The feasibility of a stepping exergame prototype for older adults with major neurocognitive disorder residing in a long-term care facility: a mixed methods pilot study

References

• Alzheimer’s Disease International. World alzheimer report 2019: attitudes to dementia.London: alzheimer’s Disease International; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• LoGiudice D, Watson R. Dementia in older people: an update. Intern Med J. 2014;44(11):1066–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grande G, Triolo F, Nuara A, et al. Measuring gait speed to better identify prodromal dementia. Experimental Gerontology. 2019;124:110625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Low L-F, Schwenk M, et al. Review of gait, cognition, and fall risks with implications for fall prevention in older adults with dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2019;48(1-2):17–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma S, Mueller C, Stewart R, et al. Predictors of falls and fractures leading to hospitalization in people with dementia: a representative cohort study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19(7):607–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arvanitakis Z, Shah RC, Bennett DA. Diagnosis and management of dementia: review. Jama. 2019;322(16):1589–1599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderiesen H, et al. A systematic review - physical activity in dementia: the influence of the nursing home environment. Appl Ergon. 2014;45(6):1678–1686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes D, Forbes SC, Blake CM, et al. Exercise programs for people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(4):Cd006489.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vancampfort D, et al. The impact of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions to improve physical health outcomes in people with dementia: a Meta-Review of Meta-Analyses of randomized controlled trials. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(10):1410–1414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groot C, Hooghiemstra AM, Raijmakers P, et al. The effect of physical activity on cognitive function in patients with dementia: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Ageing Res Rev. 2016;25:13–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam FM, Huang M-Z, Liao L-R, et al. Physical exercise improves strength, balance, mobility, and endurance in people with cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review. p. J Physiother. 2018;64(1):4–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolanowski AM, Litaker M, Buettner L. Efficacy of theory-based activities for behavioral symptoms of dementia. Nurs Res. 2005;54(4):219–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Santen J, Dröes R-M, Holstege M, et al. Effects of exergaming in people with dementia: results of a systematic literature review. JAD. 2018;63(2):741–760.
   Google Scholar
• Meekes W, Stanmore EK. Motivational determinants of exergame participation for older people in assisted living facilities: mixed-Methods study. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(7):e238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggenberger P, et al. Multicomponent physical exercise with simultaneous cognitive training to enhance dual-task walking of older adults: a secondary analysis of a 6-month randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Clinical Intervent Aging. 2015;10:1711–1732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichierri G, et al. Cognitive and cognitive-motor interventions affecting physical functioning: a systematic review. Bmc Geriatrics. 2011;
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamidis PD, Vivas AB, Styliadis C, et al. A review of physical and cognitive interventions in aging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;44:206–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bruin ED, Schoene D, Pichierri G, et al. Use of virtual reality technique for the training of motor control in the elderly some theoretical considerations. Z Gerontol Geriat. 2010;43(4):229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanmore E, Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, et al. The effect of active video games on cognitive functioning in clinical and non-clinical populations: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;78:34–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietlein C, Eichberg S, Fleiner T, et al. Feasibility and effects of serious games for people with dementia: a systematic review and recommendations for future research. Gerontechnology. 2018;17(1):1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Swinnen N, Vandenbulcke M, Vancampfort D. Exergames in people with major neurocognitive disorder: a systematic review. Disab Rehabil Assist Technol. 2020;
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert P, Albrengues C, Fabre R, et al. Efficacy of serious exergames in improving neuropsychiatric symptoms in neurocognitive disorders: results of the X-TORP cluster randomized trial. Alzheimers Dement. 2021;7(1):e12149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Sadoun G, Sacco G, Manera V, et al. Physical and cognitive stimulation using an exergame in subjects with normal aging, mild and moderate cognitive impairment. JAD. 2016;53(4):1299–1314.
   Google Scholar
• Swinnen N, et al. Exergaming for people with major neurocognitive disorder: a qualitative study. Disab Rehabil. 2020;
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappen DL, Mirza-Babaei P, Nacke LE. Older adults’ physical activity and exergames: a systematic review. Internat J Hum Comp Interact. 2019;35(2):140–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitaal. 2020. https://vitaal.fit
   Google Scholar
• Active and Assisted Living. 2020. http://www.aal-europe.eu/
   Google Scholar
• Swinnen N, et al. The VITAAL stepping exergame prototype for older adults with major neurocognitive disorder: a usability study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:701319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen DJ, Kreuter M, Spring B, et al. How we design feasibility studies. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2009;36(5):452–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutron I, Moher D, Altman DG, for the CONSORT Group, et al. Extending the CONSORT statement to randomized trials of nonpharmacologic treatment: explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(4):295–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuschieri S. The CONSORT statement. Saudi J Anaesth. 2019;13(5):27–s30.
   Google Scholar
• Eldridge SM, et al. CONSORT 2010 statement: extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials. BMJ. 2016;355: p:i5239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• ACSM Exergaming. https://www.acsm.org/docs/brochures/exergaming.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bohannon RW, Crouch R. 1-Minute sit-to-Stand test: systematic review of procedures, performance, and clinimetric properties. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2019;39(1):2–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol. 1994;49(2):M85–M94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox B, Henwood T, Neville C, et al. Relative and absolute reliability of functional performance measures for adults with dementia living in residential aged care. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(10):1659–1667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombaugh TN, McIntyre NJ. The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40(9):922–935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivedi D. Cochrane review summary: mini-Mental state examination (MMSE) for the detection of dementia in clinically unevaluated people aged 65 and over in community and primary care populations. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2017;18(06):527–528.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cummings JL. The neuropsychiatric inventory: assessing psychopathology in dementia patients. Neurology. 1997;48(Issue 5, Supplement 6):10S–16S.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexopoulos GS, Abrams RC, Young RC, et al. Cornell scale for depression in dementia. Biol Psychiatry. 1988;23(3):271–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolak-Thierry A, Novella J-L, Barbe C, et al. Comparison of QoL-AD and DQoL in elderly with alzheimer’s disease. Aging Ment Health. 2015;19(3):274–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brod M, Stewart AL, Sands L, et al. Conceptualization and measurement of quality of life in dementia: the dementia quality of life instrument (DQoL). Gerontologist. 1999;39(1):25–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okubo Y, Schoene D, Lord SR. Step training improves reaction time, gait and balance and reduces falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2016;
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kattenstroth J-C, Kalisch T, Holt S, et al. Six months of dance intervention enhances postural, sensorimotor, and cognitive performance in elderly without affecting cardio-respiratory functions. Front Aging Neurosci. 2013;5: 5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merom D, Cumming R, Mathieu E, et al. Can social dancing prevent falls in older adults? a protocol of the dance, aging, cognition, economics (DAnCE) fall prevention randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1): 1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gajewski PD, Falkenstein M. Physical activity and neurocognitive functioning in aging - a condensed updated review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. 2016;13:1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim K, Pysklywec A, Plante M, et al. The effectiveness of tai chi for short-term cognitive function improvement in the early stages of dementia in the elderly: a systematic literature review. CIA. 2019;14:827–839.
   Google Scholar
• de Bruin E, Schmidt A. Walking behaviour of healthy elderly: attention should be paid. Behav Brain Functions. 2010;
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segev-Jacubovski O, Herman T, Yogev-Seligmann G, et al. The interplay between gait, falls and cognition: can cognitive therapy reduce fall risk? Expert Rev Neurother. 2011;11(7):1057–1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yogev-Seligmann G, Hausdorff JM, Giladi N. The role of executive function and attention in gait. Mov Disord. 2008;23(3):329–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtzer R, Verghese J, Xue X, et al. Cognitive processes related to gait velocity: results from the einstein aging study. Neuropsychology. 2006;20(2):215–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirelman A, Herman T, Brozgol M, et al. Executive function and falls in older adults: new findings from a five-year prospective study link fall risk to cognition. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e40297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guimarães V, et al. Design and evaluation of an exergame for motor-cognitive training and fall prevention in older adults., In: Proceedings of the 4th EAI international conference on smart objects and technologies for social good. Association for Computing Machinery: Bologna, Italy. 2018. p. 202–207.
   Google Scholar
• Wiloth S, Lemke N, Werner C, et al. Validation of a computerized, game-based assessment strategy to measure training effects on Motor-Cognitive functions in people with dementia. JMIR Serious Games. 2016;4(2):e12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiloth S, et al. Motor-cognitive effects of a computerized game-based training method in people with dementia: a randomized controlled trial. Aging Ment Health. 2017;.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittelsberger R, Krug S, Tittlbach S[, et al. The influence of Nintendo-Wii(R) bowling upon residents of retirement homes. Z Gerontol Geriat. 2013;46(5):425–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann TC, et al. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. Bmj. 2014;348: p:g1687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leech BL. Asking Questions: techniques for semistructured interviews. Polit Sci Politics 2002;35(4):665–668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beuscher L, Grando VT. Challenges in conducting qualitative research with individuals with dementia. Res Gerontol Nurs. 2009;2(1):6–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellström I, Nolan M, Nordenfelt L, et al. Ethical and methodological issues in interviewing persons with dementia. Nurs Ethics. 2007;14(5):608–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bruin E, et al. Feasibility of strength-balance training extended with computer game dancing in older people; does it affect dual task costs of walking? J Novel Physiother. 2011;
   Google Scholar
• Hauer K, Oster P. Measuring functional performance in persons with dementia. J Am Geriatrics Soc. 2008;56(5):949–950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trumpf R, Morat T, Zijlstra W, et al. Assessment of functional performance in acute geriatric psychiatry – time for new strategies? J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2020;33(6):316–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Pieper CF, et al. Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55(4):M221–M231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostir GV, Volpato S, Fried LP, et al. Reliability and sensitivity to change assessed for a summary measure of lower body function: results from the women’s health and aging study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2002;55(9):916–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen CF, Bergland A. Reliability of the norwegian version of the short physical performance battery in older people with and without dementia. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidya T, de Bisschop C, Beaumont M, et al. Is the 1-minute sit-to-stand test a good tool for the evaluation of the impact of pulmonary rehabilitation? Determination of the minimal important difference in COPD. COPD. 2016;11:2609–2616.
   Google Scholar
• Reychler G, Boucard E, Peran L, et al. One minute sit-to-stand test is an alternative to 6MWT to measure functional exercise performance in COPD patients. Clin Respir J. 2018;12(3):1247–1256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velayudhan L, Ryu S-H, Raczek M, et al. Review of brief cognitive tests for patients with suspected dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(8):1247–1262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor DJ, Sabbagh MN, Cummings JL. Comment on administration and scoring of the neuropsychiatric inventory in clinical trials. Alzheimers Dement. 2008;4(6):390–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings JL. The neuropsychiatric inventory. 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Barca ML, Engedal K, Selbæk G. A reliability and validity study of the cornell scale among elderly inpatients, using various clinical criteria. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2010;29(5):438–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamawe FC. The implication of using NVivo software in qualitative data analysis: evidence-Based reflections. Mal Med J. 2015;27(1):13–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLafferty E, Farley AH. Analysing qualitative research data using computer software. Nurs Times. 2006;102(24):34–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braun V, Clarke V. What can "thematic analysis" offer health and wellbeing researchers?, in. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-Being. 2014;9(1):26152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell JW. A concise introduction to mixed methods research. In: Creswell JW, editor. Introduction to mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks (CA): SAGE; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• López-Ortiz S, Valenzuela PL, Seisdedos MM, et al. Exercise interventions in alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ageing Res Rev. 2021;72:101479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Almeida SIL, Gomes da Silva M, Marques A. Home-Based physical activity programs for people with dementia: Systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Gerontologist. 2020;60(8):600–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julayanont P, et al. Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA): concept and clinical review. In: Larner EJ, editor. Cognitive screening instruments. Springer-Verlag; 2013. p. 111–151.
   Google Scholar
• Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, et al. The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatrics Soc. 2005;53(4):695–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koski L, Xie H, Konsztowicz S. Improving precision in the quantification of cognition using the montreal cognitive assessment and the Mini-Mental state examination. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(7):1107–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Roeck EE, et al. Brief cognitive screening instruments for early detection of alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019;11(1):21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karssemeijer EGA, et al. The quest for synergy between physical exercise and cognitive stimulation via exergaming in people with dementia: a randomized controlled trial. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019;11(1):3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinnen N, et al. The efficacy of exergaming in people with major neurocognitive disorder residing in long-term care facilities: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2021;13(1):70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent KR, Braith RW, Bottiglieri T, et al. Homocysteine and lipoprotein levels following resistance training in older adults. Prev Cardiol. 2003;6(4):197–203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ding Q, Vaynman S, Akhavan M, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I interfaces with brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity to modulate aspects of exercise-induced cognitive function. Neuroscience. 2006;140(3):823–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maass A, Düzel S, Brigadski T, et al. Relationships of peripheral IGF-1, VEGF and BDNF levels to exercise-related changes in memory, hippocampal perfusion and volumes in older adults. Neuroimage. 2016;131:142–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duzel E, van Praag H, Sendtner M. Can physical exercise in old age improve memory and hippocampal function? Brain. 2016;139(3):662–673.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson-Hanley C, et al. The aerobic and cognitive exercise study (ACES) for Community-Dwelling older adults with or at-Risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI): neuropsychological, neurobiological and neuroimaging outcomes of a randomized clinical trial. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018;10:76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waltson, JD. Sarcopenia in older adults. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2012;24(6):623–627.
   Google Scholar
• Dove E, Astell AJ. The use of motion-based technology for people living with dementia or mild cognitive impairment: a literature review. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(1):e3.
   Google Scholar
• Waite SJ, Maitland S, Thomas A, et al. Sarcopenia and frailty in individuals with dementia: a systematic review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2021;92:104268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dove E, Astell A. The kinect project: group motion-based gaming for people living with dementia. Dementia. 2019;18(6):2189–2205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Lorito C, et al. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis on digital health interventions for people living with dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2022;37(6). DOI:10.1002/gps.5730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauro J. A practical guide to the system usability scale: background, benchmarks & best practices. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform: Scotts Valley, California, US; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Thordardottir B, Malmgren Fänge A, Lethin C, et al. Acceptance and use of innovative assistive technologies among people with cognitive impairment and their caregivers: a systematic review. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:9196729. 2019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YT, Kels CG. Ethical considerations in electronic monitoring of the cognitively impaired. J Am Board Fam Med. 2017;30(2):258–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guisado-Fernández E, Giunti G, Mackey LM, et al. Factors influencing the adoption of smart health technologies for people with dementia and their informal caregivers: Scoping review and design framework. JMIR Aging. 2019;2(1):e12192. e12192.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Podcasy JL, Epperson CN. Considering sex and gender in alzheimer disease and other dementias. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2016;18(4):437–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaamse overheid. Statistiek Vlaanderen. Care and assistance for elderly people. 2018. https://www.statistiekvlaanderen.be/en/care-and-assistance-for-elderly-people
   Google Scholar
• Ulbrecht G, Wagner D, Gräßel E. Exergames and their acceptance among nursing home residents. Activit Adaptation Aging. 2012;36(2):93–106.
   Google Scholar
• Tracey TJ. A note on socially desirable responding. J Couns Psychol. 2016;63(2):224–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liyanage SI, Santos C, Weaver DF. The hidden variables problem in Alzheimer’s disease clinical trial design. Alzheimer Dement. 2018;4:628–635.
   Google Scholar
• Okubo Y, Schoene D, Lord SR. Step training improves reaction time, gait and balance and reduces falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(7):586–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar