Partisanship and Political Sophistication During and Outside of Election Times: A Longitudinal Analysis Using the German SOEP Survey 1984–2012

References

• Achen, C. H. 2002. “Parental Socialization and Rational Party Identification.” Political Behavior 24 (2): 151–170. doi: 10.1023/A:1021278208671
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albright, J. J. 2009. “Does Political Knowledge Erode Party Attachments?: A Review of the Cognitive Mobilization Thesis.” Electoral Studies 28 (2): 248–60. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2009.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alwin, D. F., and J. A. Krosnick. 1991. “Aging, Cohorts, and the Stability of Sociopolitical Orientations over the Life Span.” American Journal of Sociology 97 (1): 169–195. doi: 10.1086/229744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arzheimer, K. 2006. “‘Dead Men Walking?’ Party Identification in Germany, 1977–2002.” Electoral Studies 25 (4): 791–807. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2006.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arzheimer, K., and H. Schoen. 2005. “Erste Schritte Auf Kaum Erschlossenem Terrain. Zur Stabilität Der Parteiidentifikation in Deutschland.” Politische Vierteljahresschrift 46 (4): 629–54. doi: 10.1007/s11615-005-0305-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels, L. M. 2002. “Beyond the Running Tally: Partisan Bias in Political Perceptions.” Political Behavior 24 (2): 117–50. doi: 10.1023/A:1021226224601
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels, B. L., J. M. Box-Steffensmeier, C. D. Smidt, and R. M. Smith. 2011. “The Dynamic Properties of Individual-Level Party Identification in the United States.” Electoral Studies 30 (1): 210–22. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2010.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bawn, K. 1999. “Voter Responses to Electoral Complexity: Ticket Splitting, Rational Voters and Representation in the Federal Republic of Germany.” British Journal of Political Science 29 (3): 487–505. doi: 10.1017/S0007123499000228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blais, A., and F. Gélineau. 2007. “Winning, Losing and Satisfaction with Democracy.” Political Studies 55 (2): 425–41. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00659.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blais, A., E. Gidengil, R. Nadeau, and N. Nevitte. 2001. “Measuring Party Identification: Britain, Canada, and the United States.” Political Behavior 23 (1): 5–22. doi: 10.1023/A:1017665513905
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brambor, T., W. R. Clark, and M. Golder. 2006. “Understanding Interaction Models: Improving Empirical Analyses.” Political Analysis 14 (1): 63–82. doi: 10.1093/pan/mpi014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. 2008. The American Campaign. U.S. Presidential Campaigns and the National Vote. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, A., P. E. Converse, W. E. Miller, and D. E. Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, H. D., D. Sanders, M. C. Stewart, and P. Whiteley. 2009. “The American Voter’s British Cousin.” Electoral Studies 28 (4): 632–41. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2009.05.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Converse, P. E. 1962. “Information Flow and the Stability of Partisan Attitudes.” The Public Opinion Quarterly 26 (4): 578–99. doi: 10.1086/267129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. 1984. “Cognitive Mobilization and Partisan Dealignment in Advanced Industrial Democracies.” Journal of Politics 46 (1): 264–84. doi: 10.2307/2130444
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. 2007. “Partisan Mobilization, Cognitive Mobilization and the Changing American Electorate.” Electoral Studies 26 (2): 274–86. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2006.04.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. 2012. “Apartisans and the Changing German Electorate.” Electoral Studies 31 (1): 35–45. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2011.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. 2013. The Apartisan American: Dealignment and Changing Electoral Politics. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. 2014. “Interpreting Partisan Dealignment in Germany.” German Politics 23 (1–2): 134–144.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J., D. M. Farrell, and I. McAllister. 2011. “Voter Choice and Partisan Representation.” In Political Parties and Democratic Linkage, edited by R. J. Dalton, D. M. Farrell, and I. McAllister, 142–58. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J., and M. P. Wattenberg. 2002. Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dassonneville, R. 2014. “Political Sophistication and Vote Intention Switching. The Timing of Electoral Volatility in the 2009 German Election Campaign.” German Politics 23 (3): 174–95. doi: 10.1080/09644008.2014.949682
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dassonneville, R., M. Hooghe, and B. Vanhoutte. 2012. “Age, Period and Cohort Effects in the Decline of Party Identification in Germany: An Analysis of a Two Decade Panel Study in Germany (1992–2009).” German Politics 21 (2): 209–27. doi: 10.1080/09644008.2012.679659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilliplane, S. 2014. “Activation, Conversion, or Reinforcement? The Impact of Partisan News Exposure on Vote Choice.” American Journal of Political Science 58 (1): 79–94. doi: 10.1111/ajps.12046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinas, E. 2014. “Does Choice Bring Loyalty? Electoral Participation and the Development of Party Identification.” American Journal of Political Science 58 (2): 449–465. doi: 10.1111/ajps.12044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs, A. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper.
   Google Scholar
• Elff, M. 2009. “Social Divisions, Party Positions, and Electoral Behaviour.” Electoral Studies 28 (2): 297–308. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2009.02.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elff, M., and S. Roßteutscher. 2011. “Stability or Decline? Class, Religion and the Vote in Germany.” German Politics 20 (1): 107–27. doi: 10.1080/09644008.2011.554109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falter, J. W. 1977. “Einmal Mehr: Lässt Sich Das Konzept Der Parteiidentifikation Auf Deutsche Verhältnisse Übertragen? Theoretische, Methodologische Und Empirische Probleme Einer Validierung Des Konstrukts ‘Parteiidentifikation’ Für Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland.” In Wahlsoziologie Heute. Analysen Aus Anlass Der Bundestagswahl 1976, edited by M. Kaase, 476–500. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Falter, J. W., H. Schoen, and C. Caballero. 2000. “Dreißig Jahre Danach: Zur Validierung Des Konzepts Parteiidentifikation in Der Bundesrepublik.” In 50 Jahre Empirische Wahlforschung in Deutschland, edited by M. Klein, 235–71. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Federico, C. M., and C. V. Hunt. 2013. “Political Information, Political Involvement, and Reliance on Ideology in Political Evaluations.” Political Behavior 35 (1): 89–112. doi: 10.1007/s11109-011-9184-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel, S. E. 1987. “The Effects of Participation on Political Efficacy and Political Support: Evidence from a West German Panel.” Journal of Politics 49 (2): 441–64. doi: 10.2307/2131308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorina, M. P. 1981. Retrospective Voting in American National Elections. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fraile, M. 2013. “Do Information-Rich Contexts Reduce Knowledge Inequalities? The Contextual Determinants of Political Knowledge in Europe.” Acta Politica 48 (2): 119–43. doi: 10.1057/ap.2012.34
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelman, A., and G. King. 1993. “Why Are American Presidential Election Campaign Polls so Variable When Votes Are so Predictable?” British Journal of Political Science 23 (4): 409–51. doi: 10.1017/S0007123400006682
   Google Scholar
• Grant, J. T., S. T. Mockabee, and J. Q. Monson. 2010. “Campaign Effects on the Accessibility of Party Identification.” Political Research Quarterly 63 (4): 811–21. doi: 10.1177/1065912909336269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, D. P., and B. Palmquist. 1994. “How Stable Is Party Identification?” Political Behavior 16 (4): 437–66. doi: 10.1007/BF01498826
   Google Scholar
• Green, D. P., and D. H. Yoon. 2002. “Reconciling Individual and Aggregate Evidence Concerning Partisan Stability: Applying Time-Series Models to Panel Survey Data.” Political Analysis 10 (1): 1–24. doi: 10.1093/pan/10.1.1
   Google Scholar
• Hillygus, D. S., and S. Jackman. 2003. “Effects, Partisan Activation, and the Clinton Legacy.” American Journal of Political Science 47 (4): 583–96. doi: 10.1111/1540-5907.00041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooghe, M., and A. Kern. 2015. “Party Membership and Closeness and the Development of Trust in Political Institutions: An Analysis of the European Social Survey, 2002–2010.” Party Politics 21 (6): 944–56. doi: 10.1177/1354068813509519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, S. 2013. “Politisches Lernen Im Wahlkampf Bei Der Bundestagswahl 2009.” In Koalitionen, Kandidaten, Kommunikation, Veröffentlichung Des Arbeitskreises ‘Wahlen Und Politische Einstellungen’ Der Deutschen Vereinigung Für Politische Wissenschaft (DVPW), edited by T. Faas, K. Arzheimer, S. Roßteutscher, and B. Weßels, 173–97. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
   Google Scholar
• Huckfeldt, R., J. Levine, W. Morgan, and J. Sprague. 1999. “Accessibility and the Political Utility of Partisan and Ideological Orientations.” American Journal of Political Science 43 (3): 888–911. doi: 10.2307/2991839
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Infratest Sozialforschung. 2011a. SOEP 1985 – Methodenbericht zum Befragungsjahr 1985 (Welle 2) des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels. SOEP Survey Papers 3: Series B. Berlin: DIW/SOEP.
   Google Scholar
• Infratest Burke Sozialforschung. 2011b. SOEP 1995 – Methodenbericht zum Befragungsjahr 1995 (Welle 12/West und Welle 6/Ost) des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels. SOEP Survey Papers 27: Series B. Berlin: DIW/SOEP.
   Google Scholar
• Iyengar, S., J. Curran, A. Brink Lund, I. Salovaara-Moring, K. S. Hahn, and S. Coen. 2010. “Cross-National versus Individual-Level Differences in Political Information: A Media Systems Perspective.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties 20 (3): 291–309. doi: 10.1080/17457289.2010.490707
   Google Scholar
• Jennings, M. K., and R. G. Niemi. 1981. Generations and Politics. A Panel Study of Young Adults and Their Parents. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jennings, M. K., L. Stoker, and J. Bowers. 2009. “Politics Across Generations: Family Transmission Reexamined.” The Journal of Politics 71 (3): 782–799. doi: 10.1017/S0022381609090719
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerit, J., J. Barabas, and T. Bolsen. 2006. “Citizens, Knowledge, and the Information Environment.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (2): 266–82. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00183.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, R. 2006. “Party Identification: Unmoved Mover or Sum of Preferences?” Annual Review of Political Science 9 (1): 329–51. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.062404.170523
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, G., M. Tomz, and J. Wittenberg. 2000. “Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation.” American Journal of Political Science 44 (2): 347–61. doi: 10.2307/2669316
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler, U. 2002. Der Demokratische Klassenkampf: Zum Zusammenhang von Sozialstruktur Und Parteipräferenz. Frankfurt/New York: Campus Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Kroh, M. 2014. “Growth Trajectories in the Strength of Party Identification: The Legacy of Autocratic Regimes.” Electoral Studies 33: 90–101. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2013.06.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuklinski, J. H., P. J. Quirk, J. Jerit, and R. F. Rich. 2001. “The Political Environment and Citizen Competence.” American Journal of Political Science 45 (2): 410–24. doi: 10.2307/2669349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachat, R. 2007. A Heterogeneous Electorate. Political Sophistication, Predisposition Strength and the Voting Decision Process. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
   Google Scholar
• Lau, R. R., D. J. Andersen, and D. P. Redlawsk. 2008. “An Exploration of Correct Voting in Recent U.S. Presidential Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 52 (2): 395–411. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00319.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavine, H., and T. Gschwend. 2006. “Issues, Party and Character: The Moderating Role of Ideological Thinking on Candidate Evaluation.” British Journal of Political Science 37 (1): 139–63. doi: 10.1017/S0007123407000075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levendusky, M. 2013. “Partisan Media Exposure and Attitudes Toward the Opposition.” Political Communication 30 (4): 565–81. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2012.737435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis-Beck, M. S., W. G. Jacoby, N. Norpoth, and H. F. Weisberg. 2008. The American Voter Revisited. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lodge, M., M. R. Steenbergen, and S. Brau. 1995. “The Responsive Voter: Campaign Information and the Dynamics of Candidate Evaluation.” The American Political Science Review 89 (2): 309–326. doi: 10.2307/2082427
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupu, N. 2015. “Party Polarization and Mass Partisanship: A Comparative Perspective.” Political Behavior 37 (2): 331–56. doi: 10.1007/s11109-014-9279-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupu, N. 2013. “Party Brands and Partisanship: Theory with Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Argentina.” American Journal of Political Science 57 (1): 49–64. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00615.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luskin, R. C. 1990. “Explaining Political Sophistication.” Political Behavior 12 (4): 331–361. doi: 10.1007/BF00992793
   Google Scholar
• Marthaler, S. 2008. “The Paradox of the Politically-Sophisticated Partisan: The French Case.” West European Politics 31 (5): 937–59. doi: 10.1080/01402380802234607
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meffert, M. F., and T. Gschwend. 2011. “Polls, Coalition Signals and Strategic Voting: An Experimental Investigation of Perceptions and Effects.” European Journal of Political Research 50 (5): 636–67. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2010.01986.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, D.-G. 2014. “It’s About Time: The Lifespan of Information Effects in a Multiweek Campaign.” American Journal of Political Science 56 (2): 298–311. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00549.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neundorf, A., K. Smets, and G. M. García-Albacete. 2013. “Homemade Citizens: The Development of Political Interest during Adolescence and Young Adulthood.” Acta Politica 48 (1): 92–116. doi: 10.1057/ap.2012.23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neundorf, A., D. Stegmueller, and T. J. Scotto. 2011. “The Individual-Level Dynamics of Bounded Partisanship.” Public Opinion Quarterly 75 (3): 458–82. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfr018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohr, D., H. Dülmer, and M. Quandt. 2009. “Kognitive Mobilisierung Oder Nicht-Kognitive De-Mobilisierung? Eine Längsschnittliche Analyse Der Deutschen Wählerschaft Für Die Jahre 1976 Bis 2005.” In Wahlen Und Wähler. Analysen Aus Anlass Der Bundestagswahl 2005, edited by O.W. Gabriel, B. Weßels, and J.W. Falter, 536–560. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Ohr, D., M. Quandt, and H. Dülmer. 2005. “Zur Funktion Und Bedeutung Der Parteibindung Für Den Modernen Wähler.” In Wahlen Und Wähler. Analysen Aus Anlass Der Bundestagswahl 2002, edited by J. Falter, O.W. Gabriel, and B. Weßels, 435–58. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Popkin, S. L. 1991. The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt-Beck, R., S. Weick, and B. Christoph. 2006. “Shaky Attachments: Individual-Level Stability and Change of Partisanship among West German Voters, 1984–2001.” European Journal of Political Research 45 (4): 581–608. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00310.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shively, W. P. 1979. “The Development of Party Identification among Adults: Exploration of a Functional Model.” American Political Science Review 73 (4): 1039–54.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, S., E. Karakoç, and A. Blais. 2012. “Differentiating Winners: How Elections Affect Satisfaction with Democracy.” Electoral Studies 31 (1): 201–11. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2011.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taber, C. S., and M. Lodge. 2006. “Motivated Skepticism in Beliefs the Evaluation of Political.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (3): 755–69. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., and D. Kahneman. 1973. “Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability.” Cognitive Psychology 5 (2): 207–32. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, M., J. Tarlov, and N. Vivyan. 2014. “Partisan Bias in Opinion Formation on Episodes of Political Controversy: Evidence from Great Britain.” Political Studies 62 (1): 136–58. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.01002.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolak, J. 2008. “The Consequences of Concurrent Campaigns for Citizen Knowledge of Congressional Candidates.” Political Behavior 31 (2): 211–29. doi: 10.1007/s11109-008-9069-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaller, J. R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar