192
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Demographics, Innovative Outputs and Alliance Strategies of Canadian Biotech Firms

&
Pages 669-690 | Received 01 Apr 2008, Accepted 01 Mar 2009, Published online: 09 Jun 2010

References

  • Acs , Z. J. , Audretsch , D. B. and Feldman , M. P. 1992 . Real effects of academic research: Comment . The American Economic Review , 81 ( 1 ) : 363 – 367 .
  • Acs , Z. J. , Audretsch , D. B. and Feldman , M. P. 1994 . R&D spillovers and innovative activity . Managerial and Decision Economics , 15 ( 2 ) : 131 – 138 .
  • Argyres , N. S. and Liebeskind , J. P. 1998 . Privatizing the intellectual commons: Universities and the commercialization of biotechnology . Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization , 35 ( 4 ) : 427 – 454 .
  • Arora , A. and Gambardella , A. 1994 . Evaluating technological information and utilizing it . Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization , 24 ( 1 ) : 91 – 114 .
  • Association of University Technology Managers . 2006 . AUTM Canadian Licensing Activity Survey, FY2006: A Survey Summary of Technology Licensing (and Related) Performance for Canadian Academic and Nonprofit Institutions and Technology Investment Firms , Edited by: Bostrom , D. , Bruce , C. and Flanigan , S. 55 – 57 . Northbrook, IL : AUTM . Data appendix
  • Audretsch , D. B. and Stephan , P. 1996 . Company-scientist locational links: The case of biotechnology . The American Economic Review , 86 ( 3 ) : 641 – 652 .
  • Axela Biosensors Inc. (2007) Axela Biosensors to be commercial partner with University of Toronto in $7.8M grant to develop patient bedside testing devices, Axela Biosensors, July 3. Available at http://www.axela.com/about-axela/press-release-axela-be-commercial-partner-with-12.php?y=2007 (accessed 27 February 2010)
  • Bagchi-Sen , S. 2004 . Firm-specific characteristics of R&D collaborators and non-collaborators in US biotechnology clusters and elsewhere . International Journal of Technology and Globalisation , 1 ( 1 ) : 92 – 118 .
  • Bathelt , H. , Malmberg , A. and Maskell , P. 2004 . Clusters and knowledge: Local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation . Progress in Human Geography , 28 ( 1 ) : 31 – 56 .
  • Bartzokas , A. and Teubal , M. 2002 . A framework for policy oriented innovation studies in industrializing countries . Economics of Innovation and New Technology , 11 ( 4–5 ) : 477 – 496 .
  • Beaudry , C. and Breschi , S. 2003 . Are firms in clusters really more innovative? . Economics of Innovation and New Technology , 12 ( 4 ) : 325 – 342 .
  • Bell , S. 1996 . University–industry interaction in the Ontario Centres of Excellence . Journal of Higher Education , 67 ( 3 ) : 322 – 349 .
  • Bercovitz , J. and Feldman , M. P. Fishing upstream: Firm innovation strategy and university research alliances . Paper presented at the DRUID: Dynamics of Industry and Innovation Organizations, Networks and Systems . June 27–29 , Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Biotechnology Industry Organization . 2005 . BIO 2005–2006: Guide to Biotechnology , Washington, DC : Biotechnology Industry Organization .
  • Blumenthal , D. , Causino , N. , Campbell , E. and Louis , K. S. 1996 . Relationships between academic institutions and industry in the life Sciences—An industry survey . The New England Journal of Medicine , 334 ( 6 ) : 368 – 373 .
  • Blumenthal , D. , Campbell , E. , Anderson , M. S. , Causino , N. and Louis , K. S. 1997 . Withholding research results in academic life sciences: Evidence from a national survey of faculty . Journal of the American Medical Association , 277 ( 15 ) : 1224 – 1228 .
  • Bonaccorsi , A. and Piccaluga , A. 1994 . A theoretical framework for the evolution of university–industry relationships . R&D Management , 24 ( 3 ) : 229 – 247 .
  • Chakrabarti , A. K. and Weisenfeld , U. 1991 . An empirical analysis of innovation strategies of biotechnology firms in the US . Journal of Engineering and Technology Management , 8 ( 3/4 ) : 243 – 260 .
  • Clayman , B. P. and Holbrook , J. A. 2003 . The Survival of University Spin-offs and Their Relevance to Regional Development , Vancouver : Canadian Foundation on Innovation .
  • Cockburn , I. M. and Henderson , R. M. 2000 . Publicly funded science and the productivity of the pharmaceutical industry . Innovation Policy and the Economy , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 – 34 .
  • Cohen , W. and Levinthal , D. 1990 . Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation . Administrative Science Quarterly , 35 ( 1 ) : 128 – 152 .
  • Cooke , P. 2001 . New economy innovation systems: Biotechnology in Europe and the USA . Industry and Innovation , 8 ( 3 ) : 267 – 289 .
  • Cooke , P. 2002 . Biotechnology clusters as regional, sectoral innovation systems . International Regional Science Review , 25 ( 1 ) : 8 – 37 .
  • Cooke , P. 2003 . The evolution of biotechnology in three continents: Schumpeterian or Penrosian? . European Planning Studies , 11 ( 7 ) : 757 – 763 .
  • Cortright , J. and Mayer , H. 2002 . Signs of Life: The Growth of Biotechnology Centers in the US , Portland : The Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy .
  • Cyert , R. M. and March , J. G. 1963 . A Behavioral Theory of the Firm , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
  • Dahlstrand , A. L. 1999 . Technology-based SMEs in the Goteborg region: Their origin and interaction with universities and large firms . Regional Studies , 33 ( 4 ) : 379 – 389 .
  • Deeds , D. L. and Hill , C. W. L. 1996 . Strategic alliances and the rate of new product development: An empirical study of entrepreneurial biotechnology firms . Journal of Business Venturing , 11 ( 1 ) : 41 – 55 .
  • Dibner , M. D. 1986 . Biotechnology in Europe . Science , 232 ( 4756 ) : 1367 – 1372 .
  • Dibner , M. and White , R. 1989 . Biotechnology in the United States and Japan: Who's on first? . BioPharm , 2 ( 2 ) : 22 – 29 .
  • Dushnitsky , G. and Lenox , M. J. 2005 . When do incumbents learn from entrepreneurial ventures? Corporate venture capital and investing firm innovation rates . Research Policy , 34 ( 5 ) : 615 – 639 .
  • Eveland, J. D. (1985) Communication Networks in University–Industry Cooperative Research Centers, National Science Foundation, Division of Industrial Science and Technological Innovation, Productivity Improvement Section Report, Washington, DC.
  • Fabrizio (Markiewicz) , K. R. Absorptive capacity and innovation: Evidence from pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms . Paper presented at the Harvard Business School Seminar Series . Cambridge, MA.
  • Feldman , M. P. and Florida , R. 1994 . The geographic sources of innovation: Technological infrastructure and product innovation in the United States . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 84 ( 2 ) : 210 – 229 .
  • Florida , R. 1999 . The role of the university: Leveraging talent, not technology . Issues in Science and Technology , 15 ( 4 ) : 67 – 74 .
  • Fransman , M. and Tanaka , S. 1995 . Government, globalisation, and universities in Japanese biotechnology . Research Policy , 24 ( 1 ) : 13 – 49 .
  • Gertler , M. S. and Levitte , Y. M. 2005 . Local nodes in global networks: The geography of knowledge flows in biotechnology innovation . Industry and Innovation , 12 ( 4 ) : 487 – 507 .
  • Gertler , M. S. and Wolfe , D. Spaces of knowledge flows: Clusters in a global context . Paper presented at the DRUID: Dynamics of Industry and Innovation Organizations, Networks and Systems . June 27–29 , Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Granstrand , O. 1999 . Internationalization of corporate R&D: A study of Japanese and Swedish corporations . Research Policy , 28 ( 2–3 ) : 275 – 302 .
  • Graytek Management Inc. (in Association with Roger Voyer, Jorge Niosi, Franco Materazzi and Neelam Makhija) (2004) ICT/Life Sciences Converging Technologies Cluster Study: A Comparative Study of the Information and Communications, Life Sciences, and Converging Next Generation Technology Clusters in Vancouver, Toronto, Montreal and Ottawa, Ottawa, Statistics Canada.
  • Greis , N. P. , Dibner , M. D. and Bean , A. S. 1995 . External partnering as a response to innovation barriers and global competition in biotechnology . Research Policy , 24 ( 4 ) : 609 – 630 .
  • Greve , H. R. 2007 . Exploration and exploitation in product innovation . Industrial and Corporate Change , 16 ( 5 ) : 945 – 975 .
  • Hall , B. H. , Link , A. N. and Scott , J. T. 2001 . Barriers inhibiting industry from partnering with universities: Evidence from the advanced technology program . Journal of Technology Transfer , 26 ( 1–2 ) : 87 – 98 .
  • Heller , J. G. 1995 . Background Economic Study of the Canadian Biotechnology Industry , Toronto : Intellectual Property Policy Directorate .
  • Hoag , H. 2006 . “ Pharma trials and innovations ” . In The Gazette Montreal, April 10.
  • Invest in Canada Bureau, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada . 2007 . Canada—A Strategic Choice: Canada as an Investment Destination for Biotechnology , Ottawa : Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Invest in Canada Bureau .
  • Jaffe , A. B. 1989 . Real effects of academic research . The American Economic Review , 79 ( 5 ) : 957 – 970 .
  • Kling , J. and Defrancesco , L. 2007 . The paper trail to commercialization . Nature Biotechnology , 25 ( 11 ) : 1217 – 1218 .
  • Klofsten , M. and Jones-Evans , D. 1996 . Stimulation of technology-based small firms: A case study of university–industry cooperation . Technovation , 16 ( 4 ) : 187 – 193 .
  • Koza , M. P. and Lewin , A. Y. 1998 . The co-evolution of strategic alliances . Organization Science , 9 ( 3 ) : 255 – 264 .
  • Lall , S. 1992 . Technological capabilities and industrialization . World Development , 20 ( 2 ) : 1165 – 1186 .
  • Lane , P. J. and Lubatkin , M. 1998 . Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning . Strategic Management Journal , 19 ( 5 ) : 461 – 477 .
  • Lawton Smith , H. 2006 . Universities, Innovation and the Economy , London : Routledge .
  • Lee , Y. S. 1998 . University–industry collaboration on technology transfer: Views from the ivory tower . Policy Studies Journal , 26 ( 1 ) : 69 – 84 .
  • Lee , Y. and Gaertner , R. 1994 . Technology transfer from university to industry: A large-scale experiment with technology development and commercialization . Policy Studies Journal , 22 ( 2 ) : 384 – 400 .
  • Lepage-Monette, A. (2006) Improving health from within, Bioscienceworld. Available at http://www.bioscienceworld.ca/ImprovingHealthFromWithin (accessed 12 February 2008).
  • Liebeskind , J. P. , Oliver , A. L. , Zucker , L. G. and Brewer , M. B. 1994 . Social Networks, Learning and Flexibility: Sourcing Scientific Knowledge in New Biotechnology Firms , NBER Working Paper Series, No. 5320 Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research .
  • Lonmo , C. and McNiven , C. 2007 . “ Selected results of the Biotechnology Use and Development Survey 2005 ” . Ottawa : Statistics Canada .
  • Mansfield , E. 1991 . Academic research and industrial innovation . Research Policy , 20 ( 1 ) : 1 – 12 .
  • Mansfield , E. 1995 . Academic research underlying industrial innovations: Sources, characteristics, and financing . Review of Economics and Statistics , 77 ( 1 ) : 55 – 64 .
  • Mansfield , E. 2000 . Intellectual property protection, direct investment and technology transfer: Germany, Japan and the USA . International Journal of Technology Management , 19 ( 1–2 ) : 3 – 21 .
  • Martin , R. and Sunley , P. 2003 . Deconstructing clusters: Chaotic concept or policy panacea . Journal of Economic Geography , 3 ( 1 ) : 5 – 35 .
