotional neglect are specifically associated with adult mental disorders. Journal of Mental Health, 24, 1–9. doi:10.1080/09638237.2018.1521940
   Google Scholar
• Schaefer, S. M., Boylan, J. M., Van Reekum, C. M., Lapate, R. C., Norris, C. J., Ryff, C. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2013). Purpose in life predicts better emotional recovery from negative stimuli. PLoS One, 8(11), e80329. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheibe, S., Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2007). Toward a developmental psychology of Sehnsucht (life longings): The optimal (utopian) life. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 778–795. https://. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scher, C. D., Stein, M. B., Asmundson, G. J., McCreary, D. R., & Forde, D. R. (2001). The childhood trauma questionnaire in a community sample: Psychometric properties and normative data. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(4), 843–857. doi:10.1023/A:1013058625719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvaraj, P. R., & Bhat, C. S. (2018). Predicting the mental health of college students with psychological capital. Journal of Mental Health, 27(3), 279–287. doi:10.1080/09638237.2018.1469738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spertus, I. L., Yehuda, R., Wong, C. M., Halligan, S., & Seremetis, S. V. (2003). Childhood emotional abuse and neglect as predictors of psychological and physical symptoms in women presenting to a primary care practice. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(11), 1247–1258. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the state–trait anxiety inventory (Form Y): Self-evaluation questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spinhoven, P., Penninx, B. W., Hickendorff, M., van Hemert, A. M., Bernstein, D. P., & Elzinga, B. M. (2014). Childhood trauma questionnaire: Factor structure, measurement invariance, and validity across emotional disorders. Psychological Assessment, 26(3), 717–729. doi:10.1037/pas0000002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swami, V., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Sinniah, D., Maniam, T., Kannan, K., Stanistreet, D., & Furnham, A. (2007). General health mediates the relationship between loneliness, life satisfaction and depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(2), 161–166. doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0140-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tov, W., & Lee, H. W. (2016). A closer look at the hedonics of everyday meaning and satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(4), 585–609. doi:10.1037/pspp0000081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitaliano, P. P., DeWolfe, D. J., Maiuro, R. D., Russo, J., & Katon, W. (1990). Appraised changeability of a stressor as a modifier of the relationship between coping and depression: A test of the hypothesis of fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(3), 582–592. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger, A. H., Gbedemah, M., Martinez, A. M., Nash, D., Galea, S., & Goodwin, R. D. (2018). Trends in depression prevalence in the USA from 2005 to 2015: Widening disparities in vulnerable groups. Psychological Medicine, 48(8), 1308–1315. doi:10.1017/S0033291717002781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrosch, C., Scheier, M. F., Miller, G. E., Schulz, R., & Carver, C. S. (2003). Adaptive self-regulation of unattainable goals: Goal disengagement, goal reengagement, and subjective well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(12), 1494–1508. doi:10.1177/0146167203256921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrosch, C., Schulz, R., Miller, G. E., Lupien, S., & Dunne, E. (2007). Physical health problems, depressive mood, and cortisol secretion in old age: Buffer effects of health engagement control strategies. Health Psychology, 26(3), 341–349. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.3.341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda, R., Spertus, I. L., & Golier, J. A. (2001). Relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and PTSD in adults. In S. Eth, J. M. Oldham & M. B. Riba (Eds.), PTSD in children and adolescents. Review of psychiatry series (Vol. 20). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Zilioli, S., Slatcher, R. B., Ong, A. D., & Gruenewald, T. L. (2015). Purpose in life predicts allostatic load ten years later. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 79(5), 451–457. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar