The role of empowerment and quality of life in depression severity among unemployed people with affective disorders receiving mental healthcare

References

• Lin P, Gallaugher LA, McIntyre RS, et al. Depression and employment status in primary and tertiary care settings. Can J Psychiatry. 2015;60:14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Focus on health, Making Mental Health Count. OECD; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The European mental health action plan 2013-2020, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Swedish Social Insurance Agency. Sjukfrånvaro i psykiska diagnoser. (Sickness absence in mental disorders.) Delrapport. Dnr 009246-2013, Socialdepartementet. 2013. (In Swedish).
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert E, Marwaha S. Predictors of employment in bipolar disorder: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2013;145:156–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godard J, Grondin S, Baruch P, et al. Psychosocial and neurocognitive profiles in depressed patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2011;190:244–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Social Insurance Report. Långtidssjukskrivna: Beskrivande statistik 1999-2009: kön, ålder, arbetsmarknadsstatus, sjukskrivningslängd och diagnospanorama. (Long-term sick leavers: Descriptive statistics 1999-2009: gender, age, labour market status, length of sick leave and diagnosis.) Försäkringskassan; 2010:16. 22 p. (In Swedish).
   Google Scholar
• Swedish Government Official Reports. The Rehabilitation Council's Final Report. Stockholm: Government office/Ehlanders tryck; 2011. SOU 2011:15. (In Swedish).
   Google Scholar
• Lerner D, Henke RM. What does research tell us about depression, job performance, and work productivity? J Occup Environ Med. 2008;50:401–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler DA, McLaughlin TJ, Rogers WH, et al. Job performance deficits due to depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1569–1576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burstrom B, Nylen L, Clayton S, et al. How equitable is vocational rehabilitation in Sweden? A review of evidence on the implementation of a national policy framework. Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33:453–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swedish National Audit Office. Karakteristika hos personer som är sjukskrivna och arbetslösa. (Characteristics of people being sick-listed and unemployed). Riksförsäkringsverket: Enheten för forskning och utveckling; 2002:1. (In Swedish).
   Google Scholar
• Nylander L, Holmqvist M, Gustafson L, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in adult psychiatry. A 20-year register study. Nord J Psychiatry. 2013;67:344–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besèr A, Sorjonen K, Wahlberg K, et al. Construction and evaluation of a self rating scale for stress-induced exhaustion disorder, the Karolinska exhaustion disorder scale. Scand J Psychol. 2014;55:72–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder J, Ekholm KS, Jansen GB, et al. Long-term sick leavers with difficulty in resuming work: comparisons between psychiatric-somatic comorbidity and monodiagnosis. Int J Rehabil Res. 2009;32:20–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Åsberg M, Nygren Å, Nager A. Att skilja mellan depression och utmattningssyndrom. (to Differentiate between Depression and Exhaustion Disorder) Läkartidningen. 2013;27:9–10. (In Swedish).
   Google Scholar
• Lauber C, Bowen JL. Low mood and employment: when affective disorders are intertwined with the workplace-a UK perspective. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2010;22:173–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlan AD, Gnam WH, Carnide N, et al. Systematic review of intervention practices for depression in the workplace. J Occup Rehabil. 2012;22:312–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audhoe SS, Hoving JL, Sluiter JK, et al. Vocational interventions for unemployed: effects on work participation and mental distress. A systematic review. J Occup Rehabil. 2010;20:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon GE, Ludman EJ, Unützer J, et al. Severity of mood symptoms and work productivity in people treated for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2008;10:718–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagerveld SE, Bultmann U, Franche RL, et al. Factors associated with work participation and work functioning in depressed workers: a systematic review. J Occup Rehabil. 2010;20:275–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck A, Crain AL, Solberg LI, et al. Severity of depression and magnitude of productivity loss. Ann Fam Med. 2011;9:305–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verboom C, Ormel J, Nolen W, et al. Moderators of the synchrony of change between decreasing depression severity and disability. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012;126:175–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skärsäter I, Baigi A, Haglund L. Functional status and quality of life in patients with first-episode major depression. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2006;13:205–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IsHak WW, Balayan K, Bresee C, et al. A descriptive analysis of quality of life using patient-reported measures in major depressive disorder in a naturalistic outpatient setting. Qual Life Res. 2013;22:585–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd LL, Schettler PJ, Solomon DA, et al. Psychosocial disability and work role function compared across the long-term course of bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar major depressive disorders. J Affect Disord. 2008;108:49–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marangell LB, Dennehy EB, Miyahara S, et al. The functional impact of subsyndromal depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder: data from STEP-BD. J Affect Disord. 2009;114:58–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angermeyer M, Holzinger A, Matschinger H, et al. Depression and quality of life: results of a follow-up study. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2002;48:189–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascha C, Koeter MW, Bockting CL, et al. Health related quality of life in recurrent depression: a comparison with a general population sample. J Affect Disord. 2010;120:126–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehner C, Buerger C. Determinants of subjective quality of life in depressed patients: the role of self-esteem, response styles, and social support. J Affect Disord. 2005;86:205–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman M, Galione JN, Chelminski I, et al. Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar disorder: frequency and association with demographic variables and comorbid disorders. Bipolar Disord. 2010;12:720–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muijzer A, Brouwer S, Geertzen JH, et al. Exploring factors relevant in the assessment of the return-to-work process of employees on long-term sickness absence due to a depressive disorder: a focus group study. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J, Cohen P, West SG, et al. Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences. 3rd ed. Mahwah (NJ): L. Erlbaum associates; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Bejerholm U, Björkman T. Empowerment in supported employment research and practice: is it relevant? Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2011;57:588–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan P. Enhancing personal empowerment of people with psychiatric disabilities. Am Rehabil. 2004;28:10–21.
   Google Scholar
• Brohan E, Gauci D, Sartorius N, et al. Self-stigma, empowerment and perceived discrimination among people with bipolar disorder or depression in 13 European countries: the GAMIAN–Europe study. J Affect Disord. 2011;129:56–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillborg H, Svensson T, Danermark B. Expectations, visions and sense of empowerment: in the face of a vocational rehabilitation process for people with psychiatric disabilities. Scand J Dis Res. 2010;12:109–124.
   Google Scholar
• Ekbladh E, Haglund L, Thorell L-H. The worker role interview-preliminary data on the predictive validity of return to work of clients after an insurance medicine investigation. J Occup Rehabil. 2004;14:131–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wästberg BA, Haglund L, Eklund M. Psychometric properties of the worker role self-assessment instrument used to evaluate unemployed people in Sweden. Scand J Occup Ther. 2009;16:238–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejerholm U, Eklund M. Occupational engagement in persons with schizophrenia: relationships to self-related variables, psychopathology, and quality of life. Am J Occup Ther. 2007;61:21–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce D. Untangling occupation and activity. Am J Occup Ther. 2001;55:138–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejerholm U, Eklund M. Engagement in occupations among men and women with schizophrenia. Occup Ther Int. 2006;13:100–121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bejerholm U, Areberg C. Factors related to the return to work potential in persons with severe mental illness. Scand J Occup Ther. 2014;21:277–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;134:382–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmody TJ, Rush AJ, Bernstein I, et al. The Montgomery Asberg and the Hamilton ratings of depression: a comparison of measures. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;16:601–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson L, Björkman T. Empowerment in people with a mental illness: reliability and validity of the Swedish version of an empowerment scale. Scand J Caring Sci. 2005;19:32–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers ES, Chamberlin J, Ellison ML, et al. A consumer-constructed scale to measure empowerment among users of mental health services. Psychiatr Serv. 1997;48:1042–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J, Kielhofner G. Vocational intervention based on the model of human occupation: a review of evidence. Scand J Occup Ther. 2010;17:177–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejerholm U, Hansson L, Eklund M. Profiles of occupational engagement in people with schizophrenia (POES): the development of a new instrument based on time-use diaries. Br J Occup Ther. 2006;69:58–68.
   Google Scholar
• Bejerholm U, Eklund M. Construct validity of a newly developed instrument: profile of occupational engagement in people with schizophrenia, POES. Nord J Psychiatry. 2006;60:200–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejerholm U, Lundgren-Nilsson Å. Rasch analysis of the Profiles of Occupational Engagement in people with Severe mental illness (POES) instrument. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015;13:130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priebe S, Huxley P, Knight S, et al. Application and results of the Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA). Int J Soc Psychiatry. 1999;45:7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjorkman T, Svensson B. Quality of life in people with severe mental illness. Reliability and validity of the Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA). Nord J Psychiatry. 2005;59:302–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruce G, Nordström LG, Öjehagen A. Risky use and misuse of alcohol, drugs and cigarettes detected by screening questionnaires in a clinical psychosis unit. Nord J Psychiatry. 2007;61:92–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman H, Källmén H. Alcohol use among Swedes and a psychometric evaluation of the alcohol use disorders identification test. Alcohol Alcohol. 2002;37:245–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, et al. The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med. 2005;35:245–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstenius M, Larsson H, Lundholm L, et al. An epidemiological study of ADHD, substance use, and comorbid problems in incarcerated women in Sweden. J Atten Disord. 2015;19:44–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen G, Karterud S. The symptom and function dimensions of the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53:292–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones SH, Thornicroft G, Coffey M, et al. A brief mental health outcome scale-reliability and validity of the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Br J Psychiatry. 1995;166:654–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood BR, Sterne JAC. Essential Medical Statistics. 2nd ed. Malden (MA): Blackwell Science Ltd; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Pelzer B, Schaffrath S, Vernaleken I. Coping with unemployment: the impact of unemployment on mental health, personality, and social interaction skills. Work (Reading, MA). 2013;48:289–295.
   Google Scholar
• Jefferis BJ, Nazareth I, Marston L, et al. Associations between unemployment and major depressive disorder: evidence from an international, prospective study (the predict cohort). Soc Sci Med. 2011;73:1627–1634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skärsäter I, Dencker K, Bergbom I, et al. Women's conceptions of coping with major depression in daily life: a qualitative, salutogenic approach. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2003;24:419–439.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pan A-W, Chung L, Chen T-J, et al. Occupational competence, environmental support and quality of life for people with depression: a path analysis. Am J Psychiatr Rehabil. 2011;14:40–54.
   Google Scholar
• IsHak WW, Brown K, Aye SS, et al. Health-related quality of life in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2012;14:6–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanfredi M, Zoppei S, Ferrari C, et al. Self-stigma as a mediator between social capital and empowerment among people with major depressive disorder in Europe: the ASPEN study. Eur Psychiatry. 2015;30:58–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker AEZ, Procter NG. Losses related to everyday occupations for adults affected by mental illness. Scand J Occup Ther. 2014;21:287–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Areberg C, Bejerholm U. The effect of IPS on participants' engagement, quality of life, empowerment, and motivation: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Occup Ther. 2013;20:420–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar