The role of urban planning in climate adaptation: an empirical analysis of UHI in European cities

References

• Alvarez, J. R. 2013. “Heat Island and Urban Morphology: Observations and Analysis from Six European Cities.” Paper presented at the 29th Conference, Sustainable Architecture for a Renewable Future, Munich, Germany, September 10–12.
   Google Scholar
• Arnfield, J. A. 2003. “Two Decades of Urban Climate Research: A Review of Turbulence, Exchanges of Energy and Water, and the Urban Heat Island.” International Journal of Climatology 23 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1002/joc.859.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M., F. Dai, B. Yang, and S. Zhu. 2019. “Effects of Neighborhood Green Space on PM2.5 Mitigation: Evidence from Five Megacities in China.” Building and Environment 156: 33–45. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.03.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., H. Zhao, P. Li, and Z.Y. Yin. 2006. “Remote Sensing Image-Based Analysis of the Relationship between Urban Heat Island and Land Use/Cover Changes.” Remote Sensing of Environment 104 (2): 133–146. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2005.11.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun, B., and J. Guldmann. 2014. “Spatial Statistical Analysis and Simulation of the Urban Heat Island in High-Density Central Cities.” Landscape and Urban Planning 125: 76–88. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinton, N., and P. Gong. 2013. “MODIS Detected Surface Urban Heat Islands and Sinks: Global Locations and Controls.” Remote Sensing of Environment 134: 294–304. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2013.03.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connors, J. P., C. Galletti, and W. Chow. 2013. “Landscape Configuration and Urban Heat Island Effects: Assessing the Relationship between Landscape Characteristics and Land Surface Temperature in Phoenix, Arizona.” Landscape Ecology 28 (2): 271–283. doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9833-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran, P., C. Siderius, and T. Singh. 2019. “Cities, Climate Change and Chronic Heat Exposure.” Policy Brief, Grantham Research Institute for Climate Change and the Environment. https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/publication/cities-climate-change-and-chronic-heat-exposure/#:∼:text=Chronic%20heat%20exposure%20can%20seriously,urban%20design%20and%20poverty%20levels.
   Google Scholar
• Dirksen, M., R. J. Ronda, N.E. Theeuwes, and G. A. Pagani. 2019. “Sky View Factor Calculations and Its Application in Urban Heat Island Studies.” Urban Climate 30: 100498. doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dousset, B., and F. Gourmelon. 2003. “Satellite Multi-Sensor Data Analysis of Urban Surface Temperatures and Land Cover.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 58 (1-2): 43–54. doi:10.1016/S0924-2716(03)00016-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dousset, B., F. Gourmelon, and E. Mauri. 2007. “Application of Satellite Remote Sensing for Urban Risk Analysis: Case Study of the 2003 Extreme Heat Wave in Paris.” Paper presented at the Urban Remote Sensing Joint Event 2007. Paris, France, April 11–13. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4234448.
   Google Scholar
• Dugord, P.-A., S. Lauf, C. Schuster, and B. Kleinschmit. 2014. “Land Use Patterns, Temperature Distribution, and Potential Heat Stress Risk: The Case Study Berlin, Germany.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 48: 86–98. doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2014.07.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellena, M., J. Ballester, P. Mercogliano, E. Ferracin, G. Barbato, G. Costa, and V. Ingole. 2020. “Social Inequalities in Heat-Attributable Mortality in the City of Turin, Northwest of Italy: A Time Series Analysis from 1982 to 2018.” Environmental Health 19 (1): 116. doi:10.1186/s12940-020-00667-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamble, J. L., J. H. Bradford, P. A. Schultz, W. S. Jaglom, N. Krishnan, and M. Harris. 2013. “Climate Change and Older Americans: State of the Science.” Environmental Health Perspectives 121 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1289/ehp.1205223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, Y., J. Zhao, and L. Han. 2022. “Exploring the Spatial Heterogeneity of Urban Heat Island Effect and Its Relationship to Block Morphology with the Geographically Weighted Regression Model.” Sustainable Cities and Society 76: 103431. doi.10.1016/j.scs.2021.103431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giridharan, R., S. S. Lau, and S. Ganesan. 2005. “Nocturnal Heat Island Effect in Urban Residential Developments of Hong Kong.” Energy and Buildings 37 (9): 964–971. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.12.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, G., Z. Wu, R. Xiao, Y. Chen, X. Liu, and X. Zhang. 2015. “Impacts of Urban Biophysical Composition on Land Surface Temperature in Urban Heat Island Clusters.” Landscape and Urban Planning 135: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.11.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hathway, E., and S. Sharples. 2012. “The Interaction of Rivers and Urban Form in Mitigating the Urban Heat Island Effect: A UK Case Study.” Building and Environment 58: 14–22. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.06.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, B.-J., L. Ding, and D. Prasad. 2020b. “Wind-Sensitive Urban Planning and Design: Precinct Ventilation Performance and Its Potential for Local Warming Mitigation in an Open Midrise Gridiron Precinct.” Journal of Building Engineering 29: 101145. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaviside, C., H. Macintyre, and S. Vardoulakis. 2017. “The Urban Heat Island: Implications for Health in a Changing Environment.” Current Environmental Health Reports 4 (3): 296–305. doi:10.1007/s40572-017-0150-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heckman, J. 1979. “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error.” Econometrica 47 (1): 153–161. doi:10.2307/1912352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herold, M., J. Scepan, and K. Clarke. 2002. “The Use of Remote Sensing and Landscape Metrics to Describe Structures and Changes in Urban Land Uses.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 34 (8): 1443–1458. doi:10.1068/a3496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hijmans, R. J., J. van Etten, M. Sumner, J. Cheng, D. Baston, A. Bevan, R. Bivand, et al. 2021. “raster: Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling.” R package version 3.5-11.
   Google Scholar
• Holderness, T., S. Barr, R. Dawson, and J. Hall. 2013. “An Evaluation of Thermal Earth Observation for Characterizing Urban Heatwave Event Dynamics Using the Urban Heat Island Intensity Metric.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 34 (3): 864–884. doi:10.1080/01431161.2012.714505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung, T., D. Uchihama, S. Ochi, and Y. Yasuoka. 2006. “Assessment with Satellite Data of the Urban Heat Island Effects in Asin Mega Cities.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 8 (1): 34–48. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2005.05.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imhoff, M. L., P. Zhang, R. E. Wolfe, and L. Bounoua. 2010. “Remote Sensing of the Urban Heat Island Effect across Biomes in the Continental USA.” Remote Sensing of Environment 114 (3): 504–513. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2009.10.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karger, D. N., O. Conrad, J. Böhner, T. Kawohl, H. Kreft, R. W. Soria-Auza, N. E. Zimmermann, H. P. Linder, and M. Kessler. 2017. “Climatologies at High Resolution for the Earth’s Land Surface Areas.” Scientific Data 4: 170122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuang, W., Y. Liu, Y. Dou, W. Chi, G. Chen, C. Gao, T. Yang, J. Liu, and R. Zhang. 2015. “What Are Hot and What Are Not in an Urban Landscape: Quantifying and Explaining the Land Surface Temperature Pattern in Beijing.” Landscape Ecology 30 (2): 357–377. doi:10.1007/s10980-014-0128-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., Z. Zhao, X. Miaomiao, and Y. Wang. 2010. “Investigating Spatial Non-Stationary and Scale-Dependent Relationships between Urban Surface Temperature and Environmental Factors Using Geographically Weighted Regression.” Environmental Modelling & Software 25 (12): 1789–1800. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.06.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., W. Zhou, Z. Ouyang, W. Xu, and H. Zheng. 2012. “Spatial Pattern of Greenspace Affects Land Surface Temperature: Evidence from the Heavily Urbanized Beijing Metropolitan Area.” Landscape Ecology 27 (6): 887–898. doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9731-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, W., X. Liu, D. Li, M. Luo, D. Wang, S. Wang, J. Baldwin, et al. 2018. “Stronger Contributions of Urbanization to Heat Wave Trends in Wet Climates.” Geophysical Research Letters 45 (20): 11310–11317. doi:10.1029/2018GL079679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marelle, L., G. Myhre, B. M. Steensen, Ø. Hodnebrog, K. Alterskjaer, and J. Sillman. 2020. “Urbanization in Megacities Increases the Frequency of Extreme Precipitation Events Far More than Their Intensity.” Environmental Research Letters 15: 124072. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abcc8f.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martilli, A. 2014. “An Idealized Study of City Structure, Urban Climate, Energy Consumption, and Air Quality.” Urban Climate 10: 430–446. doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2014.03.003.
   Google Scholar
• Miner, M. J., R. A. Taylor, C. Jones, and P. E. Phelan. 2017. “Efficiency, Economics and the Urban Heat Island.” Environment and Urbanization 29 (1): 183–194. doi:10.1177/0956247816655676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morabito, M., A. Crisci, A. Messeri, S. R. Orlandini, G. Maracchi, and M. Muriafò. 2016. “The Impact of Built-up Surfaces on Land Surface Temperatures in Italian Urban Areas.” Science of the Total Environment 551-552: 317–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oke, T. R. 1973. “City Size and the Urban Heat Island.” Atmospheric Environment 7: 769–779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oke, T. R. 1982. “The Energetic Basis of the Urban Heat Island.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 108: 1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, S., S. Piao, P. Ciais, P. Friedlingstein, C. Ottle, F.-M. Brèon, H. Nan, L. Zhou, and R. B. Myneni. 2012. “Surface Urban Heat Island across 419 Global Big Cities.” Environmental Science and Technology 46: 696–703. doi:10.1021/es2030438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pu, R., P. Gong, R. Michishita, and T. Sasagawa. 2006. “Assessment of Multi-Resolution and Multi-Sensor Data for Urban Surface Temperature Retrieval.” Remote Sensing of Environment 104: 211–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajasekar, U., and Q. Weng. 2009. “Urban Heat Island Monitoring and Analysis Using a Non-Parametric Model: A Case Study of Indianapolis.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 64: 89–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinner, C., and M. Hussain. 2011. “Toronto’s Urban Heat Island: Exploring the Relationship between Land Use and Surface Temperature.” Remote Sensing 3: 1251–1265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, M., T. R. Oke, and J. Emery. 1988. “Satellite-Derived Urban Heat Islands from Three Coastal Cities and the Utilization of Such Data in Urban Climatology.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 10 (11): 1699–1720. doi:10.1080/01431168908904002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangiorgio, V., F. Fiorito, and M. Santamouris. 2020. “Development of a Holistic Urban Heat Island Evaluation Methodology.” Nature 10: 17913. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75018-4.
   Google Scholar
• Sartori, A. E. 2003. “An Estimator for Some Binary-Outcome Selection Models without Exclusion Restrictions.” Political Analysis 11: 111–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, D., H. Fehrenbach, D. Beha, and E. Parlow. 1999. “Improved Concepts and Methods in Analysis and Evaluation of the Urban Climate for Optimizing Urban Planning Processes.” Atmospheric Environment 33: 4185–4193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz, N. 2010. “Urban Form Revisited: Selecting Indicators for Characterising European Cities.” Landscape and Urban Planning 96: 29–47. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.01.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz, N., and A. Manceur. 2014. “Analyzing the Influence of Urban Forms on Surface Urban Heat Island in Europe.” Journal of Urban Planning and Development 141 (3): A4014003. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz, N., S. Lautenbach, and R. Seppelt. 2011. “Exploring Indicators for Quantifying Surface Urban Heat Islands of European Cities with MODIS Land Surface Temperatures.” Remote Sensing of Environment 115: 3175–3186. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2011.07.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahmohamadi, P., A. Che-Ani, K. Maulud, N. Tawil, and N. Abdullah. 2011. “The Impact of Anthropogenic Heat on Formation of Urban Heat Island and Energy Consumption Balance.” Urban Studies Research 16 (2): 179. doi:10.1155/2011/497524.
   Google Scholar
• Shuang, Y., X. Jiangjiang, Y. Zhongwei, Z. Anzhi, X. Yang, and G. Dabo. 2019. “Loss of Work Productivity in a Warming World: Differences between Developed and Developing Countries.” Journal of Cleaner Production 208: 1219–1225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, B., J. Hess, and H. Frumkin. 2010. “Urban Form and Extreme Heat Events: Are Sprawling Cities More Vulnerable to Climate Change than Compact Cities?” Environmental Health Perspectives 10: 1425–1428.
   Google Scholar
• van Hove, L., C. Jacobs, B. Heusinkveld, J. Elbers, B. van Driel, and A. Holtslag. 2015. “Temporal and Spatial Variability of Urban Heat Island and Thermal Comfort within the Rotterdam Agglomeration.” Building and Environment 83: 91–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voogt, J. A., and T. R. Oke. 2003. “Thermal Remote Sensing of Urban Climates.” Remote Sensing of Environment 86: 370–384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, X., H. Cai, Z. Qiao, L. Wang, C. Jin, Y. Ge, and L. X. Wang. 2017. “Impacts of Park Landscape Structure on Thermal Environment Using QuickBird and Landsat Images.” Chinese Geographical Science 27: 818–826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, X., J. Gregory, and R. Kirchain. 2016. “The Impacts of Surface Albedo on Climate and Building Energy Consumption: Review and Comparative Analysis.” Paper submitted for Presentation at the Transportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting. https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/105822/16-6158-1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, L., D. Niyogi, M. Tewari, D. Aliaga, F. Chen, F. Tian, and G. Ni. 2016. “Contrasting Impacts of Urban Forms on the Future Thermal Environment: Example of Beijing Metropolitan Area.” Environmental Research Letters 11: 034018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, X., and Y. Li. 2015. “The Impact of Building Density and Building Height Heterogeneity on Average Urban Albedo and Street Surface Temperature.” Building and Environment 90: 146–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, C., M. Yuan, Y. Lu, Y. Huang, and Y. Liu. 2018. “Effects of Urban Form on the Urban Heat Island Effect Based on Spatial Regression Model.” Science of the Total Environment 634: 696–704. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, B., D. Rybsky, and J. Kropp. 2013. “On the Statistics of Urban Heat Island Intensity.” Geophysical Research Letters 40 (20): 5486–5491. doi:10.1002/2013GL057320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, B., D. Rybsky, and J. P. Kropp. 2017. “The Role of City Size and Urban Form in the Surface Urban Heat Island.” Scientific Reports 7: 4791. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04242-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, W., G. Huang, and M. L. Cadenasso. 2011. “Does Spatial Configuration Matter? Understanding the Effects of Land Cover Pattern on Land Surface Temperature in Urban Landscapes.” Landscape and Urban Planning 102 (1): 54–63. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.03.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar