The underappreciated value of brownfield sites: motivations and challenges associated with maintaining biodiversity

References

• Adams, D., C. De Sousa, and S. Tiesdell. 2010. “Brownfield Development: A Comparison of North American and British Approaches.” Urban Studies 47 (1): 75–104. doi:10.1177/0042098009346868.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alker, Sandra, Joy. Roberts, and Nathan. Smith. 2000. “The Definition of Brownfield.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 43 (1): 49–69. doi:10.1080/09640560010766.
   Google Scholar
• Arias-Arévalo, P., B. Martín-López, and E. Gómez-Baggethun. 2017. “Exploring Intrinsic, Instrumental, and Relational Values for Sustainable Management of Social-Ecological Systems.” Ecology and Society 22 (4): 43. doi:10.5751/ES-09812-220443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachner, J., and K. Hill. 2014. “Advances in Public Opinion and Policy Attitudes Research.” Policy Studies Journal 42: S51–S70. doi:10.1111/psj.12052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, G. 2015. “Open Mosaic Habitats High Value Guidance: When Is Brownfield Land of ‘High Environmental Value’?” Wildlife and Countryside Link: London. https://www.wcl.org.uk/docs/Brownfield%20high%20environmental%20value%20FINAL%20June%2015.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Barry, A., G. Born, and G. Weszkalnys. 2008. “Logics of Interdisciplinarity.” Economy and Society 37 (1): 20–49. doi:10.1080/03085140701760841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, Pam M., Veronika. Fabók, Malgorzata. Blicharska, Yennie K. Bredin, Marina García. Llorente, Eszter. Kovács, Nicoleta. Geamana., et al. 2018. “Why Conserve Biodiversity? A Multi-National Exploration of Stakeholders’ Views on the Arguments for Biodiversity Conservation.” Biodiversity and Conservation 27 (7): 1741–1762. doi:10.1007/s10531-016-1173-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björnberg, K.E. 2020. “What, If Anything, is Wrong with Offsetting Nature?” Theoria 86 (6): 749–768. doi:10.1111/theo.12287.
   Google Scholar
• Blaikie, N. 2011. Designing Social Research: The Logic of Anticipation. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Bonthoux, S., M. Brun, F. Di. Pietro, S. Greulich, and S. Bouche-Pillon. 2014. “How Can Wastelands Promote Biodiversity in Cities? A Review.” Landscape and Urban Planning 132: 79–88. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.08.0100169-2046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady, E. 2006. “Aesthetics in Practice: Valuing the Natural World.” Environmental Values 15 (3): 277–291. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30302153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRIG. 2011. “UK Biodiversity Action Plan – Priority Habitat Descriptions. Open Mosaic Habitats on Previously Developed Land”. JNCC: Peterborough. 49–56. https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/2728792c-c8c6-4b8c-9ccd-a908cb0f1432/UKBAP-PriorityHabitatDescriptions-Rev-2011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bruskotter, J., J.A. Vucetich, A. Dietsch, K.M. Slagle, J.S. Brooks, and M.P. Nelson. 2019. “Conservationists’ Moral Obligations toward Wildlife: Values and Identity Promote Conservation Conflict.” Biological Conservation 240: 108296–108298. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryson, J.M. C. Slotterback, L. Albrechts, A. Balducci, and J. Hillier. 2016. “Strategic Spatial Planning in the USA.” Chapter 8 in Situated Practices of Strategic Planning: An International Perspective, edited by Louis Albrechts, Alessandro Balducci, Jean Hillier, 118–133. Oxon: Routledge, 117–134. https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=fn23DAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA117&dq=Bryson,+J.M.+and+C.+Slotterback.+2016.+%E2%80%9CStrategic+spatial+planning+in+the+USA.%E2%80%9D+&ots=S4tgHK4mL2&sig=cWnYFVX4Id41R2UctlfiYOSbhL4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false.
   Google Scholar
• Buglife. 2009. Planning for Brownfield Biodiversity: A Best Practice Guide, Peterborough: Buglife - The Invertebrate Conservation Trust. https://cdn.buglife.org.uk/2019/08/Planning-for-Brownfield-Biodiversity.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Casas, E.V., Jr, M.M. Pormon, J.J. Manus, and R.P. Lejano. 2021. “Relationality and Resilience: Environmental Education in a Time of Pandemic and Climate Crisis.” The Journal of Environmental Education 52 (5): 314–324. doi:10.1080/00958964.2021.1981205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, K. M., P. Balvanera, K. Benessaiah, M. Chapman, S. Díaz, E. Gómez-Baggethun, R. Gould., et al. 2016. “Opinion: Why Protect Nature? Rethinking Values and the Environment.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (6): 1462–1465. doi:10.1073/pnas.1525002113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, K., R. Gould, and U. Pascual. 2018. “Editorial Overview: Relational Values: What Are They, and What’s the Fuss about.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 35: A1–A7. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.11.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiaradia, A., L. Sieh, and F Plimmer 2017. “Values in Urban Design: A Design Studio Teaching Approach.” Design Studies 49: 66–100. doi:10.1016/j.destud.2016.10.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couix, N, and L. Hazard. 2013. “When the Future of Biodiversity Depends on Researchers’ and Stakeholders’ Thought-Styles.” Futures 53: 13–21. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2013.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CPRE The Countryside Charity. 2020. Recycling Our Land: The State of Brownfield 2020. London: CPRE. https://www.cpre.org.uk/resources/state-of-brownfield-2020/
   Google Scholar
• De Sousa, C.A. 2006. “Unearthing the Benefits of Brownfield to Green Space Projects: An Examination of Project Use and Quality of Life Impacts.” Local Environment 11 (5): 577–600. doi:10.1080/13549830600853510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dearborn, D, and S. Kark. 2010. “Motivations for Conserving Urban Biodiversity.” Conservation Biology 24 (2): 432–440. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01328.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). 2019. Net Gain: Summary of Responses and Government Response, July. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/819823/net-gain-consult-sum-resp.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Díaz, S., U. Pascual, M. Stenseke, B. Martín-Lopéz, R.T. Watson, Z. Molnár, R. Hill., et al. 2018. “Assessing Nature’s Contributions to People.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 359 (6373): 270–272. doi:10.1126/science.aap8826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon, T. 2007. “The Property Development Industry and Sustainable Urban Brownfield Regeneration in England: An Analysis of Case Studies in Thames Gateway and Greater Manchester.” Urban Studies 44 (12): 2379–2400. doi:10.1080/00420980701540887.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doick, K.J. G. Sellers, T.R. Hutchings, and A.J. Moffat. 2006. “Brownfield Sites Turned Green: Realising Sustainability in Urban Revival.” WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 94: 131–140. doi:10.2495/BF060131.
   Google Scholar
• Donovan, R., J. Sadler, and J. Bryson. 2005. “Urban Biodiversity and Sustainable Development.” Engineering Sustainability 158 (2): 105–114. doi:10.1680/ensu.2005.158.2.105.
   Google Scholar
• Doremus, H. 2003. “A Policy Portfolio Approach to Biodiversity Protection on Private Lands.” Environmental Science & Policy 6 (3): 217–232. doi:10.1016/S1462-9011(03)00036-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckerd, A, and A. Keeler. 2012. “Going Green Together? Brownfield Remediation and Environmental Justice.” Policy Sciences 45 (4): 293–314. doi:10.1007/s11077-012-9155-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essoka, J. 2010. “The Gentrifying Effects of Brownfields Redevelopment.” Western Journal of Black Studies 34 (3): 299–315. https://www.proquest.com/docview/527977794/fulltextPDF/F87D074FD9774694PQ/1?accountid=10472.
   Google Scholar
• Eyre, M., M. Luff, and J. Woodward. 2003. “Beetles (Coleoptera) on Brownfield Sites in England: An Important Conservation Resource?” Journal of Insect Conservation 7 (4): 223–231. doi:10.1023/B:JICO.0000021020.66549.1e.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galland, D. 2012. “Understanding the Reorientations and Roles of Spatial Planning: The Case of National Planning Policy in Denmark.” European Planning Studies 20 (8): 1359–1392. doi:10.1080/09654313.2012.680584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallent, N., C. de Magalhaes, S.F. Trigo, K. Scanlon, and C. Whitehead. 2019. “Can ‘Permission in Principle’ for New Housing in England Increase Certainty, Reduce ‘Planning Risk’, and Accelerate Housing Supply?” Planning Theory & Practice 20 (5): 673–688. doi:10.1080/14649357.2019.1672772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Baggethun, E, and M. Ruiz-Pérez. 2011. “Economic Valuation and the Commodification of Ecosystem Services.” Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 35 (5): 613–628. doi:10.1177/0309133311421708.
   Google Scholar
• Goulson, D., E. Nicholls, C. Botías, and E. L. Rotheray. 2015. “Bee Declines Driven by Combined Stress from Parasites, Pesticides, and Lack of Flowers.” Science 347 (6229): 1435–1449. doi:10.1126/science.1255957.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habel, J.C., A.H. Segerer, W. Ulrich, and T. Schmitt. 2019. “Succession Matters: Community Shifts in Moths over Three Decades Increases Multifunctionality in Intermediate Successional Stages.” Scientific Reports 9 (1): 5586–5588. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41571-w.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayhow, D.B. M.A. Eaton, A.J. Stanbury, F. Burns, W.B. Kirby, N. Bailey, B. Beckmann., et al. 2019. “The State of Nature 2019”. The State of Nature Partnership. https://nbn.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/State-of-Nature-2019-UK-full-report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Healey, P. 2000. “Planning in Relational Space and Time: Responding to New Urban Realities.” In A Companion to the City, edited by G. Bridge and S. Watson, 517–530. New Jersey: Blackwell Publishing. doi:10.1002/9780470693414.ch43.
   Google Scholar
• Heid, J. 2004. “Greenfield Development without Sprawl: The Role of Planned Communities.” Washington, DC: Urban Land Institute. http://europe.uli.org/wp-content/uploads/ULI-Documents/GreenfieldDev.ashx_.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Himes, A, and B. Muraca. 2018. “Relational Values: The Key to Pluralistic Valuation of Ecosystem Services.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 35: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Høyer, K, and P. Naess. 2008. “Interdisciplinarity, Ecology and Scientific Theory: The Case of Sustainable Urban Development.” Journal of Critical Realism 7 (2): 179–207. doi:10.1558/jocr.v7i2.179.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. 2020a. “Prime Minister’s Statement on Coronavirus (COVID-19): 23 March 2020”. UK Prime Minister’s Office. 23 March. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-address-to-the-nation-on-coronavirus-23-march-2020
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. 2020b. “PM Economy Speech: 30 June 2020”. UK Prime Minister’s Office, 30 June. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-economy-speech-30-june-2020
   Google Scholar
• Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC). 2007. Report on the Species and Habitat Review (UK BAP), June. https://hub.jncc.gov.uk/assets/bdd8ad64-c247-4b69-ab33-19c2e0d63736.
   Google Scholar
• Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (JNCC and DEFRA) (on behalf of the Four Countries’ Biodiversity Group). 2012. “UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework.” July. http://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/587024ff-864f-4d1d-a669-f38cb448abdc/UK-Post2010-Biodiversity-Framework-2012.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Justus, J., M. Colyvan, H. Regan, and L. Maguire. 2009. “Buying into Conservation: Intrinsic versus Instrumental Value.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24 (4): 187–191. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.11.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowarik, I. 2011. “Novel Urban Ecosystems, Biodiversity, and Conservation.” Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 159 (8–9): 1974–1983. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowarik, L. and A. Langer. 2005. “Natur-Park Südgelände: Linking Conservation and Recreation in an Abandoned Railyard in Berlin.” In: Wild Urban Woodlands edited by I. Kowarik, and S. Körner, 287–299. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. doi:10.1007/3-540-26859-6_18.
   Google Scholar
• La Notte, Alessandra., Dalia. D’Amato, Hanna. Mäkinen, Maria Luisa. Paracchini, Camino. Liquete, Benis. Egoh, Davide. Geneletti, and Neville D. Crossman. 2017. “Ecosystem Services Classification: A Systems Ecology Perspective of the Cascade Framework.” Ecological Indicators 74: 392–402. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laycock, Helen F., Dominic. Moran, James C.R. Smart, David G. Raffaelli, and Piran C.L. White. 2011. “Evaluating the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Biodiversity Conservation Spending.” Ecological Economics 70 (10): 1789–1796. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.05.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Łopucki, Rafał, and Ignacy. Kitowski. 2017. “How Small Cities Affect the Biodiversity of Ground-Dwelling Mammals and the Relevance of This Knowledge in Planning Urban Land Expansion in Terms of Urban Wildlife.” Urban Ecosystems 20 (4): 933–943. doi:10.1007/s11252-016-0637-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorimer, J. 2008. “Living Roofs and Brownfield Wildlife: Towards a Fluid Biogeography of UK Nature Conservation.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 40 (9): 2042–2060. doi:10.1068/a39261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loures, L, and E. Vaz. 2018. “Exploring Expert Perception towards Brownfield Redevelopment Benefits according to Their Typology.” Habitat International 72: 66–76. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.11.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loures, L., T. Panagopoulos, and J.B. Burley. 2016. “Assessing User Preferences on Post-Industrial Redevelopment.” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 43 (5): 871–892. doi:10.1177/0265813515599981.
   Google Scholar
• Maantay, J.A, and A.R. Maroko. 2018. “Brownfields to Greenfields: Environmental Justice versus Environmental Gentrification.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (10): 2233. doi:10.3390/ijerph15102233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire, L, and J. Justus. 2008. “Why Intrinsic Value is a Poor Basis for Conservation Decisions.” BioScience 58 (10): 910–911. doi:10.1641/B581002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marselle, Melissa R., Terry. Hartig, Daniel T C. Cox, Siân. de Bell, Sonja. Knapp, Sarah. Lindley, Margarita. Triguero-Mas., et al. 2021. “Pathways Linking Biodiversity to Human Health: A Conceptual Framework.” Environment International 150: 106420. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathey, J., S. Rößler, J. Banse, I. Lehmann, and A. Bräuer. 2015. “Brownfields as an Element of Green Infrastructure for Implementing Ecosystem Services into Urban Areas.” Journal of Urban Planning and Development 141 (3): A4015001. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathey, J., T. Arndt, J. Banse, and D. Rink. 2018. “Public Perception of Spontaneous Vegetation on Brownfields in Urban Areas: Results from Surveys in Dresden and Leipzig (Germany).” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 29: 384–392. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2016.10.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley, D. 2006. “Selling out on Nature.” Nature 443 (7107): 27–28. doi:10.1038/443027a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meffert, P.J, and F. Dziock. 2012. “What Determines Occurrence of Threatened Bird Species on Urban Wastelands?” Biological Conservation 153: 87–96. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.04.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melstrom, Richard T, and Rose. Mohammadi. 2021. “Residential Mobility, Brownfield Remediation and Environmental Gentrification in Chicago.” Land Economics 060520-0077R1. doi:10.3368/le.98.1.060520-0077R1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG). 2021. National Planning Policy Framework. 20 July. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1005759/NPPF_July_2021.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG). 2020. Planning for the Future [White Paper]. August. https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/planning-for-the-future
   Google Scholar
• Moilanen, A, and J. Kotiaho. 2018. Planning Biodiversity Offsets: Twelve Operationally Important Decisions. Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerråd. http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1201285/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Moreno-Mateos, D., V. Maris, A. Béchet, and M. Curran. 2015. “The True Loss Caused by Biodiversity Offsets.” Biological Conservation 192: 552–559. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.08.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrema, E.M. 2020. “Statement by Ms. Elizabeth Maruma Mrema, Executive Secretary of the Convention of Biological Diversity”. Paper presented at the Special Virtual Session for SBSTTA-24 and SBI-03 on Biodiversity, One Health and the Response to COVID-19. Accessed 15 December. https://www.cbd.int/doc/speech/2020/sp-2020-12-15-sbstta-sbi-en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Niemelä, J., S.R. Saarela, T. Söderman, L. Kopperoinen, V. Yli-Pelkonen, S. Väre, and D.J. Kotze. 2010. “The Role of Ecosystem Services in Contemporary Urban Planning.” Biodiversity and Conservation 19 (11): 3225–3243. doi:10.1007/s10531-010-9888-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North Northamptonshire Joint Planning and Delivery Unit (NNJPDU). 2018. North Northamptonshire Authorities’ Monitoring Report: Assessment of Housing Land Supply (2019-2024) http://www.nnjpdu.org.uk/site/assets/files/1419/amr_17-18_5yhls.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Northamptonshire County Council. 2019. Demography Update: Joint Strategic Needs Assessment Update (JSNA) Insight Pack. September. https://www.northamptonshire.gov.uk/councilservices/health/health-and-wellbeing-board/northamptonshire-jsna/Documents/DemographyJSNA_2019.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Northamptonshire Local Nature Partnership. 2016. Northamptonshire Biodiversity Action Plan 2015–2020. 3rd ed. Northampton: The Wildlife Trusts. https://www.northamptonshire.gov.uk/councilservices/environment-and-planning/planning/planning-policy/archae. ology-biodiversity-and-landscape/documents/PDF%20Documents/Northamptonshire%20BAP%202015-2020.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor, S, and J. Kenter. 2019. “Making Intrinsic Values Work; Integrating Intrinsic Values of the More-than-Human World through the Life Framework of Values.” Sustainability Science 14 (5): 1247–1265. doi:10.1007/s11625-019-00715-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan, O.S., A.R. Holt, P.H. Warren, and K.L. Evans. 2017. “Optimising UK Urban Road Verge Contributions to Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services with Cost-Effective Management.” Journal of Environmental Management 191: 162–171. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oksanen, M. 1997. “The Moral Value of Biodiversity.” Ambio 26 (8): 541–545. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4314663.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paavola, J, and K. Hubacek. 2013. “Ecosystem Services, Governance, and Stakeholder Participation: An Introduction.” Ecology and Society 18 (4): 42. doi:10.5751/ES-06019-180442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, Z. 2012. “Ecosystem Services Analysis for the Design of Regenerative Built Environments.” Building Research & Information 40 (1): 54–64. doi:10.1080/09613218.2011.628547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott, J. 2005. Sustainable Communities: Homes for All, A Five Year Plan from the Office of the Deputy Prime Minsiter John Prescott, Norwich: HMSO. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/272107/6526.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rega-Brodsky, C.C., C.H. Nilon, and P.S. Warren. 2018. “Balancing Urban Biodiversity Needs and Resident Preferences for Vacant Lot Management.” Sustainability 10 (5): 1679. doi:10.3390/su10051679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyers, B., S. Polasky, H. Tallis, H.A. Mooney, and A. Larigauderie. 2012. “Finding Common Ground for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.” BioScience 62 (5): 503–507. doi:10.1525/bio.2012.62.5.12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, L. 2015. Handling Qualitative Data: A Practical Guide. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Riding, A. N. Critchley, L. Wilson, and J. Parker. 2010. Definition and Mapping of Open Mosaic Habitats on Previously Developed Land: Phase 1. Final Report. March, http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC0722_9022_FRP.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Rode, J., H. Wittmer, L. Emerton, and C. Schröter-Schlaack. 2016. “‘Ecosystem Service Opportunities’: A Practice-Oriented Framework for Identifying Economic Instruments to Enhance Biodiversity and Human Livelihoods.” Journal for Nature Conservation 33: 35–47. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2016.07.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupprecht, C.D., J.A. Byrne, J.G. Garden, and J-M. Hero. 2014. “Informal Urban Greenspace: A Typology and Trilingual Systematic Review of Its Role for Urban Residents and Trends in the Literature.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13 (4): 597–611. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2014.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutz, Christian., Matthias-Claudio. Loretto, Amanda E. Bates, Sarah C. Davidson, Carlos M. Duarte, Walter. Jetz, Mark. Johnson., et al. 2020. “COVID-19 Lockdown Allows Researchers to Quantify the Effects of Human Activity on Wildlife.” Nature Ecology & Evolution 4 (9): 1156–1159. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1237-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schröder, R, and K. Kiehl. 2020. “Ecological Restoration of an Urban Demolition Site through Introduction of Native Forb Species.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 47: 126509. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siikamaki, J, and K. Wernstedt. 2008. “Turning Brownfields into Greenspaces: Examining Incentives and Barriers to Revitalization.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 33 (3): 559–593. doi:10.1215/03616878-2008-008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soga, M., M.J. Evans, D.T. Cox, and K.J. Gaston. 2021. “Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Human-Nature Interactions: Pathways, Evidence and Implications.” People and Nature (Hoboken, N.J.) 3 (3): 518–527. doi:10.1002/pan3.10201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soulé, M. E. 1985. “What is Conservation Biology? A New Synthetic Discipline Addresses the Dynamics and Problems of Perturbed Species, Communities, and Ecosystems.” BioScience 35 (11): 727–734. doi:10.2307/1310054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, D.L., M.F. Hanson, D.D. Oaks, J.E. Straub, and A.V. Ponio. 2010. “Local Land-Use Planning to Conserve Biodiversity: Planners’ Perspectives on What Works.” Conservation Biology : The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology 24 (2): 450–460. doi:LO.HH/j.1523-1739.2OO9.O13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taherzadeh, O, and P. Howley. 2018. “No Net Loss of What, for Whom?: Stakeholder Perspectives to Biodiversity Offsetting in England.” Environment, Development and Sustainability 20 (4): 1807–1830. doi:10.1007/s10668-017-9967-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallis, H, and J. Lubchenco. 2014. “A Call for Inclusive Conservation.” Nature 515 (7525): 27–28. https://www.nature.com/news/working-together-a-call-for-inclusive-conservation-1.16260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Town and Country Planning (Brownfield Land Register) Regulations. 2017. No. 403 Regulation 4. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2017/403/regulation/4/made
   Google Scholar
• Threlfall, C.G, and D. Kendal. 2018. “The Distinct Ecological and Social Roles That Wild Spaces Play in Urban Ecosystems.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 29: 348–356. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.05.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trémolet, S., I. Dickie, J. Treweek, and T. Reisch. 2021. Biodiversity Net Gain in England: Developing Effective Market Mechanisms. A Discussion Paper. London, UK: The Nature Conservancy. October. https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/TNC_BiodiversityNetGain_England.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Trentanovi, G., A. Zinzani, R. Bartoletti, and F. Montanari. 2021b. “Contested Novel Ecosystems: Socio-Ecological Processes and Evidence from Italy.” Environmental Development 40: 100658. 100658). doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2021.100658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trentanovi, G., T. Campagnaro, I. Kowarik, M. Munafò, P. Semenzato, and T. Sitzia. 2021a. “Integrating Spontaneous Urban Woodlands into the Green Infrastructure: Unexploited Opportunities for Urban Regeneration.” Land Use Policy 102: 105221–105210. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turkelboom, Francis., Michael. Leone, Sander. Jacobs, Eszter. Kelemen, Marina. García-Llorente, Francesc. Baró, Mette. Termansen., et al. 2018. “When We Cannot Have It All: Ecosystem Services Trade-Offs in the Context of Spatial Planning.” Ecosystem Services 29: 566–578. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.10.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Prime Minister’s Office. 2020a. PM: Build, Build, Build [Press Release]. 30 June. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-build-build-build
   Google Scholar
• UK Prime Minister’s Office. 2020b. PM: A New Deal for Britain [Press Release]. 30 June. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-a-new-deal-for-britain
   Google Scholar
• Urban Task Force. 1999. Towards an Urban Renaissance, London: E & FN Spon.
   Google Scholar
• Vihola, J., and A. Kurvinen. 2016. “Municipal Economics of Regional Development: Infill versus Greenfield Development.” In RE-CITY: Future City-Combining Disciplines, edited by J. Rajaniemi, 59–82. Tampere: Datutop. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jaakko-Vihola-2/publication/303946375_Municipal_Economics_of_Regional_Development_-_Infill_versus_Greenfield_Development/links/57ac142b08ae0932c9718d4c/Municipal-Economics-of-Regional-Development-Infill-versus-Greenfield-Development.pdf
   Google Scholar
• West Northamptonshire Joint Planning Unit (WNJPU). 2011. West Northamptonshire Joint Core Strategy: Pre-Submission. February. http://www.westnorthamptonshirejpu.org/gf2.ti/f/278178/6794117.1/pdf/-/WNPSJCS.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, K. 2006. “Research in Constructivist Frameworks Using Ethnographic Techniques.” Library Trends 55 (1): 83–101. doi:10.1353/lib.2006.0054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar