Assessment approaches for hemiplegic shoulder pain in people living with stroke – A scoping review

References

• Feigin VL, Brainin M, Norrving B, et al. World Stroke Organization (WSO): global stroke fact sheet 2022. Int J Stroke. 2022;17(1):18–29. doi: 10.1177/17474930211065917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama H, Jørgensen HS, Raaschou HO, et al. Compensation in recovery of upper extremity function after stroke: the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(8):852–857. doi: 10.1016/0003-9993(94)90108-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd RB, Carr JH. The shoulder following stroke: preserving musculoskeletal integrity for function. Top Stroke Rehabil. 1998;4(4):35–53. doi: 10.1310/U7QR-A17D-16XR-5GBT.
   Google Scholar
• Janus-Laszuk B, Mirowska-Guzel D, Sarzynska-Dlugosz I, et al. Effect of medical complications on the after-stroke rehabilitation outcome. NeuroRehabilitation. 2017;40(2):223–232. doi: 10.3233/NRE-161407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanklyn P, Forster A, Young J. Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP): natural history and investigation of associated features. Disabil Rehabil. 1996;18(10):497–501. doi: 10.3109/09638289609166035.
   Google Scholar
• Anwer S, Alghadir A. Incidence, prevalence, and risk factors of hemiplegic shoulder pain: a systematic review. IJERPH. 2020;17(14):4962. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17144962.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar P, Fernando C, Mendoza D, et al. Risk and associated factors for hemiplegic shoulder pain in people with stroke: a systematic literature review. Phys Thera Rev. 2021;27(3):191–204. doi: 10.1080/10833196.2021.2019369.
   Google Scholar
• Lindgren I, Jönsson AC, Norrving B, et al. Shoulder pain after stroke: a prospective population-based study. Stroke. 2007;38(2):343–348. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000254598.16739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adey-Wakeling Z, Arima H, Crotty M, et al. Incidence and associations of hemiplegic shoulder pain poststroke: prospective population-based study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(2):241–247.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.09.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adey-Wakeling Z, Liu E, Crotty M, et al. Hemiplegic shoulder pain reduces quality of life after acute stroke: a prospective population-based study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;95(10):758–763. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolucci S, Iosa M, Toni D, et al. Prevalence and time course of post-stroke pain: a multicenter prospective hospital-based study. Pain Med. 2016;17(5):924–930. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnv019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasudevan JM, Browne BJ. Hemiplegic shoulder pain: an approach to diagnosis and management. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2014;25(2):411–437. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2014.01.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viana R, Pereira S, Mehta S, et al. Evidence for therapeutic interventions for hemiplegic shoulder pain during the chronic stage of stroke: a review. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2012;19(6):514–522. doi: 10.1310/tsr1906-514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes RJ, Connell LA. A survey of the current practice of intramuscular Botulinum toxin injections for hemiplegic shoulder pain in the UK. Disabil Rehabil. 2019;41(6):720–726. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2017.1400596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Clinical Guidelines for Stroke for the United Kingdom and Ireland. 2023 [cited 2024 July 15]. https://www.strokeguideline.org/chapter/motor-recovery-and-physical-effects-of-stroke/#342
   Google Scholar
• Kumar P, Turton A, Cramp M, et al. Management of hemiplegic shoulder pain: a UK-wide online survey of physiotherapy and occupational therapy practice. Physiother Res Int. 2020;26(1):e1874. doi: 10.1002/pri.1874.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen C, Chen T, Weng M, et al. The effect of electroacupuncture on shoulder subluxation for stroke patients. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2000;16(10):525–532. doi: 10.1155/2021/5329881.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dean C, Mackey F, Katrak P. Examination of shoulder ­positioning after stroke: a randomised controlled pilot trial. Aust J Physiother. 2000;46(1):35–40. doi: 10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60312-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamble G, Barberan E, Bowsher D, et al. Post stroke shoulder pain: more common than previously realized. Eur J Pain. 2000;4(3):313–315. doi: 10.1053/eujp.2000.0192.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanger H, Whitewood P, Brown G, et al. A randomized controlled trial of strapping to prevent post-stroke shoulder pain. Clin Rehabil. 2000;14(4):370–380. doi: 10.1191/0269215500cr339oa.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snels IA, Beckerman H, Twisk JW, et al. Effect of triamcinolone acetonide injections on hemiplegic shoulder pain. Stroke. 2000;31(10):2396–2401. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.31.10.2396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zorowitz R. Recovery patterns of shoulder subluxation ­after stroke: a six-month follow-up study. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2001;8(2):1–9. doi: 10.1310/LADU-8LJY-KTQ0-L5DJ.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gamble G, Barberan E, Laasch H, et al. Poststroke Shoulder pain: a prospective study of the association and risk factors in 152 patients from a consecutive cohort of 205 patients presenting with stroke. Eur J Pain. 2002;6(6):467–474. doi: 10.1053/eujp.2000.0192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson D, Turner-Stokes L, Khatoon A, et al. Development of an integrated care pathway for the management of hemiplegic shoulder pain. Disabil Rehabil. 2002;24(7):390–398. doi: 10.1080/09638280110101569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang R, Yang Y, Tsai M, et al. Effects of functional electric stimulation on upper limb motor function and shoulder range of motion in hemiplegic patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;81(4):283–290. doi: 10.1097/00002060-200204000-00007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo S, Chen S, Lin H, et al. Arthrographic and clinical findings in patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;84(12):1786–1791. doi: 10.1016/s0003-9993(03)00408-8.
   Google Scholar
• Ratnasabapathy Y, Broad J, Baskett J, et al. Shoulder pain in people with a stroke: a population-based study. Clin Rehabil. 2003;17(3):304–311. doi: 10.1191/0269215503cr612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner-Stokes L, Rusconi S. Screening for ability to complete a questionnaire: a preliminary evaluation of the AbilityQ and ShoulderQ for assessing shoulder pain in stroke ­patients. Clin Rehabil. 2003;17(2):150–157. doi: 10.1191/0269215503cr595oa.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aras M, Gokkaya N, Comert D, et al. Shoulder pain in hemiplegia: results from a national rehabilitation hospital in Turkey. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;83(9):713–719. doi: 10.1097/01.phm.0000138739.18844.88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiLorenzo L, Traballesi M, Morelli D, et al. Hemiparetic shoulder pain syndrome treated with deep dry needling during early rehabilitation: a prospective, open-label, randomized investigation. J Musculoskelet Pain. 2004;12(2):25–34. doi: 10.1300/J094v12n02_04.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean DE. Medical complications experienced by a cohort of stroke survivors during inpatient, tertiary-level stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(3):466–469. doi: 10.1016/j.ctnm.2004.05.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mok E, Pang Woo C. The effects of slow-stroke back massage on anxiety and shoulder pain in elderly stroke ­patients. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 2004;10(4):209–216. doi: 10.1016/j.ctnm.2004.05.006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Renzenbrink G, Ijzerman M. Percutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (P-NMES) for treating shoulder pain in chronic hemiplegia. Effects on shoulder pain and quality of life. Clin Rehabil. 2004;18(4):359–365. doi: 10.1053/apmr.2001.18666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu D, Chae J, Walker M, et al. Intramuscular neuromuscular electric stimulation for poststroke shoulder pain: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(5):695–704. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2003.07.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chae J, Yu D, Walker M, et al. intramuscular electrical stimulation for hemiplegic shoulder pain: a 12-month follow-up of a multiple-center, randomized clinical trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;84(11):832–842. doi: 10.1097/01.phm.0000184154.01880.72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson L, McKenna K. A programme of static positional stretches does not reduce hemiplegic shoulder pain or maintain shoulder range of motion – a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(4):277–286. doi: 10.1191/0269215506cr944oa.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffin A, Bernhardt J. Strapping the hemiplegic shoulder prevents development of pain during rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(4):287–295. doi: 10.1191/0269215505cr941oa.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong L, Nieuwboer A, Aufdemkampe G. Contracture preventive positioning of the hemiplegic arm in subacute stroke patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(8):656–667. doi: 10.1191/0269215506cre1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner-Stokes L, Jackson D. Assessment of shoulder pain in hemiplegia: sensitivity of the ShoulderQ. Disabil Rehabil. 2006;28(6):389–395. doi: 10.1080/09638280500287692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chae J, Mascarenhas D, Yu D, et al. Poststroke shoulder pain: its relationship to motor impairment, activity limitation, and quality of life. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(3):298–301. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.12.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chae J, Ng A, Yu D, et al. Intramuscular electrical stimulation for shoulder pain in hemiplegia: does time from stroke onset predict treatment success? Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(6):561–567. doi: 10.1177/154596830629841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong L, Nieuwboer A, Aufdemkampe G. The hemiplegic arm: interrater reliability and concurrent validity of passive range of motion measurements. Disabil Rehabil. 2007;29(18):1442–1448. doi: 10.1080/09638280601056145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocabas H, Levendoglu F, Ozerbil O, et al. Complex regional pain syndrome in stroke patients. Int J Rehabil Res. 2007;30(1):33–38. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0b013e3280146f57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong K, Neo J, Chua K. A randomized controlled study of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain associated with spasticity. Clin Rehabil. 2007;21(1):28–35. doi: 10.1177/0269215506072082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang C, Wagner J, Edwards D, et al. Upper extremity use in people with hemiparesis in the first few weeks after stroke. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2007;31(2):56–63. doi: 10.1097/NPT.0b013e31806748bd.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marco E, Duarte E, Vila J, et al. Is botulinum toxin type A effective in the treatment of spastic shoulder pain in patients after stroke? A double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Rehabil Med. 2007;39(6):440–447. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paci M, Nannetti L, Taiti P, et al. Shoulder subluxation after stroke: relationships with pain and motor recovery. Physiother Res Int. 2007;12(2):95–104. doi: 10.1002/pri.349.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rajaratnam B, Venketasubramanian N, Kumar P, et al. Predictability of simple clinical tests to identify shoulder pain after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(8):1016–1021. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.05.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seneviratne C. Overnight splinting of the wrist in a neutral or extended position did not prevent contracture after stroke. Evid Based Nurs. 2007;10(3):86. doi: 10.1136/ebn.10.3.86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yelnik A, Colle F, Bonan I, et al. Treatment of shoulder pain in spastic hemiplegia by reducing spasticity of the subscapular muscle: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of botulinum toxin A. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(8):845–848. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.103341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boer K, Arwert H, de Groot J, et al. Shoulder pain and external rotation in spastic hemiplegia do not improve by injection of botulinum toxin A into the subscapular muscle. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(5):581–583. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.128371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dromerick A, Edwards D, Kumar A. Hemiplegic shoulder pain syndrome: frequency and characteristics during inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(8):1589–1593. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.10.051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim J, Koh J, Paik N. Intramuscular botulinum toxin-A ­reduces hemiplegic shoulder pain: a randomized, double-blind, comparative study versus intraarticular triamcinolone acetonide. Stroke. 2008;39(1):126–131. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.484048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedreira G, Cardoso E, Melo A. Botulinum toxin type A for refractory post-stroke shoulder pain. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2008;66(2a):213–215. doi: 10.1590/s0004-282x2008000200014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlak A, Unsal S, Kaya K, et al. Poststroke shoulder pain in Turkish stroke patients: relationship with clinical factors and functional outcomes. Int J Rehabil Res. 2009;32(4):309–315. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0b013e32831e455f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chae J, Jedlicka L. Subacromial corticosteroid injection for poststroke shoulder pain: an exploratory prospective case series. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(3):501–506. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.10.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakse E, Gunduz B, Erhan B, et al. The effect of local ­injections in hemiplegic shoulder pain: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;88(10):805–811. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181b71c65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen Z, Shanahan E, Crotty M. Does suprascapular nerve block reduce shoulder pain following stroke: a double-blind randomised controlled trial with masked outcome assessment. BMC Neurol. 2010;10(1):83. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dogan S, Ay S, Oztuna D, et al. The utility of the faces pain scale in the assessment of shoulder pain in Turkish stroke patients: its relation with quality of life and psychologic status. Int J Rehabil Res. 2010;33(4):363–367. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0b013e32833cdef3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blennerhassett J, Gyngell K, Crean R. Reduced active control and passive range at the shoulder increase risk of shoulder pain during inpatient rehabilitation post-stroke: an observational study. J Physiother. 2010;56(3):195–199. doi: 10.1016/s1836-9553(10)70025-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang YC, Liang PJ, Pong YP, et al. Physical findings and sonography of hemiplegic shoulder in patients after acute stroke during rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med. 2010;42(1):21–26. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castiglione A, Bagnato S, Boccagni C, et al. Efficacy of intra-articular injection of botulinum toxin type A in ­refractory hemiplegic shoulder pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(7):1034–1037. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.01.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardwick D, Lang C. Scapula and humeral movement patterns and their relationship with pain: a preliminary investigation. Int J Ther Rehabil. 2011;18(4):210–220. doi: 10.12968/ijtr.2011.18.4.210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klit H, Finnerup NB, Overvad K, et al. Pain following stroke: a population-based follow-up study. PLOS One. 2011;6(11):e27607. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roosink M, Dongen R, Renzenbrink G, et al. Classifying post-stroke shoulder pain: can the DN4 be helpful? Eur J Pain. 2011;15(1):99–102. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.05.012.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roosink M, Renzenbrink G, Buitenweg J, et al. Somatosensory symptoms and signs and conditioned pain modulation in chronic post-stroke shoulder pain. J Pain. 2011;12(4):476–485. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.10.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roosink M, Renzenbrink G, Buitenweg J, et al. Persistent shoulder pain in the first 6 months after stroke: results of a prospective cohort study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(7):1139–1145. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.02.016.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yasar E, Vural D, Safaz I, et al. Which treatment approach is better for hemiplegic shoulder pain in stroke patients: intra-articular steroid or suprascapular nerve block? A randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25(1):60–68. doi: 10.1177/0269215510380827.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roosink M, Van Dongen R, Buitenweg J, et al. Multimodal and widespread somatosensory abnormalities in persistent shoulder pain in the first 6 months after stroke: an exploratory study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(11):1968–1974. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.05.019.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• An S, Lee G, Kim S. A study of the clinical utility of the BPI-12 and 23 in predicting shoulder pain in stroke ­patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2012;24(5):455–460. doi: 10.1191/0269215503cr612oa.
   Google Scholar
• Chae J, Wilson R, Bennett M, et al. Single-lead percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation for the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain: a case series. Pain Pract. 2012;13(1):59–67. doi: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2012.00541.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marciniak C, Harvey R, Gagnon C, et al. Does botulinum toxin type A decrease pain and lessen disability in hemiplegic survivors of stroke with shoulder pain and spasticity? Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;91(12):1007–1019. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e31826ecb02.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pong Y, Wang L, Huang Y, et al. Sonography and physical findings in stroke patients with hemiplegic shoulders: a longitudinal study. J Rehabil Med. 2012;44(7):553–557. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindgren I, Lexell J, Jönsson A, et al. Left-sided hemiparesis, pain frequency, and decreased passive shoulder range of abduction are predictors of long-lasting poststroke shoulder pain. Pm R. 2012;4(8):561–568. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.04.007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rah U, Yoon S, Moon D, et al. Subacromial corticosteroid injection on poststroke hemiplegic shoulder pain: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(6):949–956. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.02.002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ratmansky M, Defrin R, Soroker N. A randomized controlled study of segmental neuromyotherapy for post-stroke hemiplegic shoulder pain. J Rehabil Med. 2012;44(10):830–836. doi: 10.2340/16501977-1021.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith M. Management of hemiplegic shoulder pain following stroke. Nurs Stand. 2012;26(44):35–44. doi: 10.7748/ns2012.07.26.44.35.c9191.
   Google Scholar
• Adey-Wakeling Z, Crotty M, Shanahan M. Suprascapular nerve block for shoulder pain in the first year after. Stroke. Stroke. 2013;44(11):3136–3141. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong L, Dijkstra P, Gerritsen J, et al. Combined arm stretch positioning and neuromuscular electrical stimulation during rehabilitation does not improve range of ­motion, shoulder pain or function in patients after stroke: a randomized trial. J Physiother. 2013;59(4):245–254. doi: 10.1016/S1836-9553(13)70201-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pandian J, Kaur P, Arora R, et al. Shoulder taping reduces injury and pain in stroke patients: randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2013;80(6):528–532. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318281550e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo Y, Jung W, Park S, et al. The effect of ouhyul herbal acupuncture point injections on shoulder pain after stroke. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:504686. doi: 10.1155/2013/504686.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doğan A, Demirtaş R, Özgirgin N. Intraarticular hydraulic distension with steroids in the management of hemiplegic shoulder. Turk J Med Sci. 2013;43(1):304–310. doi: 10.3906/sag-1110-22.
   Google Scholar
• Chuang L-L, Wu C-y, Lin K-C, et al. Relative and absolute reliability of a vertical numerical pain rating scale supplemented with a faces pain scale after stroke. Phys Ther. 2014;94(1):129–138. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20120422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon W, Park G, Jeong H, et al. The comparison of effects of suprascapular nerve block, intra-articular steroid injection, and a combination therapy on hemiplegic shoulder pain: pilot study. Ann Rehabil Med. 2014;38(2):167–173. doi: 10.5535/arm.2014.38.2.167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karaahmet O, Eksioglu E, Gurcay E, et al. Hemiplegic shoulder pain: associated factors and rehabilitation outcomes of hemiplegic patients with and without shoulder pain. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2014;21(3):237–245. doi: 10.1310/tsr2103-237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y, Jung S, Yang E, et al. Clinical and sonographic risk factors for hemiplegic shoulder pain: a longitudinal observational study. J Rehabil Med. 2014;46(1):81–87. doi: 10.2340/16501977-1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon Y, Kwon J, Lee N, et al. Prevalence and determinants of pain in the ipsilateral upper limb of stroke patients. Percept Mot Skills. 2014;119(3):799–810. doi: 10.2466/26.29.PMS.119c28z2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindgren I, Ekstrand E, Lexell J, et al. Somatosensory ­impairments are common after stroke but have only a small impact on post-stroke shoulder pain. J Rehabil Med. 2014;46(4):307–313. doi: 10.2340/16501977-1274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuster-Amft C, Eng K, Lehmann I, et al. Using mixed methods to evaluate efficacy and user expectations of a virtual reality–Based training system for upper-limb recovery in patients after stroke: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2014;15(1):350. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-350.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suriya-Amarit D, Gaogasigam C, Siriphorn A, et al. Effect of interferential current stimulation in management of hemiplegic shoulder pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(8):1441–1446. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.04.002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson R, Gunzler D, Bennett M, et al. Peripheral nerve stimulation compared with usual care for pain relief of hemiplegic shoulder pain: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;93(1):17–28. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Chuang L, Hsu A, et al. Test–retest reliability of a vertical numerical rating scale supplemented with a faces rating scale for assessing hemiplegic shoulder pain. Physiotherapy. 2015;101:e231–e232. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20120422.
   Google Scholar
• Comley-White N, Mudzi W, Musenge E. A comparison of two shoulder strapping techniques for patients with stroke. Physiotherapy. 2015;101:e261. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.445.
   Google Scholar
• Heo M, Kim C, Nam C. Influence of the application of ­inelastic taping on shoulder subluxation and pain changes in acute stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(11):3393–3395. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.3393.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao H, Nie W, Sun Y, et al. Warm needling therapy and acupuncture at Meridian-Sinew sites based on the Meridian-Sinew theory: hemiplegic shoulder pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:694973. doi: 10.1155/2015/694973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee G, Son C, Lee J, et al. Acupuncture for shoulder pain after stroke: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur J Integr Med. 2016;8(4):373–383. doi: 10.1016/j.eujim.2016.06.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee S, Hayner K, Arumugam N, et al. The California tri-pull taping method in the treatment of shoulder subluxation after stroke: a randomized clinical trial. N Am J Med Sci. 2016;8(4):175–182. doi: 10.4103/1947-2714.179933.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choi J, Shin J, Kim B. Botulinum toxin A injection into the subscapularis muscle to treat intractable hemiplegic shoulder pain. Ann Rehabil Med. 2016;40(4):592–599. doi: 10.5535/arm.2016.40.4.592.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang Y, Leong C, Wang L, et al. The effects of hyaluronic acid on hemiplegic shoulder injury and pain in patients with subacute stroke. Medicine. 2016;95(49):e5547. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000005547.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim S, Ha K, Kim Y, et al. Effect of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy on hemiplegic shoulder pain syndrome. Ann Rehabil Med. 2016;40(3):509–519. doi: 10.5535/arm.2016.40.3.509.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindgren I, Ekstrand E, Brogårdh C. Measurement variability of quantitative sensory testing in persons with post-stroke shoulder pain. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(5):435–441. doi: 10.2340/16501977-2180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang J, Yu P, Zeng M, et al. Reduction in spasticity in stroke patient with paraffin therapy. Neurol Res. 2016;39(1):36–44. doi: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1248169.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang YC, Leong CP, Wang L, et al. Effect of kinesiology taping on hemiplegic shoulder pain and functional outcomes in subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2016;52(6):774–781.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Picelli A, Bonazza S, Lobba D, et al. Suprascapular nerve block for the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain in patients with long-term chronic stroke: a pilot study. Neurol Sci. 2017;38(9):1697–1701. doi: 10.1007/s10072-017-3057-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chuang LL, Chen YL, Chen CC, et al. Effect of EMG-triggered neuromuscular electrical stimulation with bilateral arm training on hemiplegic shoulder pain and arm function after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2017;14(1):122. doi: 10.1186/s12984-017-0332-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan R, Zhou M, Cai H, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a modified wheelchair arm-support to reduce shoulder pain in stroke patients. Clin Rehabil. 2018;32(1):37–47. doi: 10.1177/0269215517714.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson RD, Bennett ME, Nguyen VQC, et al. Fully implantable peripheral nerve stimulation for hemiplegic shoulder pain: a multi-site case series with two-year follow-up. Neuromodulation. 2018;21(3):290–295. doi: 10.1111/ner.12726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi GS, Chang MC. Effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on reducing hemiplegic shoulder pain in patients with chronic stoke: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Neurosci. 2018;128(2):110–116. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1367682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou M, Li F, Lu W, et al. Efficiency of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and transcutaneous nerve stimulation on hemiplegic shoulder pain: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99(9):1730–1739. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.04.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liporaci FM, Mourani MM, Riberto M. The myofascial ­component of the pain in the painful shoulder of the hemiplegic patient. Clinics. 2019;74:e905. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2019/e905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MS, Kim SH, Noh SE, et al. Robotic-assisted shoulder rehabilitation therapy effectively improved poststroke hemiplegic shoulder pain: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2019;100(6):1015–1022. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2019.02.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu T, Song HX, Li YZ, et al. Clinical effectiveness of ultrasound guided subacromial-subdeltoid bursa injection of botulinum toxin type A in hemiplegic shoulder pain: a retrospective cohort study. Medicine. 2019;98(45):e17933. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei YH, Du DC, Jiang K. Therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture combined with neuromuscular joint facilitation in treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain. World J Clin Cases. 2019;7(23):3964–3970. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i23.3964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar P, Bradley M, Gray S, et al. Association between ultrasound assessment of glenohumeral subluxation and shoulder pain, muscle strength, active range of movement and upper limb function in people with stroke. Europe J Physio. 2019;22(2):79–85. doi: 10.1080/21679169.2018.1549273.
   Google Scholar
• Serrezuela RR, Quezada MT, Zayas MH, et al. Robotic therapy for the hemiplegic shoulder pain: a pilot study. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2020;17(1):54. doi: 10.1186/s12984-020-00674-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nadler M, Pauls M, Cluckie G, et al. Shoulder pain after recent stroke (spars): hemiplegic shoulder pain incidence within 72 hours post-stroke and 8–10 week follow-up (NCT 02574000). Physiotherapy. 2020;107:142–149. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2019.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres-Parada M, Vivas J, Balboa-Barreiro V, et al. Post-stroke shoulder pain subtypes classifying criteria: towards a more specific assessment and improved physical therapeutic care. Braz J Phys Ther. 2020;24(2):124–134. doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2019.02.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández-Ortíz AR, Ponce-Luceño R, Sáez-Sánchez C, et al. Changes in muscle tone, function, and pain in the chronic hemiparetic shoulder after dry needling within or outside trigger points in stroke patients: A crossover randomized clinical trial. Pain Med. 2020;21(11):2939–2947. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnaa132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang C, Xu H, Wang R, et al. The management of hemiplegic shoulder pain in stroke subjects undergoing pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the suprascapular and axillary nerves: a pilot study. Ann Palliat Med. 2020;9(5):3357–3365. doi: 10.21037/apm-20-1618.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yajima H, Takayama M, Nobe R, et al. Acupuncture for post-stroke shoulder pain: a case report. Acupunct Med. 2020;38(6):446–448. doi: 10.1177/0964528420920292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim TH, Chang MC. Comparison of the effectiveness of pulsed radiofrequency of the suprascapular nerve and intra-articular corticosteroid injection for hemiplegic shoulder pain management. J Integr Neurosci. 2021;20(3):687–693. doi: 10.31083/j.jin2003073.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alanbay E, Aras B, Kesikburun S, et al. Effectiveness of suprascapular nerve pulsed radiofrequency treatment for hemiplegic shoulder pain: a randomized-controlled trial. Pain Phys. 2020;23(3):245–252.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pain LAM, Baker R, Sohail QZ, et al. The three-dimensional shoulder pain alignment (3D-SPA) mobilization improves pain-free shoulder range, functional reach and sleep following stroke: a pilot randomized control trial. Disabil Rehabil. 2020;42(21):3072–3083. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1585487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendigutía-Gómez A, Quintana-García MT, Martín-Sevilla M, et al. Post-needling soreness and trigger point dry ­needling for hemiplegic shoulder pain following stroke. Acupunct Med. 2020;38(3):150–157. doi: 10.1177/0964528419882941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasapoğlu-Aksoy M, Aykurt-Karlıbel İ, Altan L. Comparison of the efficacy of intramuscular botulinum toxin type-A injection into the pectoralis major and the teres major muscles and suprascapular nerve block for hemiplegic shoulder pain: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(8):2225–2230. doi: 10.1007/s10072-020-04334-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Terlemez R, Çiftçi S, Topaloglu M, et al. Suprascapular nerve block in hemiplegic shoulder pain: comparison of the ­effectiveness of placebo, local anesthetic, and corticosteroid injections-a randomized controlled study. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(11):3243–3247. doi: 10.1007/s10072-020-04362-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eslamian F, Farhoudi M, Jahanjoo F, et al. Electrical interferential current stimulation versus electrical acupuncture in management of hemiplegic shoulder pain and disability following ischemic stroke-a randomized clinical trial. Arch Physiother. 2020;10(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s40945-019-0071-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korkmaz N, Gurcay E, Demir Y, et al. The effectiveness of high-intensity laser therapy in the treatment of post-stroke patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain: a prospective randomized controlled study. Lasers Med Sci. 2021;37(1):645–653. doi: 10.1007/s10103-021-03316-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sui M, Jiang N, Yan L, et al. Effect of electroacupuncture on shoulder subluxation in poststroke patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain: a sham-controlled study using multidimensional musculoskeletal ultrasound assessment. Pain Res Manag. 2021;2021:5329881–5329889. doi: 10.1155/2021/5329881.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tan B, Jia L. Ultrasound-guided bont-A (botulinum toxin A) injection into the subscapularis for hemiplegic shoulder pain: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Stroke. 2021;52(12):3759–3767. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.034049.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borges H, de Freitas S, Liebano R, et al. Hemiplegic shoulder pain affects ipsilesional aiming movements after stroke: a cross-sectional study. Physiother Theory Pract. 2024;40(2):241–252. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2022.2118004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao H-B, Lou Y-B, Zhou T, et al. Moxibustion plus acupuncture for the treatment of poststroke shoulder pain: A randomized controlled pilot study. Complement Med Res. 2022;29(5):393–401. doi: 10.1159/000525155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glize B, Cook A, Benard A, et al. Early multidisciplinary prevention program of post-stroke shoulder pain: a ­randomized clinical trial. Clin Rehabil. 2022;36(8):1042–1051. doi: 10.1177/02692155221098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riberto M, Frances JA, Chueire R, et al. Post hoc subgroup analysis of the BCAUSE study assessing the effect of Abobotulinumtoxina on post-stroke shoulder pain in adults. Toxins. 2022;14(11):809. doi: 10.3390/toxins14110809.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao J, Chau JP, Chan AW, et al. Tailored sitting tai chi program for subacute stroke survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2022;53(7):2192–2203. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.03657.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ersoy S, Paker N, Kesiktaş FN, et al. Comparison of transcutaneous electrical stimulation and suprascapular nerve blockage for the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2023;36(3):731–738. doi: 10.3233/BMR-220189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Melo Carvalho Rocha E, Riberto M, da Ponte Barbosa R, et al. Use of botulinum toxin as a treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain syndrome: a randomized trial. Toxins. 2023;15(5):327. doi: 10.3390/toxins15050327.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benaim C, Froger J, Cazottes C, et al. Use of the faces pain scale by left and right hemispheric stroke patients. Pain. 2007;128(1):52–58. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.029.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pomeroy VM, Frames C, Faragher EB, et al. Reliability of a measure of post-stroke shoulder pain in patients with and without aphasia and/or unilateral spatial neglect. Clin Rehabil. 2000;14(6):584–591. doi: 10.1191/0269215500cr365oa.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ada L PhD PT, Preston E, PhD PT, et al. Profile of upper limb recovery and development of secondary impairments in patients after stroke with a disabled upper limb: an observational study. Physiother Theory Pract. 2020;36(1):196–202. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1482584.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Villafañe JH, Lopez-Royo MP, Herrero P, et al. Prevalence of myofascial trigger points in poststroke patients with painful shoulders: a cross-sectional study. Pm R. 2019;11(10):1077–1082. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12123.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atkins E, Kerr J, Goodlad E. Practical approach to orthopaedic medicine: assessment, diagnosis and treatment. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar P. Hemiplegic shoulder pain in people with stroke: present and the future. Pain Manag. 2019;9(2):107–110. doi: 10.2217/pmt-2018-0075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar