Balance and walking performance are improved after resistance and aerobic training in persons with chronic stroke

References

• Batchelor FA, Mackintosh SF, Said CM, et al. Falls after stroke. Int J Stroke. 2012;7:482–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr JH, Shepherd RB. Balance. In: Neurological rehabilitation: optimizing motor performance. 2nd ed. London (UK): Churchill Livingstone; 2010. p. 163–190.
   Google Scholar
• Carr JH, Shepherd RB. Neurological rehabilitation: optimizing motor performance. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2010. xiii, 362 s., ill. p.
   Google Scholar
• Pollock AS, Durward BR, Rowe PJ, et al. What is balance? Clin Rehabil. 2000;14:402–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum L, Korner-Bitensky N. Usefulness of the Berg Balance Scale in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2008;88:559–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid AA, Van Puymbroeck M, Altenburger PA, et al. Balance is associated with quality of life in chronic stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2013;20:340–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda N, Kato J, Shimada T. Predicting the probability for fall incidence in stroke patients using the Berg Balance Scale. J Int Med Res. 2009;37:697–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders DH, Sanderson M, Brazzelli M, et al. Physical fitness training for stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;10:CD003316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluding P, Gajewski B. Lower-extremity strength differences predict activity limitations in people with chronic stroke. Phys Ther. 2009;89:73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael KM, Allen JK, Macko RF. Reduced ambulatory activity after stroke: the role of balance, gait, and cardiovascular fitness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:1552–1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flansbjer U, Miller M, Downham D, et al. Progressive resistance training after stroke: effects on muscle strength, muscle tone, gait performance and perceived participation. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:42–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CM, Eng JJ, MacIntyre DL, et al. Effects of isokinetic strength training on walking in persons with stroke: a double-blind controlled pilot study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;10:265–273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee M-J, Kilbreath SL, Singh MF, et al. Effect of progressive resistance training on muscle performance after chronic stroke. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42:23–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouellette MM, LeBrasseur NK, Bean JF, et al. High-intensity resistance training improves muscle strength, self-reported function, and disability in long-term stroke survivors. Stroke. 2004;35:1404–1409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu KS, Eng JJ, Dawson AS, et al. Water-based exercise for cardiovascular fitness in people with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:870–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macko RF, Ivey FM, Forrester LW, et al. Treadmill exercise rehabilitation improves ambulatory function and cardiovascular fitness in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2005;36:2206–2211.
   Google Scholar
• Potempa K, Lopez M, Braun LT, et al. Physiological outcomes of aerobic exercise training in hemiparetic stroke patients. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 1995;26:101–105.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson SL, Forrester LW, Rodgers MM, et al. Determinants of walking function after stroke: differences by deficit severity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88:115–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang MYC, Eng JJ, Dawson AS. Relationship between ambulatory capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness in chronic stroke: influence of stroke-specific impairments. Chest. 2005;127:495–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl PS, Perera S, Duncan PW, et al. Gains in distance walking in a 3-month follow-up poststroke: what changes? Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2004;18:30–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severinsen K, Jakobsen JK, Pedersen AR, et al. Effects of resistance training and aerobic training on ambulation in chronic stroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;93:29–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainz J, Krog BR, Bjørnshave B, et al. Nationwide continuous quality improvement using clinical indicators: the Danish National Indicator Project. Int J Qual Health Care. 2004;16 (Suppl 1):i45–i50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen H, Boysen G, Truelsen T. The Scandinavian stroke scale predicts outcome in patients with mild ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;20:46–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flansbjer U-B, Holmbäck AM, Downham D, et al. Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37:75–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macko RF, Ivey FM, Forrester LW. Task-oriented aerobic exercise in chronic hemiparetic stroke: training protocols and treatment effects. Top Stroke Rehabilit. 2005;12:45–57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:1334Y59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg G. Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1970;2:92–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American College of Sports Medicine: American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:687Y708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg KO, Wood-Dauphinee SL, Williams JI, et al. Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument. Can J Public Health. 1992;83 (Suppl 2):S7–S11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaw L-J, Hsieh C-L, Lo S-K, et al. The relative and absolute reliability of two balance performance measures in chronic stroke patients. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30:656–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson TJ. Detecting change in patients with stroke using the Berg Balance Scale. Aust J Physiother. 2001;47:29–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midgley AW, McNaughton LR, Polman R, et al. Criteria for determination of maximal oxygen uptake: a brief critique and recommendations for future research. Sports Med Auckl NZ. 2007;37:1019–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuade K, Harris-Love ML, Whitall J. Maximal voluntary isometric elbow flexion force during unilateral versus bilateral contractions in individuals with chronic stroke. J Appl Biomech. 2008;24:69–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harbo T, Brincks J, Andersen H. Maximal isokinetic and isometric muscle strength of major muscle groups related to age, body mass, height, and sex in 178 healthy subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112:267–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips WT, Batterham AM, Valenzuela JE, et al. Reliability of maximal strength testing in older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:329–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleck SJ, Kraemer WJ. Developing the individualized resistance training workout. In: Designing resistance training programs. 3rd ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2004. p. 151–186.
   Google Scholar
• ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:111–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrholz J, Wagner K, Rutte K, et al. Predictive validity and responsiveness of the functional ambulation category in hemiparetic patients after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88:1314–1319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O. The effects of training on heart rate; a longitudinal study. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1957;35:307–315.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark DJ, Patten C. Eccentric versus concentric resistance training to enhance neuromuscular activation and walking speed following stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2013;27:335–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss A, Suzuki T, Bean J, et al. High intensity strength training improves strength and functional performance after stroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;79:369–376. quiz 391–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang MYC, Eng JJ, Dawson AS, et al. A community-based fitness and mobility exercise program for older adults with chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:1667–1674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GV, Silver KH, Goldberg AP, et al. “Task-oriented” exercise improves hamstring strength and spastic reflexes in chronic stroke patients. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 1999;30:2112–2118.
   Google Scholar
• Flansbjer U-B, Blom J, Brogårdh C. The reproducibility of Berg Balance Scale and the single-leg stance in chronic stroke and the relationship between the two tests. PM R. 2012;4:165–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hiengkaew V, Jitaree K, Chaiyawat P. Minimal detectable changes of the Berg Balance Scale, Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale, Timed “Up & Go” test, gait speeds, and 2-minute walk test in individuals with chronic stroke with different degrees of ankle plantarflexor tone. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:1201–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patten C, Lexell J, Brown HE. Weakness and strength training in persons with poststroke hemiplegia: rationale, method, and efficacy. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2004;41:293–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH. Control of normal mobility. In: Motor control: translating research into clinical practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Dean CM, Shepherd RB. Task-related training improves performance of seated reaching tasks after stroke. A randomized controlled trial. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 1997;28:722–728.
   Google Scholar