Rationale for prescription, and effectiveness of, upper limb orthotic intervention for children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review

References

• Chin TYP, Duncan JA, Johnstone BR, et al. Management of the upper limb in cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2005;14:389–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foran JRH, Steinman S, Barash I, et al. Structural and mechanical alterations in spastic skeletal muscle. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47:713–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargus-Adams J. Understanding function and other outcomes in cerebral palsy. Phys Med Rehab Clin North Am. 2009;20:567–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair E. Epidemiology of the cerebral palsies. Orthop Clin North Am. 2010;41:441–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park ES, Sim EG, Rha D-w. Effect of upper limb deformities on gross motor and upper limb functions in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32:2389–2397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bruin M, Smeulders MJ, Kreulen M. Why is joint range of motion limited in patients with cerebral palsy?. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2013;38:8–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fulford FE, Brown JK. Position as a cause of deformity in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1976;18:305–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham HK, Selber P. Musculoskeletal aspects of cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Br Vol. 2003;85-B:157–166.
   Google Scholar
• Hanna SE, Law MC, Rosenbaum PL, et al. Development of hand function among children with cerebral palsy: growth curve analysis for ages 16 to 70 months. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003;45:448–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, et al. A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl. 2007;109:8–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaz DV, Cotta M, Fonseca ST, et al. Muscle stiffness and strength and their relation to hand function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48:728–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham HK. Mechanisms of deformity. In: Scrutton D, Damiano D, Mayston M, editors. Management of the motor disorders of children with cerebral palsy. Clinics in developmental medicine no. 161. 2nd ed. London: Mac Keith Press; 2004. p. 105–129.
   Google Scholar
• Georgiades M, Elliott C, Wilton J, et al. The neurological hand deformity classification for children with cerebral palsy. Aust Occup Ther J. 2014;61:394–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilton J. Hand splinting orthotic intervention: principles of design and fabrication. 2nd ed. Fremantle: Vivid Publishing; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Hand Therapy Association. Australian Hand Therapy Association Hand and Upper Limb Orthosis/Splint schedule. Online 2012.
   Google Scholar
• International Organisation for Standardisation. Prosthetics and orthotics. International standard ISO 8549-1. Switzerland; 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Boscheinen-Morrin J, Conolly WB. The hand: fundamentals of therapy. 3rd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Colditz JC. Principles of splinting and splint prescription. In: Peimer CA, editor. Surgery of the hand and upper extremity. New York: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division; 1996. p. 2389–410.
   Google Scholar
• Wilton J. Orthotic intervention and casting in the presence of neurological dysfunction. Hand splinting orthotic intervention: principles of design and fabrication. 2nd ed. Western Australia: Vivid Publishing; 2013. p. 195–235.
   Google Scholar
• Copley J, Kuipers K. Management of upper limb hypertonicity. San Antonio, TX: Therapy Skill Builders; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Fess EE. Orthoses for mobilization of joints: principles and methods. In: Skirven TM, Osterman AL, Fedorczyk J, Amadio PC, editors. Rehabilitation of the hand and upper extremity: expert consult. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2011. p. 1588–1598.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. International classification of functioning, disability, and health: children and youth version: ICF-CY. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Fess EE, Gettle KS, Philips CA, Janson JR. Hand and upper extremity splinting: principles and methods. St Louis, Missouri: Mosby Inc.; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Kuipers K, Rassafiani M, Ashburner J, et al. Do clients with acquired brain injury use the splints prescribed by occupational therapists? A descriptive study. NeuroRehabilitation 2009;24:365–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Autti-Ramo IMDP, Suoranta JM, Anttila HM, et al. Effectiveness of upper and lower limb casting and orthoses in children with cerebral palsy: an overview of review articles. Am J Phys Med Rehab. 2006;85:89–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackman M, Novak I, Lannin N. Effectiveness of hand splints in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56:138–147.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langlois S, MacKinnon J, Pederson L. Hand splints and cerebral spasticity: a review of the literature. Can J Occup Ther. 1989;56:113–119.
   Google Scholar
• Teplicky R, Law M, Russell D. The effectiveness of casts, orthoses, and splints for children with neurological disorders. Inf Young Child Interdisciplin J Special Care Pract. 2002;15:42–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson JJ. Objective evaluation of a splint designed to reduce hypertonicity. Am J Occup Ther. 1981;35:189–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson JJ, Kreimeyer D, Aalderks M, et al. A comparison of dorsal and volar resting hand splints in the reduction of hypertonus. Am J Occup Ther. 1982;36:664–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exner CE, Bonder BR. Comparative effects of three hand splints on bilateral hand use, grasp, and arm-hand posture in hemiplegic children: a pilot study. OTJR. 1983;3:75–92.
   Google Scholar
• Flegle JH, Leibowitz JM. Improvement in grasp skill in children with hemiplegia with the MacKinnon splint. Res Dev Disabil. 1988;9:145–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid DT, Sochaniwskyj A. Influences of a hand positioning device on upper-extremity control of children with cerebral palsy. Int J Rehab Res. 1992;15:15–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blair E, Ballantyne J, Horsman S, et al. A study of a dynamic proximal stability splint in the management of children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1995;37:544–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak I, McIntyre S, Morgan C, et al. A systematic review of interventions for children with cerebral palsy: state of the evidence. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55:885–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Society of Hand Therapists. Splint classification system. American Society of Hand Therapists; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:264–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Systematic reviews: CRD’s guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. 3ird ed. York: CRD, University of York; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Veritas Health Innovation. Covidence systematic review software; 2013 [cited 2015]. Available from: www.covidence.org.
   Google Scholar
• Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, et al. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther. 2003;83:713–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate RL, Rosenkoetter U, Wakim D, et al. The risk of bias in N-of-1 trials (RoBiNT) scale: an expanded manual for the critical appraisal of single-case reports. Sydney, Australia: Author; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Sterne J, Higgins J, Reeves BA. Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool: for Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ACROBAT-NRSI) [cited 17 Jan 2016]. Available from: http://www.riskofbias.info2014.
   Google Scholar
• Lidman G, Nachemson A, Peny-Dahlstrand M, et al. Botulinum toxin A injections and occupational therapy in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57:754–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo R. Repeat botulinum toxin A injections: a step forward in the challenge to evaluate current clinical practice. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57:702–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanellopoulos AD, Mavrogenis AF, Mitsiokapa EA, et al. Long lasting benefits following the combination of static night upper extremity splinting with botulinum toxin A injections in cerebral palsy children. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2009;45:501–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozer K, Chesher SP, Scheker LR. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dynamic bracing for the management of upper-extremity spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48:559–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman G, Bazyk S. The effects of a short thumb opponens splint on hand function in cerebral palsy: a single-subject study. Am J Occup Ther. 1991;45:726–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinghorn J, Roberts G. The effect of an inhibitive weight-bearing splint on tone and function: a single-case study. Am J Occup Ther. 1996;50:807–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barroso PN, Vecchio SD, Xavier YR, et al. Improvement of hand function in children with cerebral palsy via an orthosis that provides wrist extension and thumb abduction. Clin Biomec. 2011;26:937–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burtner PA, Poole JL, Torres T, et al. Effect of wrist hand splints on grip, pinch, manual dexterity, and muscle activation in children with spastic hemiplegia: a preliminary study. J Hand Ther. 2008;21:36–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmick J. Use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and a dorsal wrist splint to improve the hand function of a child with spastic hemiparesis. Phys Ther. 1997;77:661–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhawchhria Y. Comparison between above elbow wrist hand orthosis and combination of elbow gutter with below elbow wrist hand orthosis in children with spastic Cerebral Palsy. Indian J Occup Ther. 2014;46:83–89.
   Google Scholar
• Currie DM, Mendiola A. Cortical thumb orthosis for children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987;68:214–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louwers A, Meester-Delver A, Folmer K, et al. Immediate effect of a wrist and thumb brace on bimanual activities in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011;53:321–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postans N, Wright P, Bromwich W, et al. The combined effect of dynamic splinting and neuromuscular electrical stimulation in reducing wrist and elbow contractures in six children with cerebral palsy. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2010;34:10–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheker LR, Chesher SP, Ramirez S. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dynamic bracing as a treatment for upper-extremity spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. J Hand Surg (Edinburgh, Scotland). 1999;24:226–232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yasukawa A, Cassar M. Children with elbow extension forearm rotation limitation: functional outcomes using the forearm rotation elbow orthosis. JPO. 2009;21:160–166.
   Google Scholar
• Yasukawa A, Lulinski J, Thornton L, et al. Improving elbow and wrist range of motion using a dynamic and static combination orthosis. JPO. 2008;20:41–48.
   Google Scholar
• Yasukawa A, Malas BS, Gaebler-Spira DJ. Efficacy for maintenance of elbow range of motion of two types of orthotic devices: a case series. JPO. 2003;15:72–77.
   Google Scholar
• DeMatteo C, Law M, Russell D, et al. The reliability and validity of quality of upper extremity skills test. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 1993;13:1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Eliasson A-C, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Rösblad B, et al. The Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) for children with cerebral palsy: scale development and evidence of validity and reliability. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48:549–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zancolli E. Surgical management of the hand in infantile spastic hemiplegia. Hand Clin. 2003;19:609–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar