1,693
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

More than just double discrimination: a scoping review of the experiences and impact of ableism and racism in employment

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 650-671 | Received 19 Sep 2022, Accepted 21 Jan 2023, Published online: 01 Feb 2023

References

  • Lindsay S, Cagliostro E, Albarico M, et al. A systematic review of the benefits of hiring people with disabilities. J Occup Rehabil. 2018;28(4):634–655.
  • Pettinicchio D, Maroto M. Employment outcomes among men and women with disabilities: how the intersection of gender and disability status shapes labor market inequality. Factors in studying employment for persons with disability. Bradford: Emerald Publishing Limited; 2017.
  • Pettinicchio D, Maroto M, Brooks JD. The sociology of disability-based economic inequality. Contemp Sociol. 2022;51(4):249–270.
  • Frederick A, Shifrer D. Race and disability: from analogy to intersectionality. Sociol Race Ethnic. 2019;5(2):200–214.
  • Mik-Meyer N. Othering, ableism and disability: a discursive analysis of co-workers’ construction of colleagues with visible impairments. Human Relat. 2016;69(6):1341–1363.
  • Jammaers E, Zanoni P. The identity regulation of disabled employees: unveiling the ‘varieties of ableism’ in employers’ socio-ideological control. Organizat Stud. 2021;42(3):429–452.
  • Brown N, Ramlackhan K. Exploring experiences of ableism in academia: a constructivist inquiry. High Educ. 2022;83(6):1225–1239.
  • Bogart KR, Dunn DS. Ableism special issue introduction. J Soc Issues. 2019;75(3):650–664.
  • Branco C, Ramos M, Hewstone M. The association of a group-based discrimination with health and well-being: a comparison of ableism with other isms. J Soc Issues. 2019;75(3):814–846.
  • Dirth TP, Branscombe NR. Recognizing ableism: a social identity analysis of disabled people perceiving discrimination as illegitimate. J Social Issues. 2019;75(3):786–813.
  • Kattari S, Ingarfield L, Hanna M, et al. Uncovering issues of ableism in social work education: a disability needs assessment. Social Work Educat. 2020;39(5):599–616.
  • Mellifont D, Smith-Merry J, Dickinson H, et al. The ableism elephant in the academy: a study examining academia as informed by Australian scholars with lived experience. Disabil Soc. 2019;34(7-8):1180–1199.
  • United Nations. Disabilty-inclusive communications guidelines. New York: United Nations; 2022.
  • Ontario Human Rights Commission. Policy on ableism and discrimination based on disability. Ontario: Ontario Human Rights Commission; 2016.
  • Tribunals Ontario. Tribunals Ontario 2020-2021 Annual Report Ontario, Canada. 2021; [cited 2022 June 7]. Available from: https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/TO/Tribunals_Ontario_2020-2021_Annual_Report.html.
  • Mohamed T, Beagan BL. Strange faces’ in the academy: experiences of racialized and indigenous faculty in Canadian universities. Race Ethnic Educ. 2019;22(3):338–354.
  • Joseph T, Golash-Boza T. Double consciousness in the 21st century: Du Boisian theory and the problem of racialized legal status. Soc Sci. 2021;10(9):345.
  • Waldman K, Stickley A, Araujo Dawson B, et al. Racial discrimination and disability among Asian and Latinx populations in the United States. Disabil Rehabil. 2022;44(1):96–105.
  • Filut A, Alvarez M, Carnes M. Discrimination toward physicians of color: a systematic review. J Natl Med Assoc. 2020;112(2):117–140.
  • Lippens L, Baert S, Ghekiere A, et al. Is labour market discrimination against ethnic minorities better explained by taste or statistics? A systematic review of the empirical evidence. J Ethnic Migrat Stud. 2022;48(17):4243–4276.
  • Li J-Y, Lee Y, Tian S, et al. Coping with workplace racial discrimination: the role of internal communication. Public Relations Rev. 2021;47(4):102089.
  • Snyder CR, Schwartz MR. Experiences of workplace racial discrimination among people of color in healthcare professions. J Cultural Divers. 2019;26(3): 96–107.
  • Wingfield AH, Chavez K. Getting in, getting hired, getting sideways looks: organizational hierarchy and perceptions of racial discrimination. Am Sociol Rev. 2020;85(1):31–57.
  • Berghs M, Dyson SM. Intersectionality and employment in the United Kingdom: where are all the Black disabled people? Disabil Soc. 2022;37(4):543–566.
  • Bailey M, Mobley IA. Work in the intersections: a black feminist disability framework. Gender Soc. 2019;33(1):19–40.
  • Stienstra D, Race NL. Ethnicity and disability: charting complex and intersectional terrains. International perspectives on social policy, administration, and practice. Cham: springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 255–268.
  • Erevelles N, Minear A. Unspeakable offenses: untangling race and disability in discourses of intersectionality. J Literary Cultural Disab Stud. 2010;4(2):127–145.
  • Abrams JA, Tabaac A, Jung S, et al. Considerations for employing intersectionality in qualitative health research. Soc Sci Med. 2020;258:113138.
  • McDonald KE, Keys CB, Balcazar FE. Disability, race/ethnicity and gender: themes of cultural oppression, acts of individual resistance. Am J Community Psychol. 2007;39(1–2):145–161.
  • Annamma SA, Connor D, Ferri B. Dis/ability critical race studies (DisCrit): theorizing at the intersections of race and dis/ability. Race Ethnic Educat. 2013;16(1):1–31.
  • Mpofu E, Conyers LM. A representational theory perspective of minority status and people with disabilities: implications for rehabilitation education and practice. Rehab Counsel Bull. 2004;47(3):142–151.
  • Levine A, Breshears B. Discrimination at every turn: an intersectional ecological lens for rehabilitation. Rehabil Psychol. 2019;64(2):146–153.
  • Bauer GR. Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: challenges and the potential to advance health equity. Soc Sci Med. 2014;110:10–17.
  • Artiles AJ. Untangling the racialization of disabilities: an intersectionality critique across disability models. Du Bois Rev. 2013;10(2):329–347.
  • Bowleg L. “Once you’ve blended the cake, you can’t take the parts back to the main ingredients”: Black gay and bisexual men’s descriptions and experiences of intersectionality. Sex Roles. 2013;68(11–12):754–767.
  • Messiah SE, D’Agostino EM, Patel HH, et al. Changes in cardiovascular health and physical fitness in ethnic youth with intellectual disabilities participating in a park‐based afterschool programme for two years. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil. 2019;32(6):1478–1489.
  • Shaw L, Chan F, McMahon B. Intersectionality and disability harassment: the interactive effects of disability, race, age and gender. Rehabil Counsel Bull. 2012;55(2):82–91.
  • Courtney-Long EA, Romano SD, Carroll DD, et al. Socioeconomic factors at the intersection of race and ethnicity influencing health risks for people with disabilities. J Racial Ethn Health Dispar. 2017;4(2):213–222.
  • Statistics Canada. Visible minority group of persons with and without disabilities aged 15 years and over, by age group and sex. Canada: Statistics Canada; 2018.
  • Hannon MD. Acknowledging intersectionality: an autoethnography of a black school counselor educator and father of a student with autism. J Negro Educ. 2017;86(2):154–162.
  • Bowleg L. The problem with the phrase women and minorities: intersectionality – an important theoretical framework for public health. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(7):1267–1273.
  • Hernández-Saca DI, Gutmann Kahn L, Cannon MA. Intersectionality dis/ability research: how dis/ability research in education engages intersectionality to uncover the multidimensional construction of dis/abled experiences. Rev Res Educ. 2018;42(1):286–311.
  • Lindsay S, Varahra A, Ahmed H, et al. Exploring the relationships between race, ethnicity, and school and work outcomes among youth and young adults with disabilities: a scoping review. Disabil Rehabil. 2022;44(25):8110–8129.
  • Ogungbe O, Mitra AK, Roberts JK. A systematic review of implicit bias in health care: a call for intersectionality. IMC J Med Sci. 2019;13(1):005–005.
  • Harari L, Lee C. Intersectionality in quantitative health disparities research: a systematic review of challenges and limitations in empirical studies. Soc Sci Med. 2021;277:113876–113876.
  • Puszka S, Walsh C, Markham F, et al. Towards the decolonisation of disability: a systematic review of disability conceptualisations, practices and experiences of first nations people of Australia. Soc Sci Med. 2022;305:115047.
  • Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32.
  • Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, et al. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid Synth. 2020;18(10):2119–2126.
  • Levac D, Colquhoun H, O'Brien KK. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci. 2010;5(1):69–69.
  • Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–473.
  • World Health Organization. International classification and functioning; 2007.
  • Rodgers M, Sowden A, Petticrew M, et al. Testing methodological guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews: effectiveness of interventions to promote smoke alarm ownership and function. Evaluation. 2009;15(1):49–73.
  • Popay J, Roberts H, Sowden A, et al. Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews. A product from the ESRC methods programme version. Lancashire, England: University of Lancaster; 2006;1:b92.
  • Arango-Lasprilla JC, Ketchum JM, Hurley J, et al. Allegation of ethnic minorities from 1993 to 2008: an equal employment opportunity commission (EEOC) study. Work. 2014;47(2):267–279.
  • Roessler RT, Rumrill PD, Li J, et al. The workplace discrimination experiences of people with multiple sclerosis across three phases of Americans with disabilities act implementation. J Vocat Rehabil. 2016;45(1):27–41.
  • Roessler RT, Hurley JE, McMahon BT. A comparison of allegations and resolutions involving issues of discharge versus constructive discharge: implications for diversity management. Adv Dev Human Res. 2010;12(4):407–428.
  • Rumrill PD, Wu RX, Goldstein P, et al. Importance and satisfaction ratings on 38 key employment concerns among african American women with multiple sclerosis. J Vocational Rehabil. 2020;52(2):173–183.
  • West SL, McMahon BT, Monasterio E, et al. Workplace discrimination and missing limbs: the national EEOC ADA research project. Work. 2005;25(1):27–35.
  • Rumrill PD, Fitzgerald SM, McMahon BT. ADA title I allegations related to unlawful discharge: characteristics of charging parties. Adv Devel Human Res. 2010;12(4):429–447.
  • Rumrill PD, Zhang H, Li J, et al. Workplace discrimination allegations and outcomes involving Caucasian Americans, African Americans, and Hispanic/Latinx Americans with multiple sclerosis: a causal comparative analysis. J Vocational Rehabil. 2022;56(1):93–106.
  • Balser DB. Perceptions of on-the-job discrimination and employees with disabilities. Employee Responsib Rights J. 2000;12(4):179–197.
  • Blanck P, Hyseni F, Wise FA. Diversity and inclusion in the American legal profession: discrimination and bias reported by lawyers with disabilities and lawyers who identify as LGBTQ. Am J Law Med. 2021;47(1):9–61.
  • Cencirulo J, McDougall T, Sorenson C, et al. Trainee experiences of racism, sexism, heterosexism and ableism (the ISMs) at a department of veterans affairs healthcare facility. Train Educat Professional Psychol. 2021;15(3):242–249.
  • Corrigan P, Thompson V, Lambert D, et al. Perceptions of discrimination among persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2003;54(8):1105–1110.
  • Glover CM, Corrigan P, Wilkniss S. The effects of multiple categorization on perceptions of discrimination, life domains, and stress for individuals with severe mental illness. J Vocat Rehabil. 2010;33(2):113–121.
  • Delman J, Adams LB. Barriers to and facilitators of vocational development for black young adults with serious mental illnesses. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2022;45(1):1–10.
  • Filut A, Alexander L, Ray A, et al. This happens all the time": a qualitative study of general internists’ experiences with discriminatory patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2021;36(6):1553–1560.
  • Francis GL, Gross JMS, Lavin CE, et al. Facing double jeopardy: the transition experiences of Latina family caregivers of young adults with disabilities living in a rural community. Rural Special Educ Quart. 2020;39(1):17–34.
  • Jackson MN, Meade MA, Ellenbogen P, et al. Perspectives on networking, cultural values, and skills among african American men with spinal cord injury: a reconsideration of social capital theory. J Vocat Rehabil. 2006;25(1):21–33.
  • Manyibe EO, Moore CL, Wang NN, et al. Career development factors for minority disability and health research leaders: a key informant study. Rehabil Res Policy Educ. 2017;31(3):208–229.
  • Mwachofi AK. African Americans’ access to vocational rehabilitation services after antidiscrimination legislation. J Negro Educ. 2008;77(1):39–59.
  • Noonan BM, Gallor SM, Hensler-McGinnis NF, et al. Challenge and success: a qualitative study of the career development of highly achieving women with physical and sensory disabilities. J Counsel Psychol. 2004;51(1):68–80.
  • Pryma J. Even my sister says I’m acting like a crazy to get a check: race, gender, and moral boundary-work in women’s claims of disabling chronic pain. Soc Sci Med. 2017;181:66–73.
  • Awsumb JM, Balcazar FE, Keel JM. Youth with disabilities: are vocational rehabilitation services improving employment outcomes? J Vocat Rehabil. 2020;52(1):61–73.
  • Bautista RED, Wludyka P. Factors associated with employment in epilepsy patients. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;10(1):89–95.
  • Benito SG, Glassman TS, Hiedemann BG. Disability and labor market earnings: hearing earnings gaps in the United States. J Disabil Policy Stud. 2016;27(3):178–188.
  • Botticello AL, Boninger M, Charlifue S, et al. To what extent do neighborhood differences mediate racial disparities in participation after spinal cord injury? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(10):1735–1744.
  • Crewe SE. Motivated but fearful: welfare reform, disability, and race. J Health Soc Policy. 2002;16(1–2):55–68.
  • Friedman C. Gendered jobs and gendered pay: the relationship between sexism, racism, and ableism, and personal care aide wages. Scand J Disab Res. 2020;22(1):242–252.
  • Li J, Roessler RT, Rumrill PD, et al. Factors influencing job satisfaction for employed adults with multiple sclerosis. Rehabil Counsel Bull. 2017;61(1):28–40.
  • Olney MF, Kennedy J. Racial disparities in VR use and job placement rates for adults with disabilities. Special Issue. 2002;45(3):177–185.
  • Nazarov ZE. Factors associated with wage differentials between Caucasian and African-American vocational rehabilitation clientele. J Vocat Rehabil. 2013;39(3):183–191.
  • Maroto M, Pettinicchio D, Patterson AC. Hierarchies of categorical disadvantage: economic insecurity at the intersection of disability, gender, and race. Gender Soc. 2019;33(1):64–93.
  • Jason K, Erving CL. The intersecting consequences of race-gender health disparities on workforce engagement for older workers: an examination of physical and mental health. Soc Curr. 2022;9(1):45–69.
  • Salter NP, Sawyer K, Gebhardt ST. How does intersectionality impact work attitudes? The effect of layered group memberships in a field sample. J Busin Psychol. 2021;36(6):1035–1052.
  • Taylor-Ritzler T, Balcazar FE, Suarez-Balcazar Y, et al. Engaging ethnically diverse individuals with disabilities in the vocational rehabilitation system: themes of empowerment and oppression. J Vocat Rehabil. 2010;33(1):3–14.
  • Berghs M, Dyson S, Greene AM, et al. They can replace you at any time!: (in)visible hyper-ableism, employment and sickle cell disorders in England. Scand J Disab Res. 2021;23(1):348–359.
  • Woodhams C, Lupton B, Perkins G, et al. Multiple disadvantage and wage growth: the effect of merit pay on pay gaps. Human Resou Manag. 2015;54(2):283–301.
  • Lempp H, Scott D, Kingsley G. The personal impact of rheumatoid arthritis on patients’ identity: a qualitative study. Chronic Illn. 2006;2(2):109–120.
  • Pestana C. A qualitative exploration of the life experiences of adults diagnosed with mild learning disabilities from minority ethnic communities. Tizard Learn Disab Rev. 2011;16(5):6–13.
  • Nangia P, Arora T. Discrimination in the workplace in Canada: an intersectional approach. Canadian J Sociol. 2021;46:147–177.
  • El-Lahib Y. Social work at the intersection of disability and displacement: rethinking our role. J Progres Human Serv. 2020;31(1):1–20.
  • Côté D, Dubé J, Gravel S, et al. Cumulative stigma among injured immigrant workers: a qualitative exploratory study in Montreal (Quebec, Canada). Disabil Rehabil. 2020;42(8):1153–1166.
  • van der Heever MM, van der Merwe AS. Discriminatory behavior in nursing persist regardless of antidiscriminatory legislation. Policy Polit Nurs Pract. 2021;22(3):180–190.
  • Moodley J, Graham L. The importance of intersectionality in disability and gender studies. Agenda. 2015;29(2):24–33.
  • Fylling I, Melboe L. Culturalisation, homogenisation, assimilation? Intersectional perspectives on the life experiences of Sami people with disabilities. Scand J Disab Res. 2019;21(1):89–99.
  • Breault RA, Lack B. Equity and empowerment in PDS work: a review of literature (1999–2006). Equ Excell Educ. 2009;42(2):152–168.
  • Wolbring G, Lillywhite A. Equity/equality, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) in universities: the case of disabled people. Societies. 2021;11(2):soc11020049.
  • Armstrong G, Haregu T, Young J, et al. What are the effects of ethnicity, sexuality, disability and obesity on the odds of experiencing discrimination among Australian males? A nationwide cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open. 2022;12(1):e053355.
  • Nguyen TT, Vable AM, Glymour MM, et al. Trends for reported discrimination in health care in a national sample of older adults with chronic conditions. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(3):291–297.
  • Qeadan F, Madden EF, Barbeau WA, et al. Associations between discrimination and adverse mental health symptoms and disorder diagnoses among college students in the United States. J Affect Disord. 2022;310:249–257.
  • Liat B-M, Sandy M. An introduction to race, gender, and disability: intersectionality, disability studies, and families of color. Women Gender Famil Color. 2014;2(2):105–114.
  • Benz M, Doren B. Gender equity issues in the vocational and transition services and employment outcomes experienced by young women with disabilities. In: Harilyn Rousso and Michael L Wehmeyer, editors, Essay in double jeopardy: addressing gender equity in special education. Albany: State University of New York Press; 2001. p. 289–312.
  • Brooks K. The daily work of fitting in as a marginalized lawyer. Queen’s Law J. 2019;45(1):157–192.
  • Randle K, Hardy K. Macho, mobile and resilient? How workers with impairments are doubly disabled in project-based film and television work. Work Employ Soc. 2017;31(3):447–464.
  • Blanck P. Disability inclusive employment and the accommodation principle: emerging issues in research, policy, and law. J Occup Rehabil. 2020;30(4):505–510.
  • Lindsay S, Fuentes K. It is time to address ableism in academia: a systematic review of the experiences and impact of ableism among faculty and staff. Disabilities. 2022;2(2):178–203.
  • Gonzales E, Whetung C, Lee YJ, et al. Work demands and cognitive health inequities by race and ethnicity: a scoping review. Gerontologist. 2022;62(5):e282–e292.
  • Schilgen B, Nienhaus A, Handtke O, et al. Health situation of migrant and minority nurses: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0179183.
  • McDowell C, Fossey E. Workplace accommodations for people with mental illness: a scoping review. J Occup Rehabil. 2015;25(1):197–206.
  • Nogues S, Finucan J. Economic evaluations of workplace mental health interventions: a critical review. Canad J Admin Sci. 2018;35(4):551–562.
  • Yeager P, Kaye HS, Reed M, et al. Assistive technology and employment: experiences of californians with disabilities. Work. 2006;27(4):333–344.
  • Harpur PD. Ableism at work: disablement and hierarchies of impairment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2020. (Cambridge Disability Law and Policy Series).
  • Lindsay S, Cagliostro E, Carafa G. A systematic review of workplace disclosure and accommodation requests among youth and young adults with disabilities. Disabil Rehabil. 2018;40(25):2971–2986.
  • Morris S. Workplace accommodations for employees with disabilities in Canada, 2017. Canadian Survey on disability. Canada: Statistics Canada; 2019.
  • Lindsay S, Cagliostro E, Leck J, et al. Disability disclosure and workplace accommodations among youth with disabilities. Disabil Rehabil. 2019;41(16):1914–1924.
  • Lavaysse LM, Probst TM, Arena DF. Jr Is more always merrier? Intersectionality as an antecedent of job insecurity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(11):59.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.