  • Martin , B. , Salter , A. , Hicks , D. , Pavitt , K. , Senker , J. , Sharp , M. and Von Tunzelman , N. 1996 . The Relationship Between Publicly Funded Basic Research and Economic Performance: A SPRU Review , Falmer, Brighton : Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex .
  • Maskell , P. and Malmberg , A. 1999 . Localised learning and industrial competitiveness . Cambridge Journal of Economics , 23 ( 2 ) : 167 – 186 .
  • Miyata , Y. 2000 . An empirical analysis of innovative activity of universities in the United States . Technovation , 20 ( 8 ) : 413 – 425 .
  • Niosi , J. 2000 . Explaining Rapid Growth in Canadian Biotechnology Firms , Ottawa : The Science and Technology Redesign Project, Statistics Canada .
  • OECD Directorate of Science Technology and Industry . 2005 . Statistical definition of biotechnology . Available at http://www.oecd.org/document/42/0,3343,en_2649_34537_1933994_1_1_1_1,00.html (accessed 12 February 2008)
  • OECD Directorate of Science Technology and Industry . 2008 . Statistical. Biotechnology statistics—Canada . Available at http://www.oecd.org/document/55/0,3343,en_2649_34537_1950135_1_1_1_1,00.html (accessed 12 February 2008)
  • Oinas , P. and Malecki , E. J. 2002 . The evolution of technologies in time and space: From national and regional to spatial innovation system . International Regional Science Review , 25 ( 1 ) : 102 – 131 .
  • O'Reilly , C. A. , III and Tushman , M. L. 2004 . The ambidextrous organization . Harvard Business Review , 82 ( 4 ) : 74 – 81 .
  • Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America . 2005 . Pharmaceutical Industry Profile 2005 , Washington, DC : PhRMA .
  • Pollack , A. 2004 . Is biotechnology losing its nerve? . New York Times , 3 ( 1 ) : 8 – 9 .
  • Powell , W. W. and Brantley , P. 1992 . “ Competitive cooperation in biotechnology: Learning through networks ” . In Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action , Edited by: Nohria , N. and Eccles , R. G. 366 – 394 . Boston, MA : Harvard Business School Press .
  • Powell , W. W. , Koput , K. W. and Smith-Doerr , L. 1996 . Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: Networks of learning in biotechnology . Administrative Science Quarterly , 41 ( 1 ) : 116 – 145 .
  • Powell , W. W. , Koput , K. W. , Bowie , J. I. and Smith-Doerr , L. 2002 . The spatial clustering of science and capital: Accounting for biotech firm–venture capital relationships . Regional Studies , 36 ( 3 ) : 291 – 305 .
  • Prevezer , M. 1998 . “ Clustering in biotechnology in the USA ” . In The Dynamics of Industrial Clustering: International Comparisons in Computing and Biotechnology , Edited by: Swann , G. M. P. , Prevezer , M. and Stout , D. K. 124 – 193 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Prevezer , M. 2001 . Ingredients in the early development of the US biotechnology industry . Small Business Economics , 17 ( 1 ) : 17 – 29 .
  • Quintas , P. , Wield , D. and Massey , D. 1992 . Academic–industry links and innovation: Questioning the science park model . Technovation , 12 ( 3 ) : 161 – 175 .
  • Rahm , D. 1994 . Academic perceptions of university–firm technology transfer . Policy Studies Journal , 22 ( 2 ) : 267 – 280 .
  • Raoub , L. 2004 . Trends in Canadian Biotechnology Activity: 1997 to 2001 (88F0006XIE) , Ottawa : Statistics Canada .
  • Raoub , L. , Salonius , A. and McNiven , C. 2005 . Overview of the Biotechnology Use and Development Survey—2003 (88F0006XIE2005009) , Ottawa : Statistics Canada .
  • Rappert , B. , Webster , A. and Charles , D. 1999 . Making sense of diversity and reluctance: Academic–industrial relations and intellectual property . Research Policy , 28 ( 8 ) : 873 – 890 .
  • Rogers , E. 1986 . The role of the research university in spin-off high-technology companies . Technovation , 4 ( 3 ) : 169 – 181 .
  • Rogers , E. , Carayannis , E. , Kurihara , K. and Marcel , A. 1998 . Cooperative research and development agreements (CRADAs) as technology transfer mechanism . R&D Management , 28 ( 2 ) : 79 – 88 .
  • Rosenberg , N. and Nelson , R. 1994 . American universities and technical advance in industry . Research Policy , 23 ( 3 ) : 323 – 348 .
  • Rothaermel , F. and Thursby , M. 2005 . University–incubator firm knowledge flows: Assessing their impact on incubator firm performance . Research Policy , 34 ( 3 ) : 305 – 320 .
  • Scott , A. , Steyn , G. , Geuna , A. , Brusoni , S. and Steinmueller , E. 2001 . The Economic Returns to Basic Research and the Benefits of University–Industry Relationships: A Literature Review and Update of Findings , Sussex : SPRU—Science and Technology Policy Research .
  • Stephan , P. , Audretsch , D. B. and Hawkins , R. 2000 . The knowledge production function: Lessons from biotechnology . International Journal of Technology Management , 19 ( 1/2 ) : 165 – 178 .
  • Sternberg , R. and Wennekers , A. R. M. 2005 . Determinants and effects of new business creation using global entrepreneurship monitor data . Small Business Economics , 24 ( 3 ) : 193 – 203 .
  • Storper , M. and Venables , A. J. 2004 . Buzz: Face-to-face contact and the urban economy . Journal of Economic Geography , 4 ( 4 ) : 351 – 370 .
  • Stuart , T. and Sorenson , O. 2003 . The geography of opportunity: Spatial heterogeneity in founding rates and the performance of biotechnology firms . Research Policy , 32 ( 2 ) : 229 – 253 .
  • Tödtling , F. and Trippl , M. 2005 . One size fits all? Towards a differentiated regional innovation policy approach . Research Policy , 34 ( 8 ) : 1203 – 1219 .
  • US Department of Commerce . 2003 . A Survey of the Use of Biotechnology in US Industry , Washington, DC : US Department of Commerce Technology Administration; Bureau of Industry and Security .
  • Vavakova , B. 1995 . Building “research–industry” partnerships through R&D programmes . International Journal of Technology Management Evaluation of Research and Innovation , 10 ( 4–6 ) : 567 – 586 .
  • Westhead , P. and Batstone , S. 1998 . Independent technology-based firms: The perceived benefits of a science park location . Urban Studies , 35 ( 12 ) : 2197 – 2216 .
  • Woiceshyn , J. 1995 . Lessons in product innovation: A case study of biotechnology firms . R&D Management , 25 ( 4 ) : 395 – 409 .
  • Zahra , S. A. and George , G. 2002 . Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization and extension . Academy of Management Review , 27 ( 2 ) : 185 – 203 .
  • Zucker , L. G. and Darby , M. R. 1996 . Star scientists and institutional transformation: Patterns of invention and innovation in the formation of the biotechnology industry . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science , 93 ( November ) : 12709 – 12716 .
  • Zucker, L. G., Darby, M. R., Brewer, M. B. & Peng, Y. (1995) Collaboration Structure and Information Dilemmas in Biotechnology: Organizational Boundaries as Trust Production, Institute for Social Science Research, Vol. VI, 1994–95—Biotechnology Studies, Working Paper 5199.
  • Zucker , L. G. , Darby , M. R. and Armstrong , J. 1998a . Geographically localized knowledge: Spillovers or markets? . Economic Inquiry , 36 ( 1 ) : 65 – 86 .
  • Zucker , L. G. , Darby , M. R. and Brewer , M. B. 1998b . Intellectual human capital and the birth of the US biotechnology enterprises . American Economic Review , 88 ( 1 ) : 290 – 306 .
  • Zucker , L. G. , Darby , M. R. and Armstrong , J. 2002 . Commercializing knowledge: University science, knowledge capture, and firm performance in biotechnology . Management Science , 48 ( 1 ) : 138 – 152 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.