References
- Arnold, R. and Whitford, A.B., 2005. Organisational Dilemmas of the U.S. Environmental Politics, 14 (1), 118–123.
- Atlas, M., 2007. Enforcement principals and environmental agencies: principal-agent relationships in a delegated environmental program. Law & Society Review, 41 (4), 939 980. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2007.00330.x.
- Auer, M.R., 2008. Presidential environmental appointees in comparative perspective. Public Administration Review, 68 (1), 68–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00838.x.
- Babbie, E.R., 2012. The practice of social research. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Publishing.
- Barnes, A.J., 2009. Implementing presidential policy agendas administratively: a view from the inside. Public Administration Review, 69 (4), 586–594. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2009.02007.x.
- Barrett, K.L., et al., 2018. Monetary penalties and noncompliance with environmental laws: a mediation analysis. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 43 (3), 530–550. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-017-9428-0.
- Borzel, T.A. and Buzogany, A., 2019. Compliance with EU environmental law: the iceberg is melting. Environmental Politics, 28 (2), 315–341.
- Brickey, K.F., 2001. Charging practices in hazardous waste crime prosecutions. Ohio State Law Journal, 62 (1), 1077–1124.
- Brickey, K.F., 2008. Environmental Crime: law, policy, prosecution. NewYork, NY: Aspen Publishers, Inc.
- Collins, K. and Earnshaw, D., 1992. The implementation and enforcement of European community environment legislation. Environmental Politics, 1 (4), 213–249. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09644019208414052.
- Daley, D. and Layton, D., 2004. Policy Implementation and the environmental protection agency: what factors influence remediation at superfund sites? Policy Studies Journal, 32 (3), 375–392. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2004.00071.x.
- Devaney, E.E., 1994. The exercise of investigative discretion. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/exercise.pdf [Accessed 30 Dec 2020]
- EPA, 2020a. Basic information on enforcement. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/basic-information-enforcement [Accessed 30 Dec 2020]
- EPA, 2020b. EPA’s budget and spending. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/planandbudget/budget [Accessed 30 Dec 2020].
- EPA, 2020c. EPA summary of criminal prosecutions database. Available from: https://cfpub.epa.gov/compliance/criminal_prosecution/index.cfm? [Accessed 30 Dec 2020].
- EPA, 2020d. BP, PLC prosecution. Available from: https://cfpub.epa.gov/compliance/criminal_prosecution/index.cfm?action=3&prosecution_su_mary_id=2468 [Accessed 30 Dec 2020].
- EPA, 2020f. EPA announces 2019, Annual Environmental Enforcement Results. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-2019-annual-environmental-enforcement-results [Accessed 30 Dec 2020]
- EPA, 2020g. U.S. environmental protection agency criminal enforcement program: America’s environmental crime fighters. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/oceftbrochure.pdf [Accessed 30 Dec 2020]
- EPA, 2020h. About the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA), Available from: https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-enforcement-and-complianc-assurance-oeca[Accessed 30 December 2020].
- EPA, 2020i. Criminal provisions of the clean air act. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/criminal-provisions-clean-air-act [Accessed 30 Dec 2020]
- Fiorino, D.J., 2006. The new environmental regulation. MA: MIT Press.
- Firestone, J., 2002. Agency governance and enforcement: the influence of mission on environmental decisionmaking. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 21 (3), 409–426. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.10052.
- Fisher, M.R., 2015. Disarm the EPA? Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-06/documents/disarm-epa-fisher.pd [Accessed 30 Dec 2020].
- Galactos, T., 1995. The United States department of justice environmental crimes section: a case study of inter- and intrabranch conflict over congressional oversight and the exercise of prosecutorial discretion, 64 Fordham Law Review, 590–595.
- Gizzi, J., 2017. Mother of Judge Gorsuch was no stranger to controversy. Available from: https://www.newsmax.com/John-Gizzi/judge-Neil-Gorsuch-EPA-environment/2017/01/31/id/771389/
- Greife, M., et al., 2017. Corporate environmental crime and environmental justice. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 28 (4), 327–346. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403415576742.
- Hofmann, A., 2019. Left to interest groups? On the prospects for enforcing environmental law in the european union. Environmental Politics, 28 (2), 342–364. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2019.1549778.
- Holsti, O.R., 1969. Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. MA: Addison Wesley.
- Huitema, D. and Van Snellenberg, T., 1999. Policy in style. Environmental Politics, 8 (3), 77–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09644019908414480.
- Long, J.S. and Freese, J., 2000. FITSTAT: stata module to compute fit statistics for single equation regression models. Statistical Software Components S407201, Boston College Department of Economics, [Revised 22 Feb 2001].
- Lynch, M.J., et al., 2016. The weak probability of punishment for environmental offenses and deterrence of environmental offenders: a discussion based on USEPA criminal cases, 1983–2013. Deviant Behavior, 37 (10), 1095–1109. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1161455.
- Lynch, M.J., 2017. The sentencing/punishment of federal environmental/green criminal offenders, 2000–2013. Deviant Behavior, 38 (9), 991–1008. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1229950.
- McCubbins, M.D. and Schwartz, T., 1984. Congressional oversight overlooked: police patrols versus fire alarms. American Journal of Political Science, 28 (1), 165–179. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2110792.
- Meier, K.J. and O’Toole, L.J., Jr., 2006. Political control versus bureaucratic values: reframing the debate. Reframing the Debate, Public Administration Review, 66 (2), 177–192. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00571.x.
- Miller, G.J., 2005. The political evolution of principal-agent models. Annual Review of Political Science, 8 (1), 203–225. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.082103.104840.
- Mintz, J.A., 1995. Enforcement at the EPA: high stakes and hard choices. Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Mintz, J.A., 2004. “Treading water”: a preliminary assessment of EPA enforcement during the Bush II administration. Environmental Law Reporter, 34, 10912.
- Mintz, J.A., 2005. Neither the best of times nor the worst of times: EPA enforcement during the clinton administration. Environmental Law Reporter, 35, 10390.
- Mintz, J.A., 2006. Some thoughts on the interdisciplinary aspects of environmental enforcement. Environmental Law Reporter, 36, 10492.
- Mintz, J.A., 2012. EPA enforcement of CERCLA: historical overview and recent trends. Southwestern Law Review, 41, 645–659.
- Mol, A.P.J., 2016. The environmental nation state in decline. Environmental Politics, 25 (1), 48–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2015.1074385.
- Ozymy, J. and Jarrell, M.L., 2011. Upset over air pollution: analyzing upset event emissions at petroleum refineries. Review of Policy Research, 28 (4), 363–379. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2011.00502.x.
- Ozymy, J. and Jarrell, M.L., 2015. Wielding the green stick: criminal enforcement at the EPA under the Bush and Obama administrations. Environmental Politics, 24 (1), 38–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2014.921453.
- Ozymy, J. and Jarrell, M.L., 2016. Why do regulatory agencies punish? The impact of political principals, agency culture, and transaction costs in predicting environmental criminal prosecution outcomes in the United States. Review of Policy Research, 33 (1), 71–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12155.
- Ozymy, J. and Jarrell, M.L., 2017. Administrative persistence in the face of a hostile regime: how the environmental protection agency can survive the trump administration. Environmental Justice, 10 (6), 1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2017.0015.
- Principles of Federal Prosecution, 1997. U.S. Attorney’s manual 9-27.220B. Washington, DC: Department of Justice.
- Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER). 2019. EPA CID Agent Count. Available from: https://www.peer.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/11_21_19-Federal_Pollution_EPA_CID_Agent_Count.pdf
- Rahm, D., 1998. Superfund and the politics of US hazardous waste policy. Environmental Politics, 7 (4), 75–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09644019808414423.
- Rea, C.M., 2019. Regulatory thickening and the politics of market-oriented environmental policy. Environmental Politics, 28 (7), 1167–1191. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2018.1507466.
- Ringquist, E.J., 1995. Political control and policy impact in EPA’s office of water quality. American Journal of Political Science, 39 (2), 336–363. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2111616.
- Ringquist, E.J. and Emmert, C.E., 1999. Judicial policymaking in published and unpublished decisions: the case of environmental civil litigation. Political Research Quarterly, 52 (1), 7–37.
- Rosenberg, R.H., 2008. Doing more or doing less for the environment: shedding light on EPA’s “stealth” method of environmental enforcement. Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 35, 175–216.
- Shimshack, J.P. and Ward, M.B., 2005. Regulator reputation, enforcement, and environmental compliance. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 50 (3), 519–540. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2005.02.002.
- Shimshack, J.P. and Ward, M.B., 2008. Enforcement and over-compliance. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 55 (1), 90–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2007.05.003.
- Stafford, S.L., 2002. The effect of punishment on firm compliance with hazardous waste regulations. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 44 (2), 290–308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.2001.1204.
- Starr, J.W. 1991, Turbulent times at justice and EPA: the origins of environmental criminal prosecutions and the work that remains, 59 George Washington Law Review, 900–910.
- Stretesky, P.B., et al., 2017. Does the modernization of environmental enforcement reduce toxic releases? An examination of self-policing, criminal prosecutions, and toxic releases in the United States, 1988–2014. Sociological Spectrum, 37 (1), 48–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2016.1227288.
- Suarez, J.P., 2003, Management review of the office of criminal enforcement, forensics and training, Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/ocef/review03.pdf[Accessed 30 Dec 2020]
- U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), 2015. Environmental Crimes Section, Available from: https://www.justice.gov/enrd/environmental-crimes-section [Accessed 30 Dec 2020]
- U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), 2020a. Press room. Available from: https://www.justice.gov/enrd/press-room [Accessed 30 Dec 2020]
- U.S. Department of Justice Environment and Natural Resources Division (ENRD), 2015. Environmental Enforcement Section (EES): an overview of our practice, Available from: https://www.justice.gov/enrd/overview-our-practice [Accessed 30 Dec 2020]
- U.S. Department of Justice Environmental Crimes Section (DOJ-ECS), 2015. Historical development of environmental criminal law, Available from: https://www.justice.gov/enrd/about/division/historical-development-environmental-criminal/law[Accessed 30 Dec 2020]
- U.S. EPA, 2020e. Working together: FY 2018–2022 U.S. EPA strategic plan. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/planandbudget/strategicplan [Accessed 30 Dec 2020].
- U.S. Inflation Calculator, 2020. Available from: https://www.usinflationcalculator.com/ [Accessed 30 Dec 2020]
- Uhlmann, D.M., 2009. Environmental crime comes of age: the evolution of criminal enforcement in the environmental regulatory scheme. Utah Law Review, 4, 1223–1252.
- Weingast, B.R. and Moran, M.J., 1983. Bureaucratic discretion or congressional control? Regulatory policymaking by the federal trade commission. Journal of Political Economy, 91 (5), 765–800. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/261181.
- Wilson, J.Q., 1991. Bureaucracy: what government agencies do and why they do it. NY: Basic Books.
- Wood, B.D., 1988. Principals, bureaucrats, and responsiveness in clean air enforcements. American Political Science Review, 82 (1), 213–237. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1958066.
- Wood, B.D., 1992. Modeling federal implementation as a system: the clean air case. American Journal of Political Science, 36 (1), 40–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2111424.
- Wood, B.D. and Waterman, R., 1991. The dynamics of political control of the bureaucracy. American Political Science Review, 85 (3), 801–828. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1963851.