The blood tie: Raised to the status of a presumption

References

• Ainsworth , M. D. S. 1991 . “ ‘Attachments and other affectional bonds across the life cycle’ ” . In Attachment Across the Life Cycle , Edited by: Murray Parkes , C. , Stevenson-Hinde , J. and Marris , P. London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Ainsworth , M. D. S. and Eichberg , C. 1991 . “ ‘Effects on infant-mother attachment of mother’s unresolved loss of an attachment figure, or other traumatic experience’ ” . In Attachment Across the Life Cycle , Edited by: Murray Parkes , C. , Stevenson-Hinde , J. and Mams , P. London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Ainsworth , M. D. S. , Blehar , M. C. , Waters , E. and Wall , S. 1978 . Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Belsky , J. and Isabella , R. A. 1988 . “ ‘Maternal, infant and social-contextual determinants of attachment security’ ” . In Clinical Implications of Attachment , Edited by: Belsky , J. and Nezworski , T. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1965 . Child Care and the Growth of Love , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1969 . Attachment and Loss, Attachment , Vol. 1 , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1973 . Attachment and Loss, Separation, Anxiety and Anger , Vol. 2 , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1980 . Attachment and Loss, Loss, Sadness and Depression , Vol. 3 , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1988 . A Secure Base , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Bretherton , I. 1985 . “ ‘Attachment theory: retrospect and prospect’ ” . In Growing Points in Attachment Theory and Research, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 50(1–2): 3–38, Serial No. 209 Edited by: Bretherton , I. and Waters , E.
   Google Scholar
• Brown , G. W. and Hams , T. 1978 . Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorders in Women , London : Tavistock .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , J. and Plomin , R. 1990 . Separate Lives: Why Siblings are so Different , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , J. F. , Plomin , R. and Nettles , M. 1985 . ‘Consistency of mothers’ behavior towards infant siblings’ . Developmental Psychology , 2l ( 6 ) : 11 18 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , J. F. , Plomin , R. and Daniels , D. 1986 . Consistency and change in mothers’ behavior toward two year old siblings . Child Development , 57 : 348 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagle , R. S. 1994 . The separation experience of children in long-term care: theory, research, and implications for practice . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 64 ( 3 ) : 421 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson , M. F. , Sroufe , L. A. and Egeland , B. 1985 . “ ‘The relationship between quality of attachment and behavior problems in pre-school in a high risk sample’ ” . In Growing Points in Attachment Theory and Research, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 50(1–2) 147–66, Serial No. 209 Edited by: Bretherton , I. and Waters , E.
   Google Scholar
• Erikson , E. H. 1963 . Childhood and Society , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Fahlberg , V. 1981 . Attachment and Separation , London : British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering .
   Google Scholar
• Fahlberg , V. 1988 . Fitting the Pieces Together , London : British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering .
   Google Scholar
• Finch , J. 1989 . Family Obligations and Social Change , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , J. , Freud , A. and Solnit , A. J. 1979a . Beyond the Best Interests of the Child , London : Burnett Books .
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , J. , Freud , A. and Solnit , A. J. 1979b . Before the Best Interests of the Child , London : Burnett Books .
   Google Scholar
• Golombok , S. 1994 . “ ‘Attachment’ ” . In In the Best Interests of the Child - Culture, Identity and Transracial Adoption , Edited by: Gaber , I. and Aldridge , J. London : Free Association Books .
   Google Scholar
• Golombok , S. , Cook , R. , Bish , A. and Murray , C. 1995 . Families created by new reproductive technologies: quality of parenting and social and emotional development of the children . Child Development , 66 : 285 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , T. and Bifulco , A. 1991 . “ ‘Loss of parent in childhood, attachment style, and depression in adulthood’ ” . In Attachment Across the Life Cycle , Edited by: Murray Parkes , C. , Stevenson-Hinde , J. and Mams , P. London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , H. L. A. 1961 . The Concept of Law , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hodges , J. and Tizard , B. 1989a . IQ and behavioural adjustment of ex-institutional adolescents . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 30 : 53 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodges , J. and Tizard , B. 1989b . Social and family relationships of exinstitutional adolescents . Journal of Child Psychology cnd Psychiarry , 30 : 77 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karen , R. 1994 . Becoming Attached , New York : Warner Sooks, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Kelsen , H. 1970 . The Pure Theory of Law , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. 1971 . Parentxhild separation: psychological effects on the children . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 12 : 233 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. 1979 . Maternal deprivation, 1972–1978: new findings, new concepts, new approaches . Child Development , 50 : 283 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. 1981 . Maternal Deprivation Reassessed , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. 1989 . Pathways from childhood to adult life . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 30 : 23 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. and Rutter , M. 1992 . Developing Minds , Harmondswonh : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Sants , H. J. 1964 . Genealogical bewilderment in children with substitute parents . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 37 : 133 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer , L. M. , Brodzinsky , D. M. , Ramsay , D. , Steir , M. and Waters , E. 1985 . Mother-infant attachment in adoptive families . Child Development , 56 : 1543 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorosky , A. D. , Baran , A. and Pannor , R. 1975 . Identity conflicts in adoptees . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 45 : 18 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strathern , M. 1992 . Afrer Nature - English Kinship in the Late Twentieth Century , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Urban , J. , Carlson , E. , Egeland , B. and Sroufe , L. A. 1991 . Patterns of individual adaptation across childhood . Development and Psychopathology , 3 : 445 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Van den Boom , D. C. 1994 . The influence of temperament and mothering on attachment and exploration: an experimental manipulation of sensitive responsiveness among lower-class mothers with imtable infants . Child Development , 65 : 1457 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyland , I. 1996 . Attachment and the welfare principle . Family Law , 26 : 686 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolkind , S. and Kruk , S. 1985 . “ ‘From child to parent: early separation and the adaptation to motherhood’ ” . In Longitudinal Studies in Child Psychology and Psychiatry , Edited by: Nicol , A. R. Chichester : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Yarrow , L. J. 1963 . Research in dimensions of early maternal care . Merill-Palmer Quarterly , 9 : 101 – 14 .
   Google Scholar