13,324
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Learning to Lead? Germany and the Leadership Paradox in EU Foreign Policy

References

  • Adler-Nissen, R. 2014. “Symbolic Power in European Diplomacy: The Struggle between National Foreign Services and the EU’s External Action Service.” Review of International Studies 40 (4): 657–681.
  • Aggestam, L. 2006. “Role Theory and European Foreign Policy: A Framework of Analysis.” In The European Union’s Roles in International Politics: Concepts and Analysis, edited by O. Elgström, and M. Smith, 11–29. London: Routledge.
  • Aggestam, L. 2008. “Ethical Power Europe?” International Affairs 84 (1): 1–11.
  • Aggestam, L., and F. Bicchi. 2019. “New Directions in EU Foreign Policy Governance: Cross-Loading, Leadership and Informal Groupings.” Journal of Common Market Studies. doi:10.1111/jcms.12846.
  • Aggestam, L., and M. Johansson. 2017. “The Leadership Paradox in EU Foreign Policy.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 55 (6): 1203–1220.
  • Anderson, J., and J. Goodman. 1993. “Mars or Minerva?” In After the Cold War: International Institutions & State Strategies in Europe 1989-1991, edited by R. Keohane, J. Nye, and S. Hoffmann, 23–62. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Avery, G. C. 2004. Understanding Leadership. London: Sage.
  • Bagger, T. 2015. “The German Moment in a Fragile World.” The Washington Quarterly 37 (4): 25–35.
  • Bagger, T. 2019. “The World According to Germany: Reassessing 1989.” The Washington Quarterly 41 (4): 53–63.
  • Baldwin, D. 2016. Power and International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Barnett, M., and R. Duvall. 2005. “Power in International Politics.” International Organization 59 (1): 39–75.
  • Beach, D., and C. Mazzucelli. 2007. Leadership in the Big Bangs of European Integration, 1–21. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Berenskoetter, F., and M. J. Williams. 2007. Power in World Politics. London: Routledge.
  • Biddle, B. J., and E. J. Thomas. 1966. Role theory: Concepts and Research. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bieler, A., and A. Morton. 2004. “A Critical Theory Route to Hegemony, World Order and Historical Change: Neo-Gramscian Perspectives in International Relations.” Capital and Class 28 (1): 85–113.
  • Bildt, C. 2015. “Merkel is Best to Solve the Crisis.” The European. Accessed February 15, 2018. https://www.theeuropean-magazine.com/carl-bildt/9576-carl-bildt-on-solving-the-ukrainian-crisis.
  • Brummer, K., and K. Oppermann. 2016. ‘Germany’s Foreign Policy after the End of the Cold War: “Becoming Normal”?’ Oxford Handbooks Online. 1-27. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935307.013.1.
  • Bulmer, S., C. Jeffery, and W. Paterson. 2000. Germany’s European Diplomacy: Shaping the Regional Milieu. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Burns, J. M. 1992. Leadership. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
  • Cassidy, J. 2014. “Ukraine Crisis; Keep your Eyes on Angela Merkel.” The New Yorker, March 3.
  • Clark, I. 2005. Legitimacy in International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cox, R. 1983. “Gramsci, Hegemony and International Relations: An Essay in Method.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 12 (2): 162–75.
  • Crawford, B., and K. Olsen. 2017. “The Puzzle of Persistence and Power: Explaining Germany’s Normative Foreign Policy.” German Politics 26 (4): 591–608.
  • Daehnhardt, P., and V. Handl. 2018. “Germany’s Eastern Challenge and the Russia-Ukraine Crisis: A New Ostpolitik in the Making?” German Politics 27 (4): 445–459.
  • Dahl, R. 1957. “The Concept of Power.” Systems Research and Behavioral Science 2 (3): 201–215.
  • Eberle, J., and V. Handl. 2018. “Ontological Security, Civilian Power, and German Foreign Policy toward Russia.” Foreign Policy Analysis, 1–18. doi:10.1093/fpa/ory012.
  • The Economist. 2011. “German Foreign Policy: The Unadventurous Eagle.” May 12.
  • Fix, L. 2018. “The Differen ‘Shades’ of German Power: Germany and EU Foreign Policy during the Ukraine Conflict.” German Politics 27 (4): 498–515.
  • Forsberg, T. 2016. “From Ostpolitik to Frostpolitik? Merkel, Putin and German Foreign Policy towards Russia.” International Affairs 92 (1): 21–42.
  • Grint, K. 2005. Leadership: Limits and Possibilities. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Harnisch, S., and H. Maull. 2001. Germany as a Civilian Power. Manchester: MUP.
  • Harnisch, S., and J. Schild. 2014. Deutsche Außenpolitik und International Führung. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
  • Harnish, S. 2011. “Role Theory: Operationalization of Key Concepts.” In Role Theory in International Relations: Approaches and Analyses, edited by S. Harnish, C. Frank, and H. W. Maull, 7–15. London: Routledge.
  • Harnish, S. 2012. “Conceptualizing in the Minefield: Role Theory and Foreign Policy Learning.” Foreign Policy Analysis 8: 47–69.
  • Hay, C. 1995. “Structure and Agency.” In Theory and Methods in Political Science, edited by D. Marsh and G. Stoker, 189–206. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press Ltd.
  • Hellmann, G. 2016. “Germany’s World: Power and Followership in a Crisis-Ridden Europe.” Global Affairs 2 (1): 3–20.
  • Hellmann, G., C. Weber, F. Sauer, and S. Schirmbeck. 2007. “‘Selbstbewusst’ und ‘Stolz’: Das Aussenpolitische Vokabular der Berliner Republik als Fährte einer Neuorientierung.” Politische Vierteljahresschrift 48 (4): 650–679.
  • Helwig, N. 2015. “The High Representative of the Union: The Quest for Leadership in EU Foreign Policy.” In The European External Action Service: European diplomacy post-Westphalia, edited by D. Spence, and J. Bátora, 87–104. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
  • Helwig, N. 2016. Europe’s New Political Engine: Germany’s Role in the EU’s Foreign and Security Policy. Helsinki: The Finnish Institute of International Affairs.
  • Hyde-Price, A. 2000. Germany and European Order: Enlarging NATO and the EU. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Hyde-Price, A. 2013. “Neither Realism nor Liberalism: New Directions in Theorizing EU Security Policy.” Contemporary Security Policy 34 (2): 397–408.
  • Hyde-Price, A. 2015. “The ‘Sleep-Walking Giant’ Awakes: Resetting German Foreign and Security Policy.” European Security 24 (4): 600–616.
  • Karp, R. 2005. “The New German Foreign Policy Consensus.” Washington Quarterly 29 (1): 61–82.
  • Katzenstein, P. 1997. Tamed Power: Germany in Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Keohane, N. 2012. Thinking about Leadership. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Kirste, K., and H. Maull. 1996. “Zivilmacht und Rollentheorie.” Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 3 (2): 283–312.
  • Klinke, I. 2018. “Geopolitics and the Political Right: Lessons from Germany.” International Affairs 94 (3): 495–514.
  • Koeth, W. 2018. “Leadership Revised. How Did the Ukraine Crisis and the Annexation of Crimea Affirm Germany’s Leading Role in EU foreign policy?.” Lithuanian Annual Strategic Review 14 (1): 101–116.
  • Krastev, I. 2016. “The Unraveling of the Post-1989 Order.” Journal of Democracy 27 (4): 88–98.
  • Kundnani, H. 2014. The Paradox of German Power. London: Hurst.
  • Leonard, M. and Guerot U. 2011. “The New German Question: How Europe Gets the Germany it Needs.” European Council on Foreign Relations. Policy Brief 30 April.
  • Levy, J. S. 1994. “Learning and Foreign Policy: Sweeping a Conceptual Minefield.” International Organization 48 (2): 279–312.
  • Longhurst, K. 2005. Germany and the Use of Force. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Mann, M. 2012. The Sources of Social Power. Volume 1, New edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Matthias, M. 2016. “The Three Faces of German Leadership.” Survival 58 (2): 135–154.
  • Maull, H. 2011. “Deutsche Aussenpolitik: Orientierungslos.” Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft 21 (1): 95–119.
  • Maull, H. 2018. “Germany’s Leadership in Europe: Finding Its New Role.” Rising Powers Quarterly 3 (1): 87–111.
  • Mearsheimer, J. 2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: Norton & Co.
  • Miskimmon, A. 2012. “German Foreign Policy and the Libya Crisis.” German Politics 21 (4): 392–41.
  • Müller, H. 2011. Ein Desaster: Deutschland und der Fall Libyen; Wie sich Deutschland moralisch und aussenpolitisch in die Isolation manövrierte. HSKF-Standpunkte 2. Frankfurt A.M: Hessiche Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung.
  • Neukirch, R., and G. Repinski. 2014. Foreign Policy Rethink: Germany Weighs Stronger Military Role’, Spiegel Online, 28 January 2014 [online]. Accessed February 4, 2014. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/germany-considers-increasing-role-in-foreign-military-missions-a-945771.html.
  • Oppermann, K. 2012. “National Role Conceptions, Domestic Constraints and the New “Normalcy” in German Foreign Policy: The Eurozone Crisis, Libya and Beyond.” German Politics 21 (4): 502–519.
  • Oppermann, K. 2018. “Between a Rock and a Hard Place? Navigating Domestic and International Role Expectations on German foreign policy.” German Politics. doi:10.1080/09644008.2018.1481208.
  • Parker, C. F., and C. Karlsson. 2014. “Leadership and International Cooperation.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Leadership, edited by R. A. W. Rhodes, and P. ‘t Hart, 580–594. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Paterson, W. 2011. “The Reluctant Hegemon: Germany Moves Centre Stage in the European Union.” Journal of Common Market Studies 49: 57–75. Annual Review.
  • Paterson, W. 2015. “The Making of German European Policy.” In The Routledge Handbook of German Politics and Culture, edited by S. Colvin, 315–328. London: Routledge.
  • Pedersen, T. 1998. Germany, France and the Integration of Europe. London: Pinter.
  • Schwarz, H.-P. 1994. “Germany’s National Interests and European Interests.” In Germany’s New Position in Europe, edited by A. Baring, 107–130. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
  • Searing, D. D. 1991. “Roles, Rules, and Rationality in the New Institutionalism.” American Political Science Review 85 (4): 1239–1260.
  • Siddi, M. 2017. “An Evolving Other: German National Identity and Constructions of Russia.” Politics 38 (1): 35–50.
  • Sikorski, R. 2011. “Poland and the Future of the European Union.” Financial Times, November 28.
  • Sjursen, H. 2006. “What Kind of Power? European Foreign Policy in Perspective.” Journal of European Public Policy 13 (2): 169–181.
  • Speck, U. 2015. “German Power and the Ukraine Conflict.” Carnegie Europe, March 26. Accessed November 15, 2018. https://carnegieeurope.eu/2015/03/26/german-power-and-ukraine-conflict-pub-59501.
  • Steinmeier, F.-W. 2014. “Speech to the East Forum Europe.” Accessed January 10, 2015. www.auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/Infoservice/Presse/Reden/2014/140409-BM_east_forum.html.
  • Steinmeier, F.-W. 2016. “Germany’s New Global Role.” Foreign Affairs, July/August.
  • Stoessinger, J. 1991. “The Anatomy of the Nation-State and the Nature of Power.” In Perspectives on World Politics, edited by R. Little, and S. Smith, 23–25. London: Routledge.
  • Strange, S. 1988. States and Markets: An Introduction to International Political Economy. London: Blackwell.
  • Szabo, S. 2015. Germany, Russia and the Rise of Geo-Economics. London: Bloomsbury.
  • Tallberg, J. 2006. Leadership and negotiation in the European Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Thies, C. G., and M. Breuning. 2012. “Integrating Foreign Policy Analysis and International Relations through Role Theory.” Foreign Policy Analysis 8 (1): 1–4.
  • Tömmel, I., and A. Verdun. 2017. “Political leadership in the European Union: An Introduction.” Journal of European Integration 39 (2): 103–112.
  • Wagner, W. 2005. “From Vanguard to Laggard: Germany in European Security and Defence Policy.” German Politics 14 (4): 455–469.
  • Walker, S., A. Malici, and M. Schafer. 2011. Rethinking Foreign Policy Analysis: States, Leaders, and the Microfoundations of Behavioral International Relations. London: Routledge.
  • Waltz, K. 2000. “Structural Realism after the Cold War.” International Security 25 (1): 5–41.
  • Wolfers, A. 1962. Discord and Collaboration. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University.
  • Wong, R., and C. Hill. 2011. National and European Foreign Policies. Towards Europeanization. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Yoder, J. 2015. “From Amity to Enmity: German-Russian Relations in the Post-Cold War Period.” German Politics and Society 33 (3): 49–69.
  • Young, O. R. 1989. International Cooperation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Young, O. R. 1991. “Political Leadership and Regime Formation: On the Development of Institutions in International Society.” International Organization 45 (3): 281–308.