127
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Mental health in genocide: Balancing between posttraumatic distress and growth among displaced Yazidi mothers

, , , &
Received 25 Jan 2023, Accepted 03 Nov 2023, Published online: 03 Apr 2024

References

  • Ahmed, D. R. (2022). A systematic review of Yazidi children and adolescents reveals high rates of mental and psychiatric disorders after the ISIS invasion in 2014. Global Psychiatry Archives, 5(2), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.52095/gpa.2022.5563.1059
  • Ahmed, D. R., & Heun, R. (2023). The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Yazidi people results from ISIS invasion and consecutive trauma : A systematic review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 88(July), 103703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103703
  • Allison, C. (2017). The Yazidis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254
  • Beeghly, M., Fuertes, M., Liu, C. H., Delonis, M. S., & Tronick, E. (2011). Maternal sensitivity in dyadic context: Mutual regulation, meaning-making, and reparation. Nova Science Publishers. (1–Book, Section, pp. 45–69).
  • Bogic, M., Njoku, A., & Priebe, S. (2015). Long-term mental health of war-refugees: A systematic literature review. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 15(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-015-0064-9
  • Bonanno, G. A., & Mancini, A. D. (2011). Toward a lifespan approach to resilience and potential trauma. In S.M., Southwick, B. T. Litz, D. Charney & M.J. Friedman (eds.), Resilience and mental health: Challenges across the lifespan (pp. 120–134). Cambridge University Press.
  • Bou Khalil, R., Guimaraes, A., & Richa, S. (2018). The “loss of pride” syndrome in Yazidi refugees. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(2), 112–113. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17070754
  • Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2014). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: An expanded framework. In L.G. Calhoun & R.G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research & practice (pp. 3–23). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Ceri, V., Özlü-Erkilic, Z., Özer, Ü., Yalcin, M., Popow, C., & Akkaya-Kalayci, T. (2016). Psychiatric symptoms and disorders among Yazidi children and adolescents immediately after forced migration following ISIS attacks. Neuropsychiatrie: Klinik, Diagnostik, Therapie Und Rehabilitation: Organ Der Gesellschaft Osterreichischer Nervenarzte Und Psychiater, 30(3), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40211-016-0195-9
  • Cetorelli, V., Burnham, G., & Shabila, N. (2017). Health needs and care seeking behaviours of Yazidis and other minority groups displaced by ISIS into the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. PLOS One, 12(8), e0181028. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181028
  • Cetorelli, V., Sasson, I., Shabila, N., & Burnham, G. (2017). Mortality and kidnapping estimates for the Yazidi population in the area of Mount Sinjar, Iraq, in August 2014: A retrospective household survey. PLOS Medicine, 14(5), e1002297. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002297
  • Diab, S. Y., Isosävi, S., Qouta, S. R., Kuittinen, S., & Punamäki, R. L. (2018). The protective role of maternal posttraumatic growth and cognitive trauma processing among Palestinian mothers and infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 50, 284–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12052
  • Dulz, I. (2016). The displacement of the Yezidis after the rise of ISIS in Northern Iraq. Kurdish Studies, 4(2), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.33182/ks.v4i2.425
  • Feldman, R., & Vengrober, A. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder in infants and young children exposed to war-related trauma. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(7), 645–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.03.001
  • Frankl, V. E. (1985). Man’s search for meaning. Simon and Schuster.
  • Gerdau, I., Kizilhan, J. I., & Noll-Hussong, M. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder and related disorders among female Yazidi refugees following Islamic state of Iraq and Syria attacks—a case series and mini-review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 282. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00282
  • Glover, V., O’Donnell, K. J., O’Connor, T. G., & Fisher, J. (2018). Prenatal maternal stress, fetal programming, and mechanisms underlying later psychopathology—A global perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 30(3), 843–854. 8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941800038X
  • Gross, M., & Gross, M. L. (2010). Moral dilemmas of modern war: Torture, assassination, and blackmail in an age of asymmetric conflict. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hagen, K., & Yohani, S. (2010). The nature and psychosocial consequences of war rape for individuals and communities. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2(2), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v2n2p14
  • Hinton, D. E., & Bui, E. (2019). Variability of PTSD and trauma-related disorders across cultures. In A. Maercker, E. Heim, & L.J. Kirmayer, L.J. (Eds.) Cultural clinical psychology and PTSD. (pp 23–39). Hogrefer. ISBN: 088937497X
  • Human Right Watch. (2017). Flawed justice. Accountability for ISIS crimes in Iraq. https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/12/05/flawed-justice/accountability-isis-crimes-iraq, Retrieved 30.10.2023
  • Ibrahim, H., Ertl, V., Catani, C., Ismail, A. A., & Neuner, F. (2018). Trauma and perceived social rejection among Yazidi women and girls who survived enslavement and genocide. BMC Medicine, 16(1), 154. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1140-5
  • Isosävi, S., Diab, S. Y., Kangaslampi, S., Qouta, S., Kankaanpää, S., Puura, K., & Punamäki, R.-L. (2017). Maternal trauma affects prenatal mental health and infant stress regulation among Palestinian dyads. Infant Mental Health Journal, 38(5), 617–633.https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21658
  • Isosävi, S., Diab, S. Y., Qouta, S., Kangaslampi, S., Sleed, M., Kankaanpää, S., Puura, K., & Punamäki, R.-L. (2020). Caregiving representations in war conditions: Associations with maternal trauma, mental health, and mother–infant interaction. Infant Mental Health Journal, 41(2), 246–263. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21841
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. Free Press.
  • Jayawickreme, E., & Blackie, L. E. R. (2014). Post–traumatic growth as positive personality change: evidence, controversies and future directions. European Journal of Personality, 28(4), 312–331. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1963
  • Jäger, P., Rammelt, C., Ott, N., & Brand, A. (2019). Narrative review: The (mental) health consequences of the Northern Iraq offensive of ISIS in 2014 for female Yazidis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2435–2452. https://doi.org/10.339/ijerph16132435
  • Kaitz, M., Levy, M., Ebstein, R., Faraone, S. V., & Mankuta, D. (2009). The intergenerational effects of trauma from terror: A real possibility. Infant Mental Health Journal, 30(2), 158–179.https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20209
  • Kizilhan, J. I. (2018). PTSD of rape after IS (“Islamic State”) captivity. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 21(5), 517–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-018-0824-3
  • Kizilhan, J. I. (2017). The Yazidi-religion, culture and trauma. Advances in Anthropology, 07(04), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.4236/aa.2017.74019
  • Kizilhan, J. I., & Noll-Hussong, M. (2017). Individual, collective, and transgenerational traumatization in the Yazidi. BMC Medicine, 15(1), 198. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0965-7
  • Kizilhan, J., Steger, F., & Noll-Hussong, M. (2020). Shame, dissociative seizures and their correlation among traumatised female Yazidi with experience of sexual violence. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 216(3), 138–143. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.2
  • Lee, J. H., Nam, S. K., Kim, A.-R., Kim, B., Lee, M. Y., & Lee, S. M. (2013). Resilience: A meta-analytic approach. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91(3), 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00095.x
  • Liu, X., Wang, S., & Wang, G. (2022). Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 31(19–20), 2665–2677. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16121
  • Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., van Ommeren, M., Jones, L. M., Humayan, A., Kagee, A., Llosa, A. E., Rousseau, C., Somasundaram, D. J., Souza, R., Suzuki, Y., Weissbecker, I., Wessely, S. C., First, M. B., & Reed, G. M. (2013). Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: proposals for ICD-11. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association, 12(3), 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20057
  • Mohammed, G. (2020). The constant and the variable in Kurdish lyrical art between the past and the present. Al-academy, 97, 47–52. https://doi.org/10.35560/jcofarts97/497-514
  • Mollica, R. F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Bollini, P., Truong, T., Tor, S., & Lavelle, J. (1992). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180(2), 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199202000-00008
  • Muzik, M., Morelen, D., Hruschak, J., Rosenblum, K. L., Bocknek, E., & Beeghly, M. ( 2017). Psychopathology and parenting: An examination of perceived and observed parenting in mothers with depression and PTSD. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207(1), 242–250.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.035
  • Mirkin, B. (2015). Quadratic error and k-means. In C. Hennig, M. Meila, F. Murtagh, & R. Rocci (Eds) Handbook of cluster analysis. (pp.33–52). Chapman and Hall/CRC.
  • Nsamenang, A. B. (2008). Culture and human development. International Journal of Psychology: Journal International de Psychologie, 43(2), 73–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590701859093
  • Pergialiotis, V., Bellos, I., Fanaki, M., Vrachnis, N., & Doumouchtsis, S. K. (2020). Risk factors for severe perineal trauma during childbirth: An updated meta-analysis. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 247, 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.02.025
  • Punamäki, R. L. (2022). Motherhood in conditions of war - biological and psychosocial routes to infant development. In Nolan, M. (Ed.) Contemporary Issues in Perinatal Education: Knowledge into Practice. (pp. 45–48). Taylor and Francis.
  • Punamäki, R.-L., Diab, S. Y., Isosävi, S., Kuittinen, S., & Qouta, S. R. (2017). Maternal pre- and postnatal mental health and infant development in war conditions: The Gaza Infant Study. Psychological Trauma: theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 10(2), 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000275
  • Punamäki, R.-L., Qouta, S. R., & Diab, S. Y. (2019). The role of maternal attachment in mental health and dyadic relationships in war trauma. Heliyon, 5(12), e02867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02867
  • Qouta, S. R., Vänskä, M., Diab, S. Y., & Punamäki, R.-L. (2021). War trauma and infant motor, cognitive, and socioemotional development: Maternal mental health and dyadic interaction as explanatory processes. Infant Behavior & Development, 63, 101532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101532
  • Salo, J. A., Qouta, S., & Punamäki, R.-L. (2005). Adult attachment, posttraumatic growth and negative emotions among former political prisoners. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 18(4), 361–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800500289524
  • Schieman, S., Bierman, A., & Ellison, C. G. (2013). Religion and mental health. In C. S. Aneshensel, J. C. Phelan, & A. Bierman (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health. (2nd ed., pp. 457–478). Springer Science https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_22
  • Sevdeen, B. M., & Schmidinger, T. (2019). Beyond ISIS: History and future of minorities in Iraq. Transnational Press.
  • Six-Hohenbalken, M. (2019). May I be a sacrifice for my grandchildren—transgenerational transmission and women’s narratives of the Yazidi ferman. Dialectical Anthropology, 43(2), 161–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-018-9506-9
  • Smith, H. (2009). The world’s religions. HarperOne.
  • Taha, P. H., Nguyen, T. P., & Slewa-Younan, S. (2021). Resilience and hope among Yazidi women released from ISIS enslavement. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 209(12), 918–924. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001400
  • Taha, P. H., & Slewa-Younan, S. (2020). Measures of depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorders amongst Yazidi female survivors of ISIS slavery and violence. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 14(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-020-00412-4
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2008). Beyond the concept of recovery: growth and the experience of loss. Death Studies, 32(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180701741251
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490090305
  • Tekin, A., Karadağ, H., Süleymanoğlu, M., Tekin, M., Kayran, Y., Alpak, G., & Şar, V. (2016). Prevalence and gender differences in symptomatology of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among Iraqi Yazidis displaced into Turkey. Null, 7(1), 28556. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.28556
  • UN. (2021). UN-news. ISIL crimes against Yazidis constitute genocide, UN investigation team finds https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/05/1091662. Retrieved 23.09.2023
  • Weiss, T., & Berger, R. (2010). Posttraumatic growth and culturally competent practice: Lessons learned from around the globe. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Vishnevsky, T., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., & Demakis, G. J. (2010). Gender differences in self-reported posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(1), 110–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01546.x

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.