684
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Papers

External relative to internal attentional focus enhances motor performance and learning in visually impaired individuals

, , &
Pages 2621-2630 | Received 31 Jul 2018, Accepted 04 Jan 2019, Published online: 08 Feb 2019

References

  • World Health Organization. Blindness and visual impairment 2018. Available from: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment
  • Bourne RRA, Flaxman SR, Braithwaite T, et al. Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(9):e888–e897.
  • Fricke TR, Tahhan N, Resnikoff S, et al. Global prevalence of presbyopia and vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia: systematic review, meta-analysis, and modelling. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(10):1492–1499.
  • Chokron S, Dutton GN. Impact of cerebral visual impairments on motor skills: implications for developmental coordination disorders. Front Psychol. 2016;7:1471.
  • Juodzbaliene V, Muckus K. The influence of the degree of visual impairment on psychomotor reaction and equilibrium maintenance of adolescents. Medicina (Kaunas). 2006;42(1):49–56.
  • Elliott D, Pollock BJ, Lyons J, et al. Intermittent vision and discrete manual aiming. Percept Motor Skills. 1995;80(3 Pt 2):1203–1213.
  • Guidice NA, Legge GE. Blind navigation and the role of technology. In: Helal A, Mokhtari M, Abdulrazak B, editors. Engineering handbook of smart technology for aging, disability, and independence. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2008. p. 479–500.
  • Proteau L. Sensory integration in the learning of an aiming task. Can J Exp Psychol. 1995;49(1):113–120.
  • Helsen WF, Elliott D, Starkes JL, et al. Coupling of eye, finger, elbow, and shoulder movements during manual aiming. J Motor Behav. 2000;32(3):241–248.
  • Abdollahipour R, Psotta R, Land WM. The influence of attentional focus instructions and vision on jump height performance. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2016;87(4):408–413.
  • Soong GP, Lovie-Kitchin JE, Brown B. Does mobility performance of visually impaired adults improve immediately after orientation and mobility training? Optom Vis Sci. 2001;78(9):657–666.
  • Zhao H, Warren WH. On-line and model-based approaches to the visual control of action. Vision Res. 2015;110(Part B):190–202.
  • Hallemans A, Ortibus E, Meire F, et al. Low vision affects dynamic stability of gait. Gait Posture. 2010;32(4):547–551.
  • Reimer AM, Cox RFA, Boonstra NF, et al. Effect of visual impairment on goal-directed aiming movements in children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(10):778–783.
  • Chen SP, Bhattacharya J, Pershing S. Association of vision loss with cognition in older adults. JAMA Ophtalmol. 2017;135(9):963–970.
  • Galotti KM. Cognitive psychology: in and out of the laboratory. 5th ed. Los Angeles (CA): SAGE; 2015.
  • Lee TD, Swinnen SP, Serrien DJ. Cognitive effort and motor learning. Quest. 1994;46(3):328–344.
  • Wulf G. Attention and motor skill learning. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2007.
  • Wulf G. Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2013;6(1):77–104.
  • Wulf G, Höß M, Prinz W. Instructions for motor learning: differential effects of internal versus external focus of attention. J Motor Behav. 1998;30(2):169–179.
  • An J, Wulf G, Kim S. Increased carry distance and X-factor stretch in golf through an external focus of attention. J Mot Learn Dev. 2013;1(1):2–11.
  • Christina B, Alpenfels E. Influence of attentional focus on learning a swing path change. Int J Golf Sci. 2014;3(1):35–49.
  • Land WM, Frank C, Schack T. The influence of attentional focus on the development of skill representation in a complex action. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2014;15(1):30–38.
  • Wulf G, Chiviacowsky S, Schiller E, et al. Frequent external-focus feedback enhances motor learning. Front Psychol. 2010;1:190.
  • Lohse KR, Jones M, Healy AF, et al. The role of attention in motor control. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2014;143(2):930–948.
  • Al-Abood SA, Bennett SJ, Hernandez FM, et al. Effect of verbal instructions and image size on visual search strategies in basketball free throw shooting. J Sports Sci. 2002;20(3):271–278.
  • Hadler R, Chiviacowsky S, Wulf G, et al. Children's learning of tennis skills is facilitated by external focus instructions. Motriz: Rev Educ Fis. 2014;20(4):418–422.
  • Wulf G, Chiviacowsky S, Drews R. External focus and autonomy support: two important factors in motor learning have additive benefits. Hum Mov Sci. 2015;40:176–184.
  • Abdollahipour R, Psotta R. Is an external focus of attention more beneficial than an internal focus to ball catching in children? Kinesiology. 2017;49(2):235–241.
  • Wulf G, Dufek J. Increased jump height with an external focus due to enhanced lower extremity joint kinetics. J Motor Behav. 2009;41(5):401–409.
  • Chiviacowsky S, Wulf G, Wally R. An external focus of attention enhances balance learning in older adults. Gait Posture. 2010;32(4):572–575.
  • McNevin NH, Shea CH, Wulf G. Increasing the distance of an external focus of attention enhances learning. Psychol Res. 2003;67(1):22–29.
  • Freudenheim AM, Wulf G, Madureira F, et al. An external focus of attention results in greater swimming speed. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2010;5(4):533–542.
  • Flôres F, Schild J, Chiviacowsky S. Benefits of external focus instructions on the learning of a balance task in children of different ages. Int J Sport Psychol. 2015;46(4):311–320.
  • Totsika V, Wulf G. The influence of external and internal foci of attention on transfer to novel situations and skills. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2003;74(2):220–232.
  • Saemi E, Porter J, Wulf G, et al. Adopting an external focus of attention facilitates motor learning in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Kinesiology. 2013;45(2):179–185.
  • Chiviacowsky S, Wulf G, Ávila LTG. An external focus of attention enhances motor learning in children with intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2013;57(7):627–634.
  • Landers M, Wulf G, Wallmann H, et al. An external focus of attention attenuates balance impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease who have a fall history. Physiotherapy. 2005;91(3):152–158.
  • Wulf G, Landers M, Lewthwaite R, et al. External focus instructions reduce postural instability in individuals with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther. 2009;89(2):162–168.
  • McNamara SWT, Becker KA, Silliman-French LM. The differential effects of attentional focus in children with moderate and profound visual impairments. Front Psychol. 2017;8:1804.
  • Maurer H, Munzert J. Influence of attentional focus on skilled motor performance: performance decrement under unfamiliar focus conditions. Hum Mov Sci. 2013;32(4):730–740.
  • Weiss SM, Reber AS, Owen DR. The locus of focus: the effect of switching from a preferred to a non-preferred focus of attention. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(10):1049–1057.
  • Faul F, Erdfelder E. GPOWER: A priori, post-hoc, and compromise power analyses for MS-DOS [Computer program]. 1992.
  • Csibra G, Hernik M, Mascaro M, et al. Statistical treatment of looking-time data. Dev Psychol. 2016;52(4):521–536.
  • Field A. Discovering statistics using SPSS. 3rd ed. London: SAGE; 2009.
  • Land WM, Tenenbaum G, Ward P, et al. Examination of visual information as a mediator of external focus benefits. J Sport Exerc Psych. 2013;35(3):250–259.
  • Sherwood DE, Lohse KR, Healy AF. Judging joint angles and movement outcome: shifting the focus of attention in dart-throwing. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2014;40(5):1903–1914.
  • Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Academic Press; 1988.
  • Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol. 2013;4:863.
  • Abdollahipour R, Palomo Nieto M, Psotta R, et al. External focus of attention and autonomy support have additive benefits for motor performance in children. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2017;32:17–24.
  • Palmer KK, Matsuyama AL, Irwin JM, et al. The effect of attentional focus cues on object control performance in elementary children. Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy. 2017;22(6):580–588.
  • Emanuel M, Jarus T, Bart O. Effect of focus of attention and age on motor acquisition, retention, and transfer: a randomized trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88(2):251–260.
  • Perreault ME, French KE. Differences in children's thinking and learning during attentional focus instruction. Hum Mov Sci. 2016;45:154–160.
  • Hodges NJ, Ford P. Skillful attending, looking and thinking. Beweg Train. 2007;1:23–24.
  • Maurer H, Zentgraf K. On the how and why of the external focus learning advantage. Beweg Train. 2007;1:31–32.
  • Wulf G, McNevin N, Shea CH. The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a function of attentional focus. Q J Exp Psychol A. 2001;54(4):1143–1154.
  • Wulf G, Shea C, Park J-H. Attention and motor performance: preferences for and advantages of an external focus. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2001;72(4):335–344.
  • Kuhn YA, Keller M, Ruffieux J, et al. Adopting an external focus of attention alters intracortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex. Acta Physiol. 2017;220(2):289–299.
  • Wulf G, Lewthwaite R. Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning. Psychon Bull Rev. 2016;23(5):1382–1414.
  • Jeon BJ, Cha TH. The effects of balance of low vision patients on activities of daily living. J Phys Ther Sci. 2013;25(6):693–696.
  • Zijlstra GAR, Ballemans J, Kempen GIJM. Orientation and mobility training for adults with low vision: a new standardized approach. Clin Rehabil. 2013;27(1):3–18.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.