Applying an intersectional ecological framework to understand ableism and racism in employment among youth and young adults with disabilities

References

• Lindsay S, McDougall C, Menna-Dack D, et al. An ecological approach to understanding barriers to employment for youth with disabilities compared to their typically developing peers: views of youth, employers, and job counselors. Disabil Rehabil. 2015;37(8):701–711. doi:10.3109/09638288.2014.939775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay S, et al. Exploring the lived experiences of ethnic minority youth with disabilities: a qualitative systematic review. Disabil Rehabil. 2023;45(4):588–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay S, et al. Exploring the relationships between race and ethnicity on school and work outcomes among youth and young adults with disabilities: a scoping review. Disabil Rehabil. 2022;44(25):8110–8129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alston R, Harley D, Middleton R. The role of rehabilitation in achieving social justice for minorities with disabilities. J. Vocat. Rehabil. 2006;24:129–136.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson K, Harley D, Alston R. Race as a correlate of vocational rehabilitation acceptance: revisited. J Rehabil. 2001;67:35–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eilenberg JS, Paff M, Harrison AJ, et al. Disparities based on race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status over the transition to adulthood among adolescents and young adults on the autism spectrum: a systematic review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(5):32. doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1016-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trainor A, et al. From marginalized to maximized opportunities for diverse youths with disabilities: a position paper of the Division on Career Development and Transition. Career Dev Except Individ. 2008;31(1):56–64. doi:10.1177/0885728807313777.
   Google Scholar
• Achola E. Practicing what we preach: reclaiming the promise of multicultural transition programming. Career DevTransit Except Individ. 2019;42(3):188–193. doi:10.1177/2165143418766498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson E, et al. The wellbeing of working-age adults with and without disability in the UK: associations with age, gender, ethnicity, partnership status, educational attainment and employment status. Disabil Health. 2020;13:1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landmark L, Zhang D, Montoya L. Culturally diverse parent’s experiences in their children’s transition: knowledge and involvement. Career Dev Except Individ. 2007;30(2):68–79. doi:10.1177/08857288070300020401.
   Google Scholar
• Hair E, et al. Youth who are disconnected and those who then reconnect: assessing the influence of family, programs, peers and communities. Child Trends. 2009;37:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Fuentes K, Hsu S, Patel S, et al. More than just double discrimination: a scoping review of the experiences and impact of ableism and racism in employment. Disabil Rehabil. 2024;46(4):650–671. doi:10.1080/09638288.2023.2173315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomas V, Ahmed H, Lindsay S. Unravelling the complexities of workplace disability disclosure among persons with non-visible disabilities: a qualitative meta-ethnography. J Occup Rehabil. 2022;32(3):538–563. doi:10.1007/s10926-022-10023-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Follmer K, Sabat I, Siuta R. Disclosure of stigmatized identities at work: an interdisciplinary review and agenda for future research. J Org Behav. 2020;41(2):169–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santuzzi A, et al. Uncovering antecedents and consequences of identity management strategies for workers with concealable disabilities. J Soc Issues. 2019;75(3):847–880. doi:10.1111/josi.12320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones K, King E. Managing concealable stigmas at work: a review and multilevel model. J Manag. 2014;40(5):1466–1494. doi:10.1177/0149206313515518.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay S, Fuentes K, Tomas V, et al. Ableism and workplace discrimination among youth and young adults with disabilities: a systematic review. J Occup Rehabil. 2022;33(1):20–36. doi:10.1007/s10926-022-10049-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artiles A. Untangling the facilitation of disabilities: an intersectionality critique across disability models. Du Bois Rev. 2013;10(2):329–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S, et al. My autism is my own: autism identity and intersectionality in the school context. Autism Adulthood. 2022;4(4):315–327. doi:10.1089/aut.2021.0087.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mireles D. Theorizing racist ableism. Teach Coll Rec. 2022;124(7):17–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillborn D. Intersectionality, critical race theory, and the primacy of racism: race, class, gender and disability in education. Qual Inq. 2015;21(3):277–287. doi:10.1177/1077800414557827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nangia P, Arora T. Discrimination in the workplace in Canada: an intersectional approach. Canadian J Sociol. 2021;46(2):147–177. doi:10.29173/cjs29736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle N, McDowall A, Waseem U. Intersectional stigma for autistic people at work: a compound adverse impact effect on labor force participation and experiences of belonging. Autism Adulthood. 2022;4(4):340–356. doi:10.1089/aut.2021.0082.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buncher A, Dawson M. The intersectionality of race, disability, gender and employment through the Project SEARCH lens. J Vocat Rehabil. 2022;56:223–229. doi:10.3233/JVR-221186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine A, Breshears B. Discrimination at every turn: an intersectional ecological lens for rehabilitation. Rehabil Psychol. 2019;64(2):146–153. doi:10.1037/rep0000266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crenshaw K. Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Rev. 1991;43(6):1241–1299. doi:10.2307/1229039.
   Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner U, Vasta R., editor. Six theories of child development: revised formulations and current issues. In Ecological systems theory. London: Kingsley; 1992.p 187–249.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay S, et al. Gender matters in the transition to employment for young adults with physical disabilities. Disabil Rehabil. 2018;41(3):319–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magill-Evans J, Galambos N, Darrah J, et al. Predictors of employment for young adults with developmental motor disabilities. Work. 2008;31(4):433–442.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naples N, Mauldin L, Dillaway H. Gender, disability and intersectionality. Gender Soc. 2018;33(1):5–18. doi:10.1177/0891243218813309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer G. Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: challenges and the potential to advance health equity. Soc Sci Med. 2014;110:10–17. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg L. The problem with the phrase women and minorities: intersectionality–an important theoretical framework for public health. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(7):1267–1273. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sontag J. Toward a comprehensive theoretical framework for disability research: bronfrenbrenner revisited. J Spec Educ. 1996;30:319–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner U. The experimental ecology of education. Educ Res. 1976;5:5–15.
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Saca D, Kahn L, Cannon M. Intersectionality disability research: how disability research in education engages intersectionality to uncover the multidimensional construction of disabled experiences. Rev Res Educ. 2018;42:286–311. doi:10.3102/0091732X18762439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins P. Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness and the politics of empowerment. New York: Routledge; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Abrams J, et al. Considerations for employing intersectionality in qualitative health research. Soc Sci Med. 2020;258:113138). doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
   Google Scholar
• Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32 item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349–357. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzm042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. Portrait of youth in Canada. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay S, et al. Employers’ and employment counselors’ perceptions of desirable skills for entry-level positions for adolescents: how does it differ for youth with disabilities? Disabil Soc. 2014;29(6):953–967. doi:10.1080/09687599.2013.874330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennink M, Kaiser B, Marconi V. Code saturation versus meaning saturation: how many interviews are enough? Qual Health Res. 2017;27(4):591–608. doi:10.1177/1049732316665344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay S. A comparative analysis of data quality in online Zoom versus phone interviews: an example of youth with and without disabilities. Sage Open. 2022;12(4):1–11. doi:10.1177/21582440221140098.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay S, Hayre C, et al., editors. Lessons learned in conducting online zoom qualitative interviews during the COVID-19 pandemic with youth with disabilities, in The future of qualitative research in healthcare: the role and management of digital methods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Fereday J, Muir-Cochrane E. Demonstrating rigour using thematic analysis: a hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. Int J Qual Methods. 2006;5(1):80–92. doi:10.1177/160940690600500107.
   Google Scholar
• Rolfe G. Validity, trustworthiness and rigour: quality and the idea of qualitative research. J Adv Nurs. 2006;53(3):304–310. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03727.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal G. Disability, intersectionality and deprivation: an excluded agenda. Psychol Dev Soc. 2011;23(2):159–176. doi:10.1177/097133361102300202.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay S, et al. Applying an ecological framework to understand transition pathways to post-secondary education for youth with physical disabilities. Disabil Rehabil. 2018;40(3):277–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehman P. Transition from school to work: where are we and where do we need to go. Career Dev Trans Except Individ. 2013;36:58–66.
   Google Scholar
• Chen W, Gregory A. Parental involvement as protective factor during the transition to high school. J Educ Res. 2009;103:53–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay S, et al. A framework for developing employer’s disability confidence. Equal Divers Inclus. 2019;38(1):40–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, et al. Experiences of racism and racial disparities in health care among children and youth with autism and their caregivers: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil. 2024. reviewing press.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay S, McPherson A, Maxwell J. Perspectives of school-work transitions among youth with spina bifida, their parents and health care providers. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39(7):641–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay S, McDougall C, Sanford R. Disclosure, accommodations and self-care at work among adolescents with disabilities. Disabil Rehabil. 2013;35(26):2227–2236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay S, Ahmed H. School and employment-related barriers for youth and young adults with and without a disability during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Greater Toronto Area. Adolescents. 2021;1:442–460. doi:10.3390/adolescents1040034.
   Google Scholar
• Cimera R, Burgess S, Bedesem P. Does providing transition services by age 14 produce better vocational outcomes for students with intellectual disability. Res Pract Persons Severe Disabil. 2014;39:47–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay S, et al. Disclosure and accommodation and workplace accommodations among youth with disabilities. Disabil Rehabil. 2019;41(16):1914–1924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards E. Centering race to move towards an intersectional ecological framework for defining school safety for Black students. School Psychol Rev. 2021;50(2):254–273. doi:10.1080/2372966X.2021.1930580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vo T. The whiteness of ‘safe’ spaces: developing a conceptual framework to critically examine the well-being or racialized 2SLGBTQ+ people within 2SLGBTQ+ leisure spaces. Canadian J Hum Sex. 2021;30(2):219–231. doi:10.3138/cjhs.2021-0016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar