Urban and Rural Definitions in Regional Context: A Case Study on Turkey

References

• Biro , Pusat Statistik . 1979 . Definitions of Urban Desa in the 1980 Census of Population , Jakarta : Indonesian General Bureau of Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• Canada Analysis Bulletin . 2001 . Rural and Small Town Catalogue , no. 21-006-XIE, Vol. 3(3), November
   Google Scholar
• Champion , T. 2004 . “ Are “urban” and “rural” outmoded terms? ” . In PERN Cyberseminar on Urban Spatial Expansion , Newcastle upon Tyne : School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, University of Newcastle .
   Google Scholar
• Champion , T. and Hugo , G. 2004 . New Forms of Urbanization, Beyond the Urban Rural Dichotomy , Edited by: Champion , T. and Hugo , G. Aldershot : Ashgate .
   Google Scholar
• Cloke , P. 1977 . An index of rurality for England and Wales . Regional Studies , 11 ( 1 ) : 31 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloke , P. and Edwards , G. 1986 . Rurality in England and Wales, 1981: A replication of 1971 index . Regional Studies , 20 ( 4 ) : 289 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombes , M. and Raybould , S. 2004 . Finding work in 2001: Urban–rural contrasts across England in employment rates and local job availability . Area , 36 ( 2 ) : 202 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council of Higher Education (2006) Turkey, Statistics. Available at www.yok.gov.tr (accessed March 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Cromartie , J. and Swanson , L. 1996 . Defining Metropolitan Areas and the Rural–Urban Continuum, a Comparison of Statistical Areas Based on County and Sub-County Geography , Washington, D.C : US Department of Agriculture . ERS Staff Paper No. 9603
   Google Scholar
• Denham , C. and White , I. 1998 . Differences in urban and rural . Britain Population Trends , 91 ( Spring ) : 23 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Department of the Environment (1975) National Land Use Classification. A report of the Joint Local Authority, Local Authorities Management Services and Computing Committee Scottish Development Department and DoE Study Team, HMSO. Available at http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/pdfs/urban_area_defn.pdf (accessed July 2009).
   Google Scholar
• Douglass , M. 1998 . A regional network strategy for reciprocal rural–urban linkages . Third World Planning Review , 20 ( 1 ) : 1 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• EC (European Commission) (1999) ESDP, European Spatial Development Perspective; Towards Balanced and Sustainable Development of the Territory of the EU (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities).
   Google Scholar
• ESPON (2004) Potentials for Polycentric Development in Europe: ESPON Project 1.1.1. Final Report. Available at www.espon.lu (accessed August 2006).
   Google Scholar
• ESPON (2005) Urban–Rural Relations in Europe (2002–04): ESPON Project 1.1.2. Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, Helsinki University of Technology. Available at www.espon.lu (accessed August 2006)
   Google Scholar
• EUROSTAT (2005) Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics – NUTS (Luxemburg: Statistical Regions of Europe).
   Google Scholar
• General Agriculture Census (2001) Turkish Statistical Institute, Turkey. Available at www.tuik.gov.tr (accessed March 2006).
   Google Scholar
• General Directorate of Airports Authority (2006) Statistics, Turkey. Available at www.dhmi.gov.tr (accessed March 2006).
   Google Scholar
• General Directorate of Highways (2006) Statistics, Turkey. Available at www.kgm.gov.tr (accessed March 2006).
   Google Scholar
• General Population Census (2000) Turkish Statistical Institute. Available at www.tuik.gov.tr (accessed March 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Geray , C. 1997 . Bölgesel Gelişme İçin Planlama ve Örgütlenme . Ankara Üniversitesi, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi , 52 ( 1 ) : 299 – 312 .
   Google Scholar
• Gülümser , A. A. , Levent , T. B. and Nijkamp , P. 2006 . “ Turkey's rurality, a comparative analysis at the EU level ” . In Congress of European Regional Science Association, Enlargement, Southern Europe and Mediterranean p. 46 (Greece: Volos)
   Google Scholar
• Gülümser , A. A. , Levent , T. B. and Nijkamp , P. 2009 . Mapping rurality: Analysis of rural structure in Turkey . International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology , 8 ( 2–4 ) : 130 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Hugo , G. Definition of metropolitan and urban boundaries in Australia: Is it time for a change? . Proceedings of the 21st Institute of Australian Geographers Conference . May 10–18 1986 , Perth. Readings in Australian Geography , Edited by: Conacher , A. Perth : Institute of Australian Geographers (WA Branch) and Department of Geography, University of Western Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Hugo , G. , Champion , A. and Lattes , A. ISSUP Working Group on Urbanization Meeting, Rockefeller Foundation's Study and Conference Centre . March 2002 , Bellagio, Italy. Towards a New Conceptualization of Settlement for Demography: Beyond the Urban/Rural Dichotomy ,
   Google Scholar
• Lynch , K. 2005 . Rural–Urban Interaction in the Developing World , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• McNiven , C. , Puderer , H. and Janes , D. 2000 . Census Metropolitan Area and Census Agglomeration Influenced Zones (MIZ): A Description of the Methodology , Ottawa : Statistics Canada . Geography Working Paper Series, No. 2000-2
   Google Scholar
• Mumford , L. 1961 . The City in History, its Origins, its Transformations and its Prospects , New York, NY : Harcourt Brace .
   Google Scholar
• Murdoch , J. 2000 . Networks—A new paradigm of rural development . Journal of Rural Studies , 16 ( 4 ) : 407 – 419 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD . 1993 . What Future for Our Countryside? A Rural Development Policy , Paris : Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development .
   Google Scholar
• Pumain , D. 1999 . Summary Report on 2.2 Typology of Cities and Urban-rural Relationships , Paris : Study Program in European Spatial Planning .
   Google Scholar
• Rakodi , C. 2002 . “ Economic development, urbanization and poverty ” . In Urban Livelihoods: A People-Centred Approach to Reducing Poverty , Edited by: Rakodi , C. and Llyod-Jones , T. 23 – 36 . London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Turkey (2006) Ministry of National Education, Statistics. Available at www.meb.gov.tr (accessed March 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Sjoberg , G. 1960 . The Pre-industrial City, Past and Present (Glencoe, IL: Free Press)
   Google Scholar
• SPO . 1981 . Ranking of Socio-Economic Development Levels of Provinces on the Base of Districts , Ankara : State Planning Organisation . Department of Priority Regions for Development
   Google Scholar
• SPO . 1982 . Hierarchy of Settlements in Turkey , Ankara : State Planning Organisation .
   Google Scholar
• SPO . 1985 . Assessment of Socio-Economic Development Levels of Provinces and Districts , Ankara : State Planning Organisation .
   Google Scholar
• SPO . 1996 . Socio-Economic Development Ranking of Provinces , Edited by: Dinçer , B. , Özaslan , M. and Satılmış , E. Ankara : State Planning Organisation .
   Google Scholar
• SPO . 2000 . Eight Five Year Development Plan (2001–2005) Rural Development Ad-Hoc Committee Report , Ankara : State Planning Organisation .
   Google Scholar
• SPO . 2003 . Socio-Economic Development Index of Provinces in Turkey , Edited by: Dinçer , B. , Özaslan , M. and Kavasoğlu , T. Ankara : State Planning Organisation . General Directorate of Regional Development and Structural Adjustment
   Google Scholar
• SPO . 2004 . Socio-Economic Development Index of Districts in Turkey , Edited by: Dinçer , B. and Özaslan , M. Ankara : State Planning Organisation . General Directorate of Regional Development and Structural Adjustment
   Google Scholar
• SPO . 2006 . The National Rural Development Strategy of Turkey , Ankara : State Planning Organisation .
   Google Scholar
• Turkish Maritime Lines (2006) Statistics. Available at www.tdi.com.tr (accessed March 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Turkish State Railways (2006) Statistics. Available at www.tcdd.gov.tr (accessed March 2006).
   Google Scholar
• TURKSTAT (2006) Turkish Statistical Institute. Available at www.tuik.gov.tr (accessed March 2006).
   Google Scholar
• UN . 1969 . Growth of the World's Urban and Rural Population, 1920–2000. Population Studies , New York, NY : United Nations . no. 44
   Google Scholar
• UN . 2003 . World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision , New York, NY : United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• Village Inventory Survey (1997) Turkish Statistical Institute, Turkey. Available at www.tuik.gov.tr (accessed March 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Wirth , L. 1938 . Urbanism as a way of life . The American Journal of Sociology , 44 ( 1 ) : 1 – 24 .
   Google Scholar