Can’t buy me love: billionaire entrepreneurs’ legitimation strategies in transnational climate governance

References

• Abbott, K., Ed., 2015. International organizations as orchestrators. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Abbott, K.W. (2017). Orchestrating experimentation in non-state environmental commitments. Environmental politics, 26(4), 738–763. 10.1080/09644016.2017.1319631
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acuto, M., 2013. The new climate leaders? Review of International Studies, 39 (4), 835–857. doi:10.1017/S0260210512000502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggestam, L. and Johansson, M., 2017. The leadership paradox in EU foreign policy. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 55 (6), 1203–1220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderton, K. and Setzer, J., 2018. Subnational climate entrepreneurship: innovative climate action in California and São Paulo. Regional Environmental Change, 18 (5), 1273–1284. doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1160-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andonova, L.B., 2017. Governance entrepreneurs: international organizations and the rise of global public-private partnerships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Auld, G. and Grabs, J., 2022 October 5. Has Patagonia defined a new gold standard for business responsibility? https://theconversation.com/has-patagonia-defined-a-new-gold-standard-for-business-responsibility-191250?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=bylinetwitterbutton
   Google Scholar
• Avant, D., Finnemore, M., and Sell, S.K., Eds., 2010. Who governs the globe? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bagley, K. and Gallucci, M., 2013. Bloomberg’s hidden legacy: climate change and the future of New York City. Kindle ed. Brooklyn: InsideClimate News.
   Google Scholar
• Barber, B.R., 2013. If mayors ruled the world: dysfunctional nations, rising Cities. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benson, E., et al., 2014. Environment and climate mainstreaming: challenges and successes. Development in Practice, 24 (4), 605–614. doi:10.1080/09614524.2014.911819
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, S., 2011. Legitimacy in intergovernmental and non-state global governance. Review of International Political Economy, 18 (1), 17–51. doi:10.1080/09692290903173087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, S. and Cashore, B., 2007. Can non-state global governance be legitimate? An analytical framework. Regulation & Governance, 1 (4), 347–371. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5991.2007.00021.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betsill, M., et al., 2022. Philanthropic foundations as agents of environmental governance: a research agenda. Environmental Politics, 31 (4), 684–705. doi:10.1080/09644016.2021.1955494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biedenkopf, K., 2017. Gubernatorial entrepreneurship and United States federal-state interaction: the case of subnational regional greenhouse gas emissions trading. Environment & Planning C-Politics and Space, 35 (8), 1378–1400. doi:10.1177/2399654417719286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birn, A., 2014. Philanthrocapitalism, past and present: The Rockefeller Foundation, the Gates Foundation, and the setting(s) of the international/global health agenda. HYP, 12 (1). doi:10.5779/hypothesis.v12i1.229.
   Google Scholar
• Bishop, M. and Green, M., 2008. Philanthrocapitalism: how the rich can save the world. New York: Bloomsbury Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, M., 2010 November 5. Cities must lead the world in building, a sustainable future #C40 Keynote.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, M., 2012a March 8. C40 Global Network to Support Sustainable Policy and Economic Growth.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, M., 2012b February 12. Mayor Bloomberg highlights progress in building Greener, Greater NYC.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, M., 2013a August 26. Bloomberg: why sandy forced cities to take lead on climate change. CNN.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, M., 2013b February 14. Mayor Bloomberg Delivers 2013 State of the City Address.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, M., 2014 June 8. Mike Bloomberg delivers remarks at the Williams College 225th commencement.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, M., 2015 September 1. City century: why municipalities are the key to fighting climate change. Foreign Affairs, 94, 5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, M., 2016 November 22. Washington won’t have last word on climate change.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, M., 2017a June 27. At European Parliament in Brussels, Mike Bloomberg: u.S. will meet our Paris commitment.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, M., 2017b December 11. Mike Bloomberg delivers remarks at dinner in honor of the one planet summit.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, M., 2017c June 2. Mike Bloomberg meets with President Macron: Americans don’t need Washington to meet our Paris commitment.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, M., 2017d February 26. Strong Mayors can help UK take on the world.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, 2019 September 26. French billionaire Bernard Arnault calls teen climate activist Greta Thunberg ‘demoralizing’. The Japan Times. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/09/26/world/science-health-world/french-billionaire-bernard-arnault-calls-teen-climate-activist-greta-thunberg-demoralizing/
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, M. and Pope, C., 2017a. Climate of hope: how cities, businesses, and citizens can save the planet. New York: St Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, M. and Pope, C., 2017b. How we invest. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 29 (2), 10–15. doi:10.1111/jacf.12228
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg, M. and Winkler, M., 1999. Bloomberg par Bloomberg. M.-F. Pavillet, Trans. 2nd ed. M.-F. Pavillet, Trans. Paris: Village Mondial.
   Google Scholar
• Boasson, E.L., 2018. Entrepreneurship: a key driver of polycentric governance? In: A. Jordan, et al., eds. Governing climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boasson, E.L. and Huitema, D., 2017. Climate governance entrepreneurship: emerging findings and a new research agenda. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 35 (8), 1343–1361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyce, C.J., Brown, G.D.A., and Moore, S.C., 2010. Money and happiness: rank of income, not income, affects life satisfaction. Psychological Science, 21 (4), 471–475. doi:10.1177/0956797610362671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockington, D. and Duffy, R., 2011. Capitalism and conservation: the production and reproduction of biodiversity conversation. In: D. Brockington and R. Duffy, eds. Capitalism and conservation. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, H.S., de Jong, M., and Lessidrenska, T., 2009. The rise of the global reporting initiative: a case of institutional entrepreneurship. Environmental Politics, 18, 2. doi:10.1080/09644010802682551
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunyan, R., 2019 October 7. Bill Gates makes hopeful predictions for global health. TIME. https://time.com/5694066/bill-gates-future-health/
   Google Scholar
• Burke, M., 2013 November 18. Michael Bloomberg: the exit interview. Forbes, 192, 7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BYD, 2015 December 9. COP21 reveals BYD’s role, in Paris.
   Google Scholar
• C40, 2013 November 26. Rio De Janeiro Mayor Paes Elected As New C40 Chair.
   Google Scholar
• C40, 2014 February 5. C40 releases landmark research detailing a clear trend of expanding and accelerating climate action in the World’s Megacities.
   Google Scholar
• C40, 2022. About C40. https://www.c40.org/about-c40/ [Accessed 4 January 2022].
   Google Scholar
• Carrington, D., 2017 November 9. Michael Bloomberg’s ‘war on coal’ goes global with $50m fund. The Guardian.
   Google Scholar
• Dalby, S., 2022. Rethinking environmental security. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Ermey, R., 2022 August 17. From health-care subsidies to $10,000 in discounts and rebates, 3 ways the inflation reduction act could save you money. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/17/inflation-reduction-act-how-the-bill-could-save-you-money.html
   Google Scholar
• Esty, D.C., 2007. Good Governance at the World Trade Organization: building a foundation of administrative law. Journal of International Economic Law, 10 (3), 509–527. doi:10.1093/jiel/jgm026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegenheimer, M., 2020 March 4. Bloomberg greets public failure with public emotion. He’s not used to either. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/04/us/politics/bloomberg-president-2020.html
   Google Scholar
• Folke, C., et al., 2005. Adaptive governance of socio-ecological systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 30 (1), 441–473. doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144511
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbatiss, J., 2018 September 15. Dozens of the world’s megacities pledge to slash greenhouse gas emissions. The Independent.
   Google Scholar
• Gazette, C., 2017 August 21. Bloomberg has long championed environmental issues. E The Environmental Magazine.
   Google Scholar
• Gelles, D., 2022 September 14. Billionaire no more: patagonia founder gives away the company. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/14/climate/patagonia-climate-philanthropy-chouinard.html?unlocked_article_code=JRuLcaEia8lka0LBu70mRByQ6eCAYaDh_LpNQU9n_Yafo9v8sJVmfdFMhgR88nPbRhtcf1FO5Q5FW6wWRYrfYsLtQizVukoBIccLtouo3JjWJUfRIVTA9Gvx_woT2EPM_LYdMretMCtJfG_YP4wVCGCw1RqQeG5kS8rOCTMGNoNf3N6oPKcyea8D-hAxW7ZG4Uglb_xeXBu5e5Ihs6CrYZC4dj9MlTI00DmsvfNLnZta7NtmHjHeBU4wy8HR4Ic6rOkZmhSh9EIeFDzCVfoIjNcU9Jaek2p7VWhAC74cXoOZQHy4NolmOlgr6P5ajSlfsmN2ZtpGe1NceI8Nk6xFXmd6_y9FzgPzLAfTtrwTlYjXkFM&smid=share-url
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, D.J., 2013. Between local innovation and global impact: cities, networks and the governance of climate change. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 19 (3), 288–307. doi:10.1080/11926422.2013.844186
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, D.J., 2018. Global urban climate governance in three and a half parts: experimentation, coordination, integration (and contestation). WIREs Clim Change, 9 (6), 1–15. doi:10.1002/wcc.546
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, J.C. and Berry, J.K., 2006. Environmental leadership equals essential leadership: redefining who leads and how. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, D.J. and Johnson, C.A., 2017. The orchestration of global urban climate governance: conducting power in the post-Paris climate regime. Environmental Politics, 26 (4), 694–714. doi:10.1080/09644016.2017.1320829
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, J.F., 2014. Rethinking private authority: agents and entrepreneurs in global environmental governance. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grønnestad, S. and Nielsen, A.B., 2021. Institutionalising city networking: discursive and rational choice institutional perspectives on membership of transnational municipal networks. Urban Studies.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez, N.L., Hilborn, R., and Defeo, O., 2011. Leadership, social capital and incentives promote successful fisheries. Nature, 470 (7334), 386–389. doi:10.1038/nature09689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hägel, P., 2020. Billionaires in World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hains, S.C., Hogg, M.A., and Duck, J.M., 1997. Self-categorization and leadership: effects of group prototypicality and leader stereotypicality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23 (10), 1087–1099. doi:10.1177/01461672972310009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson, S., 2015. Discursive strategies of blame avoidance in government: a framework for analysis. Discourse & Society, 26 (3), 297–322. doi:10.1177/0957926514564736
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam, A.S., Reicher, S.D., and Platow, M.J., 2010. The new psychology of leadership: identity, influence, and power. Hove: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hay, I. and Muller, S., 2014. Questioning generosity in the golden age of philanthropy: towards critical geographies of super-philanthropy. Progress in Human Geography, 38 (5), 635–653. doi:10.1177/0309132513500893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertting, N., Thörn, C., and Franzén, M., 2022. Normalizing urban entrepreneurialism through sly de-politicization: city centre development in Gothenburg and Stockholm. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 46, 253–268. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.13017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickmann, T., 2016. Rethinking authority in global climate governance: how transnational climate initiatives relate to the international climate regime. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hogg, M.A., 2001. A social identity theory of leadership. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5 (3), 184–200. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0503_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg, M.A., Hains, S.C., and Mason, I., 1998. Identification and leadership in small groups: salience, frame of reference, and leader stereotypicality effects on leader evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75 (5), 1248–1263. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, G., 2012. Biodiversity for Billionaires: capitalism, conservation and the role of philanthropy in saving/selling nature. Development and Change, 43, 185–203. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01749.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huitema, D. and Meijerink, S., 2010. Realizing water transitions: the role of policy entrepreneurs in water policy change. Ecology and Society, 15, 2. doi:10.5751/ES-03488-150226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal, Q., Ahmad, N.H., and Li, Y., 2021. Sustainable leadership in frontier Asia region: managerial discretion and environmental innovation. Sustainability, 13 (9), 5002. doi:10.3390/su13095002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kania, J., Kramer, M., and Russell, P., 2014. Strategic philanthropy for a complex world1. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 26–37. doi:10.48558/1KDK-1T25.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, J., 2020 February 26. Presidential hopeful Tom Steyer: ‘Climate change is my ‘No. 1 priority’. ABC11. https://abc11.com/tom-steyer-democrat-president-climate-change/5966857/
   Google Scholar
• Kingdon, J.W., 2014. Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. 2nd ed. Little, Brown.
   Google Scholar
• Lake, D.A., 2010. Rightful rules: authority, order, and the foundations of global governance. International Studies Quarterly, 54 (3), 587–613. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00601.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebel, L., Salamanca, A., and Kallayanamitra, C., 2017. The governance of adaptation financing: pursuing legitimacy at multiple levels. International Journal of Global Warming, 11 (2), 226–245. doi:10.1504/IJGW.2017.082181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leffel, B., 2022. Toward global urban climate mitigation: linking national and polycentric systems of environmental change. Sociology of Development, 8 (1), 111–137. doi:10.1525/sod.2021.0018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maclean, M., Harvey, C., and Kling, G., 2014. Pathways to power: class, hyper-agency and the French corporate elite. Organization Studies, 35 (6), 825–855. doi:10.1177/0170840613509919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maor, M., 2017. Policy entrepreneurs in policy valuation processes: the case of the coalition for environmentally responsible economies. Environment & Planning C: Politics and Space, 35 (8), 1401–1417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquardt, J. and Lederer, M., 2022. Politicizing climate change in times of populism: an introduction. Environmental Politics, 31 (5), 735–754. doi:10.1080/09644016.2022.2083478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McArdle, A., 2014. Lessons for New York: comparative urban governance and the challenge of climate change. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 42 (1), 91–122.
   Google Scholar
• McGoey, L., 2015. No such thing as a free gift: the gates foundation and the price of philanthropy. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Michaelowa, K. and Michaelowa, A., 2017. Transnational climate governance initiatives: designed for effective climate change mitigation? International Interactions, 43 (1), 129–155. doi:10.1080/03050629.2017.1256110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintrom, M., 1997. Policy entrepreneurs and the diffusion of innovation. American Journal of Political Science, 41 (3), 738–770. doi:10.2307/2111674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintrom, M. and Luetjens, J., 2017. Policy entrepreneurs and problem framing: the case of climate change. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 35 (8), 1362–1377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montero, S., 2020. Leveraging Bogotá: sustainable development, global philanthropy and the rise of urban solutionism. Urban Studies, 57 (11), 2263–2281. doi:10.1177/0042098018798555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morena, E., 2016. The price of climate action: philanthropic foundations in the international climate debate. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Obradović, S., Power, S.A., and Sheehy-Skeffington, J., 2020. Understanding the psychological appeal of populism. Current Opinion in Psychology, 35, 125–131. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paganoni, M.C., 2015. City branding and new media: linguistic perspectives, discursive strategies and multimodality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Page, B.I., Bartels, L.M., and Seawright, J., 2013. Democracy and the policy preferences of wealthy Americans. Perspectives on Politics, 11 (1), 51–73. doi:10.1017/S153759271200360X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, B.I., Seawright, J., and Lacombe, M.J., 2019. Billionaires and stealth politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Papin, M., 2019. Transnational municipal networks: harbingers of innovation for global adaptation governance? International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 19 (4–5), 467–483. doi:10.1007/s10784-019-09446-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papin, M., 2020. Where does novelty come from? Transnational municipal networks in global climate governance Université Laval]. Québec City.
   Google Scholar
• Partzsch, L., 2017. Powerful individuals in a globalized world. Global Policy, 8 (1), 5–13. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parvez, M., Hazelton, J., and Guthrie, J., 2019. Greenhouse gas emissions disclosure by cities: the expectation gap. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 10 (4), 685–709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson, M., 2021. In search of climate politics. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pattberg, P., 2017. The emergence of carbon disclosure: exploring the role of governance entrepreneurs. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 35 (8), 1437–1455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platow, M.J. and van Knippenberg, D., 2001. A social identity analysis of leadership endorsement: the effects of leader ingroup prototypicality and distributive intergroup fairness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27 (11), 1508–1519. doi:10.1177/01461672012711011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prudham, S., 2009. Pimping climate change: Richard Branson, global warming, and the performance of green capitalism. Environment and Planning A, 41 (7), 1594–1613. doi:10.1068/a4071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, R., Tompkins-Stange, M., and Meyerson, D., 2014. Beyond grantmaking: philanthropic foundations as agents of change and institutional entrepreneurs. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43 (6), 950–968. doi:10.1177/0899764013488836
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph, E., 2019. The many lives of Michael Bloomberg. Chicago: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Revkin, A., 2014 September 19. Bloomberg’s Climate Challenge. On Earth. https://web.archive.org/web/20141011010805/http://www.onearth.org/articles/2014/09/exclusive-mikebloomberg-talks-cites-and-climate-change-with-revkin
   Google Scholar
• Román, M., 2010. Governing from the middle: the C40 Cities Leadership Group. Corporate Governance, 10 (1), 73–84.
   Google Scholar
• Román, M. and Midttun, A., 2010. Governing from the middle: the C40 cities leadership group. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 10 (1), 73–84. doi:10.1108/14720701011021120
   Google Scholar
• Schapiro, M., 2015 November 27. COP21: cities move to climate talks’ center stage. Newsweek, 125, 19.
   Google Scholar
• Scharpf, F.W., 1997. Economic integration, democracy and the welfare state. Journal of European Public Policy, 4 (1), 18–36. doi:10.1080/135017697344217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, V.A. (2013). Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union Revisited: Input, Output and ‘Throughput’. Political studies, 61(1), 2–22. 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00962.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoones, I., et al., 2020. Transformations to sustainability: combining structural, systemic and enabling approaches. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 42, 65–75. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2019.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sending, O.J., 2015. The politics of expertise: competing for authority in global governance. University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spaans, M. and Waterhout, B., 2017. Building up resilience in cities worldwide – Rotterdam as participant in the 100 resilient cities programme. Cities, 61, 109–116. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2016.05.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchman, M.C., 1995. Managing legitimacy: strategic and institutional approaches. The Academy of Management Review, 20 (3), 572–610. doi:10.2307/258788
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaara, E., 2014. Struggles over legitimacy in the eurozone crisis: discursive legitimation strategies and their ideological underpinnings. Discourse & Society, 25 (4), 500–518. doi:10.1177/0957926514536962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallely, P., 2020. Philanthropy: from aristotle to Zuckerberg. Bloomsbury Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Van Leeuwen, T., 2007. Legitimation in discourse and communication. Discourse & Communication, 1 (1), 91–112. doi:10.1177/1750481307071986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, B., 2011 July 26. Fighting Climate Change by Not Focusing on Climate Change. TIME. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0%2C8599%2C2085220%2C00.html
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, B., 2012 August 8. 5 questions for Michael Bloomberg and Michael Brune. TIME.
   Google Scholar
• Wedeen, L., 1999. Ambiguities of domination: politics, rhetoric, and symbols in contemporary Syria. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• West, D.M., 2014. Billionaires: reflections on the upper crust. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Westley, F.R., et al., 2013. A theory of transformative agency in linked social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 18 (3), Article 27. doi:10.5751/ES-05072-180327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wodak, R., 2001. The discourse-historical approach. In: R. Wodak and M. Meyer, eds. Methods of critical discourse analysis. London: Sage, 63–94.
   Google Scholar