Coastal climate adaptation in port-cities: adaptation deficits, barriers, and challenges ahead

References

• Aerts, J. C., and W. J. Wouter Botzen. 2011. “Flood‐Resilient Waterfront Development in New York City: Bridging Flood Insurance, Building Codes, and Flood Zoning.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1227 (1): 1–82. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06074.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett, J., E. Waters, S. Pendergast, and A. Puleston. 2013. Barriers to Adaptation to Sea Level Rise: The Legal, Institutional and Cultural Barriers to Adaptation to Sea-Level Rise in Australia. Gold Coast: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, J., S. Graham, C. Mortreux, R. Fincher, E. Waters, and A. Hurlimann. 2014. “A Local Coastal Adaptation Pathway.” Nature Climate Change 4 (12): 1103–1108. doi:10.1038/nclimate2383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, A., P. Matson, M. Fischer, and M. Mastrandrea. 2015. “Towards Seaport Resilience for Climate Change Adaptation: Stakeholder Perceptions of Hurricane Impacts in Gulfport (MS) and Providence (RI).” Progress in Planning 99: 1–49. doi:10.1016/j.progress.2013.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, A., D. Newell, M. Fischer, and B. Schwegler. 2011. “Will Ports Become Forts? Climate Change Impacts, Opportunities, and Challenges.” Terra et Aqua 122: 11–17.
   Google Scholar
• Biesbroek, G. R., R. J. Swart, T. R. Carter, C. Cowan, T. Henrichs, H. Mela, M. D. Morecroft, and D. Rey. 2010. “Europe Adapts to Climate Change: Comparing National Adaptation Strategies.” Global Environmental Change 20 (3): 440–450. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.03.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, S., R. J. Nicholls, S. Hanson, G. Brundrit, J. A. Dearing, M. E. Dickson, S. L. Gallop., et al. 2014. “Shifting Perspectives on Coastal Impacts and Adaptation.” Nature Climate Change 4 (9): 752–755. doi:10.1038/nclimate2344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, I. 2004. Climate Change and the Adaptation Deficit. Toronto: Adaptation and Impacts Research Group, Meteorological Service of Canada. Environment Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, B., S. Tually, and M. Scott. 2016. “Social Networks and Decision-Making for Coastal Land-Use Planning, Development and Adaptation Response.” Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs 8 (2): 101–116. doi:10.1080/18366503.2016.1217378.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, R. 2018. “Port in a Storm: How Are Maritime Hubs Preparing for Climate Change?” Ship Technology, July 23. https://www.ship-technology.com/features/port-climate-change/
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, R., S. A. Khan, V. Gornitz, M. F. Lemos, L. Atkinson, J. Pullen, J. C. Osorio, and L. Usher. 2018. “Urban Zones in Coastal Areas.” Chap. 9 in Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network, edited by Cynthia Rosenzweig, William Solecki, Patricia Romero-Lankao, Shagun Mehrotra, Shobhakar Dhakal, and Ali Ibrahim, 319–362. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Delta Programme. 2014. “Working on the Delta. Promising Solutions for Tasking and Ambitions.” https://english.deltacommissaris.nl/documents/publications/2013/09/17/delta-programme-2014
   Google Scholar
• Dronkers, J., T. E. Gilbert, L. W. Butler, J. J. Carey, J. Campbell, E. James, and C. McKenzie. 1990. Strategies for Adaption to Sea Level Rise. Report of the IPCC Coastal Zone Management Subgroup: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
   Google Scholar
• Eakin, H., and A. Patt. 2011. “Are Adaptation Studies Effective, and What Can Enhance Their Practical Impact?” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 2 (2): 141–153. doi:10.1002/wcc.100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrom, J. A., and S. C. Moser. 2014. “Identifying and Overcoming Barriers in Urban Climate Adaptation: Case Study Findings from San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA.” Urban Climate 9: 54–74. doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2014.06.002.
   Google Scholar
• Environment Agency. 2012. Managing Flood Risk Through London and the Thames Estuary: TE2100 Plan, 230. London. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/322061/LIT7540_43858f.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Esteves, L. S. 2014. Managed Realignment: A Viable Long-Term Coastal Management Strategy? Springer Briefs in Environmental Science. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Fankhauser, S., and T. McDermott. 2014. “Understanding the Adaptation Deficit: Why Are Poor Countries More Vulnerable to Climate Events than Rich Countries?” Global Environmental Change 27: 9–18. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J. D., L. Berrang-Ford, and J. Paterson. 2011. “A Systematic Review of Observed Climate Change Adaptation in Developed Nations.” Climatic Change 106 (2): 327–336. doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0045-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francesch-Huidobro, M., M. Dabrowski, Y. Tai, F. Chan, and D. Stead. 2017. “Governance Challenges of Flood-Prone Delta Cities: Integrating Flood Risk Management and Climate Change in Spatial Planning.” Progress in Planning 114: 1–27. doi:10.1016/j.progress.2015.11.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, S., C. O’Mahony, J. Hills, B. O’Dwyer, R. Devoy, and J. Gault. 2016. “Strengthening Coastal Adaptation Planning Through Scenario Analysis: A Beneficial but Incomplete Solution.” Marine Policy, May 4, 2016 (epub ahead of print).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griggs, G. B. 2005. “California’s Retreating Coastline: Where Do We Go from Here.” In Conference of the California and the World Ocean. 2 vols, 121–125.
   Google Scholar
• Haasnoot, M., J. H. Kwakkel, W. E. Walker, and J. ter Maat. 2013. “Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways: A Method for Crafting Robust Decisions for a Deeply Uncertain World.” Global Environmental Change 23 (2): 485–498. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.12.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallegatte, S., N. Ranger, O. Mestre, P. Dumas, J. Corfee-Morlot, C. Herweijer, and R. M. Wood. 2011. “Assessing Climate Change Impacts, Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Risk in Port Cities: A Case Study on Copenhagen.” Climatic Change 104 (1): 113–137. doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9978-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, S., R. Nicholls, N. Ranger, S. Hallegatte, J. Corfee-Morlot, C. Herweijer, and J. Chateau. 2011. “A Global Ranking of Port Cities with High Exposure to Climate Extremes.” Climatic Change 104 (1): 89–111. doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9977-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, S., and R. Nicholls. 2012. “Planning for Changes in Extreme Events in Port Cities Throughout the 21st Century.” Chap. 2 in Climate Adaptation and Flood Risk in Coastal Cities, edited by Jeroen Aerts, Wouter Botzen, J. M. Bowman, P. Dircke, and Philip Ward, 9–26. London/New York: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Hoepffner, N., M. D. Dowell, M. Edwards, S. Fonda-Umani, D. R. Green, B. Greenaway, B. Hansen et al. 2006. Marine and Coastal Dimension of Climate Change in Europe: A Report to the European Water Directors. Luxembourg: European Commission, Directorate-General Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environmental and Sustainability, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. ISBN 92-79-03747-1.
   Google Scholar
• Huang-Lachmann, J.-T., and J. C. Lovett. 2016. “How Cities Prepare for Climate Change: Comparing Hamburg and Rotterdam.” Cities 54: 36–44. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2015.11.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurlimann, A., J. Barnett, R. Fincher, N. Osbaldiston, C. Mortreux, and S. Graham. 2014. “Urban Planning and Sustainable Adaptation to Sea-level Rise.” Landscape and Urban Planning 126: 84–93. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.12.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurlimann, A., and A. P. March. 2012. “The Role of Spatial Planning in Adapting to Climate Change.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 3 (5): 477–488. doi:10.1002/wcc.183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICLEI. 2012. SLR Adaptation Strategy for San Diego Bay. http://www.delmar.ca.us/DocumentCenter/View/1896/SLR-Adaptation-Strategy-for-San-Diego-Bay_ICLEI-2012?bidId=
   Google Scholar
• IPCC SR5. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by Core Writing Team, R. K. Pachauri, and L. A. Meyer, 151. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, R. J., R. J. Nicholls, and N. Mimura. 1999. “Coastal Adaptation to Climate Change: Can the IPCC Technical Guidelines Be Applied?” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 4 (3/4): 239–252. doi:10.1023/A:1009681207419.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, E., M. Ellis, B. Murray, and D. Hall. 2016. “An Evolving Research Agenda for Human-Coastal Systems.” Geomorphology 256: 81–90. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linham, M., and R. J. Nicholls. 2010. Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation: Coastal Erosion and Flooding, 150. Roskilde, Denmark: UNEP Risø Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development. ISBN: 978-87-550-3855-4. http://orbit.dtu.dk/files/5699563/Technologies%20for%20Climate%20Change%20Adaptation-Coastal%20Erosion%20and%20 Flooding.pdf
   Google Scholar
• McEvoy, D., and J. Mullett. 2013. Enhancing the Resilience of Seaports to a Changing Climate: Research Synthesis and Implications for Policy and Practice. Gold Coast, Australia: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility (NCCARF).
   Google Scholar
• Messner, S., L. Moran, G. Reub, and J. Campbell. 2013. “Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Impacts at Ports and a Consistent Methodology to Evaluate Vulnerability and Risk.” WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 169: 141–153. https://doi.org/10.2495/13CP0131
   Google Scholar
• Moser, S. C., J. S. Williams, and D. F. Boesch. 2012. “Wicked Challenges at Land’s End: Managing Coastal Vulnerability under Climate Change.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 37 (1): 51–78. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-021611-135158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NPCC (New York City Panel on Climate Change). 2015. “Building the Knowledge Base for Climate Resiliency.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1336 (1): 1–150.
   Google Scholar
• NPCC (New York City Panel on Climate Change). 2010. “Building a Risk Management Response.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1196 (1): 1–354.
   Google Scholar
• NYC (New York City). 2014. “New York City’s Risk Landscape: A Guide to Hazard Mitigation.” http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/em/downloads/pdf/hazard_mitigation/nycs_risk_landscape_a_guide_to_hazard_mitigation_final_highres.pdf
   Google Scholar
• NYC-DCP (New York City Department of City Planning). 2016. “Resilient Neighborhoods.” NYC-DCP. Accessed November 20 2018. http://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/plans/resilient-neighborhoods.page
   Google Scholar
• NYC-DCP (New York City Department of City Planning). 2013. “Coastal Climate Resilience – Urban Waterfront Adaptative Strategies: A Guide to Identifying and Evaluating Potential Strategies for Increasing the Resilience of Waterfront Communities to Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise.” NYC-DCP. Accessed September 12 2016. http://www.sustainablenyct.org/news/UWAS_Draft_lowres.pdf
   Google Scholar
• NYC-SIRR. 2013. A Stronger, More Resilient New York. PlaNYC, The City of New York, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg. https://www1.nyc.gov/site/sirr/report/report.page
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, R. J. 2011. “Planning for the Impacts of Sea Level Rise.” Oceanography 24 (2): 144–157. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2011.34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, R. J., P. P. Wong, R. B. Virginia, O. C. Jorge, E. H. John, F. MLean Roger, S. Ragoonaden, and D. W. Colin. 2007. “Coastal Systems and Low-Lying Areas.” In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by M.L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, P. J. Van der Linden, and C. E. Hanson, 315–356. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, B. J. 2009. Planning for Coastal Climate Change: An Insight into International and National Approaches, 62. Melbourne, Australia: Victorian Government Department of Planning and Community Development and Department of Sustainability and Environment.
   Google Scholar
• O’Riordan, T., C. Gomes, and L. Schmidt. 2014. “The Difficulties of Designing Future Coastlines in the Face of Climate Change.” Landscape Research 39 (6): 613–630. doi:10.1080/01426397.2014.975108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Riordan, T., S. A. Nicholson-Cole, and J. Milligan. 2008. “Designing Sustainable Coastal Futures.” Twenty-First Century Society 3 (2): 145–157. doi:10.1080/17450140802062128.
   Google Scholar
• PANYNJ (Port Authority of New York and New Jersey – Engineering Department). 2018. Climate Resilience Design Guidelines. https://www.panynj.gov/about/climate-resiliency.html
   Google Scholar
• Park, S. E., N. A. Marshall, E. Jakku, A. M. Dowd, S. M. Howden, E. Mendham, and A. Fleming. 2012. “Informing Adaptation Responses to Climate Change Through Theories of Transformation.” Global Environmental Change 22 (1): 115–126. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pires, I., J. Craveiro, and Ó. Antunes. 2012. “Artificialização Do Solo e Vulnerabilidade Humana em Zonas Sujeitas a Processos de Erosão Costeira: casos de Estudo da Costa da Caparica e Espinho.” Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management 12 (3): 263–275.
   Google Scholar
• Port of Dover. 2011. Port of Dover Climate Change Adaptation Report. http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/climate/documents/adapt-reports/07ports/doverharbour-board.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Portstrategy. 2018. “Meeting the Challenge of Rising Water Levels.” PortStrategy, April 30. https://www.portstrategy.com/news101/environment/rising-challenge
   Google Scholar
• Preston, B. L., R. M. Westaway, and E. J. Yuen. 2011. “Climate Adaptation Planning in Practice: An Evaluation of Adaptation Plans from Three Developed Nations.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 16 (4): 407–438. doi:10.1007/s11027-010-9270-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranger, N., T. Reeder, and J. Lowe. 2013. “Addressing ‘Deep’ Uncertainty over Long-Term Climate in Major Infrastructure Projects: Four Innovations of the Thames Estuary 2100 Project.” EURO Journal on Decision Processes 1 (3–4): 233–262. doi:10.1007/s40070-013-0014-5.
   Google Scholar
• Reguero, B. G., I. J. Losada, and F. J. Méndez. 2013. “Las ciudades portuarias ante un clima cambiante.” Portus 24: 20–25.
   Google Scholar
• Restemeyer, B., J. Woltjer, and M. Brink. 2015. “A Strategy-Based Framework for Assessing the Flood Resilience of Cities: A Hamburg Case Study.” Planning Theory and Practice 16 (1): 45–62. doi:10.1080/14649357.2014.1000950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenzweig, C., and W. Solecki. 2014. “Hurricane Sandy and Adaptation Pathways in New York: Lessons from a First-Responder City.” Global Environmental Change 28: 395–408. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.05.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenzweig, C., W. Solecki, P. Romero-Lankao, S. Mehrotra, S. Dhakal, and A. Ibrahim. 2018. Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, H., D. McEvoy, P. Chhetri, F. Basic, and J. Mullett. 2013. Climate Change Adaptation Guidelines for Ports. Enhancing the Resilience of Seaports to a Changing Climate Report Series. Southport, Australia: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast.
   Google Scholar
• Solecki, W., C. Rosenzweig, V. Gornitz, R. Horton, D. Major, L. Patrick, and R. Zimmermand. 2015. “Climate Change and Infrastructure Adaptation in Coastal New York City.” In Climate Change and the Coast: Building Resilient Communities, edited by B. C. Glavovic, M. Kelly, R. Kay, 125–146. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Sousa, J. F., and J. Costa Prista. 2012. “Port Cities and Climate Change: The Case of the City and Port of Lisbon.” Portus 24: 4–7.
   Google Scholar
• Stenek, V., J. C. Amado, R. Connell, O. Palin, S. Wright, B. Pope, and J. Hunter. 2011. Climate Risks and Business Ports; Terminal Maritimo Muelles el Bosque, Cartagena, Colombia. Washington, DC: International Finance Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Storbjörk, S. 2010. “It Takes More to Get a Ship to Change Course’: Barriers for Organizational Learning and Local Climate Adaptation in Sweden.” Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 12 (3): 235–254. doi:10.1080/1523908X.2010.505414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storbjörk, S., and M. Hjerp. 2014. “Sometimes Climate Adaptation Is Politically Correct: A Case Study of Planners and Politicians Negotiating Climate Adaptation in Waterfront Spatial Planning.” European Planning Studies 22 (11): 2268–2286. doi:10.1080/09654313.2013.830697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storbjörk, S., and Y. Uggla. 2015. “The Practice of Settling and Enacting Strategic Guidelines for Climate Adaptation in Spatial Planning: Lessons from Ten Swedish Municipalities.” Regional Environmental Change 15 (6): 1133–1143. doi:10.1007/s10113-014-0690-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tompkins, E. L., W. Neil Adger, E. Boyd, S. Nicholson-Cole, K. Weatherhead, and N. Arnell. 2010. “Observed Adaptation to Climate Change: UK Evidence of Transition to a Well-Adapting Society.” Global Environmental Change 20 (4): 627–635. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Planning for Climate Change Impacts at US Ports. Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Policy, Economics, and Innovation.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, W. E., M. Haasnoot, and J. H. Kwakkel. 2013. “Adapt or Perish: A Review of Planning Approaches for Adaptation under Deep Uncertainty.” Sustainability 5 (3): 955–979. doi:10.3390/su5030955.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise, R. M., I. Fazey, M. Stafford Smith, S. E. Park, H. C. Eakin, E. R. M. Archer Van Garderen, and B. Campbell. 2014. “Reconceptualising Adaptation to Climate Change as Part of Pathways of Change and Response.” Global Environmental Change 28: 325–336. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, P. P., I. J. Losada, J.-P. Gattuso, J. Hinkel, A. Khattabi, L. MInnes Kathleen, Y. Saito, and A. Sallenger. 2014. “Coastal Systems and Low-Lying Areas.” In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, and M. Chatterjee, 361–409. Cambridge, UK/New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar