The paradoxical relationship between severity of cerebral palsy and renal function in middle-aged adults: better renal function or inappropriate clinical assessment?

References

• Oskoui M, Coutinho F, Dykeman J, et al. An update on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55(6):509–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day SM, Strauss DJ, Vachon PJ, et al. Growth patterns in a population of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007;49(3):167–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney DG, Miller F, Pohlig RT, et al. BMI does not capture the high fat mass index and low fat-free mass index in children with cerebral palsy and proposed statistical models that improve this accuracy. Int J Obes. 2019;43(1):82–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos MT, Batista R, Guare RO, et al. Salivary osmolality and hydration status in children with cerebral palsy. J Oral Pathol Med. 2011;40(7):582–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney DG, Kamdar NS, Ng S, et al. Prevalence of high-burden medical conditions and health care resource utilization and costs among adults with cerebral palsy. CLEP. 2019;11:469–481.
   Google Scholar
• Cremer N, Hurvitz EA, Peterson MD. Multimorbidity in middle-aged adults with cerebral palsy. Am J Med. 2017;130(6):744 e9–744 e15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney DG, Hurvitz EA, Ryan JM, et al. Noncommunicable disease and multimorbidity in young adults with cerebral palsy. Clin Epidemiol. 2018;10:511–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White SL, Perkovic V, Cass A, et al. Is low birth weight an antecedent of CKD in later life? A systematic review of observational studies. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54(2):248–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner BM, Garcia DL, Anderson S. Glomeruli and blood pressure. Less of one, more the other? Am J Hypertens. 1988;1(4 Pt 1):335–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner BM, Chertow GM. Congenital oligonephropathy and the etiology of adult hypertension and progressive renal injury. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;23(2):171–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson RG, Grams ME, Ballew SH, for the CKD Prognosis Consortium, et al. Development of risk prediction equations for incident chronic kidney disease. JAMA. 2019;322(21):2104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiba A, Fishman B, Twig G, et al. Association of adolescent hypertension with future end-stage renal disease. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(4):517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojo A. Addressing the global burden of chronic kidney disease through clinical and translational research. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2014;125:229–243.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitney DG, Schmidt M, Bell S, et al. Incidence rate of advanced chronic kidney disease among privately insured adults with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Clin Epidemiol. 2020;12:235–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2019. Atlanta (GA): US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Foley RN, Murray AM, Li S, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risk for cardiovascular disease, renal replacement, and death in the United States Medicare population, 1998 to 1999. JASN. 2005;16(2):489–495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan JM, Peterson MD, Ryan N, et al. Mortality due to cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and cancer in adults with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2019;61(8):924–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey AS, Coresh J, Greene T, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, et al. Using standardized serum creatinine values in the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(4):247–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, for the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration), et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanauer DA, Mei Q, Law J, et al. Supporting information retrieval from electronic health records: a report of University of Michigan's nine-year experience in developing and using the Electronic Medical Record Search Engine (EMERSE). J Biomed Inform. 2015;55:290–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pottel H, Delanaye P, Weekers L, et al. Age-dependent reference intervals for estimated and measured glomerular filtration rate. Clin Kidney J. 2017;10(4):545–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman WA. The potential metabolic consequences of cerebral palsy: inferences from the general population and persons with spinal cord injury [Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review]. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51(Suppl 4):64–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erlandsen EJ, Hansen RM, Randers E, et al. Estimating the glomerular filtration rate using serum cystatin C levels in patients with spinal cord injuries. Spinal Cord. 2012;50(10):778–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herskind A, Ritterband-Rosenbaum A, Willerslev-Olsen M, et al. Muscle growth is reduced in 15-month-old children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58(5):485–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foran JR, Steinman S, Barash I, et al. Structural and mechanical alterations in spastic skeletal muscle [Review]. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47(10):713–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vij SC, Karim W, Luzny P, et al. Assessing renal function in adult myelomeningocele patients: correlation between volumetric- and creatinine-based measurements. J Clin Nephrol Renal Care. 2016;2(1):1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Grubb AO. Cystatin C-properties and use as diagnostic marker. Adv Clin Chem. 2000;35:63–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filler G, Bokenkamp A, Hofmann W, et al. Cystatin C as a marker of GFR-history, indications, and future research. Clin Biochem. 2005;38(1):1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens LA, Padala S, Levey AS. Advances in glomerular filtration rate-estimating equations. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2010;19(3):298–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney DG, Singh H, Zhang C, et al. Greater visceral fat but no difference in measures of total body fat in ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy compared to typically developing children. J Clin Densitom. 2018;23:459–464 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney DG, Singh H, Miller F, et al. Cortical bone deficit and fat infiltration of bone marrow and skeletal muscle in ambulatory children with mild spastic cerebral palsy. Bone. 2017;94:90–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar